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N. Snyder, H. Snyder (1989)
Biology and Conservation of the California Condor
F. Allendorf (1993)
Delay of Adaptation to Captive Breeding by Equalizing Family SizeConservation Biology, 7
D. Docherty, R. Romaine (1983)
Inclusion body disease of cranes: a serological follow-up to the 1978 die-off.Avian diseases, 27 3
J. Mallinson (1987)
Collaboration for conservation between the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust and countries where species are endangeredInternational Zoo Yearbook, 27
W. Conway (1986)
The practical difficulties and financial implications of endangered species breeding programmesInternational Zoo Yearbook, 24
R. Cromie, J. Stanford, Martin Brown, D. Price (1989)
A progress report of the project to develop a vaccine against avian tuberculosis in wildfowl, 40
A. Daniell, N. Murray (1986)
Effects of inbreeding in the budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus (Aves: Psittacidae)Zoo Biology, 5
T. Thorne, E. Williams (1988)
Disease and Endangered Species: The Black‐footed Ferret as a Recent ExampleConservation Biology, 2
(1989)
An epornitic of Salmonella ¢ yph - imurium in a collection of lories and lorikeets
J. Johnsson, M. Abrahams (1991)
Interbreeding with Domestic Strain Increases Foraging under Threat of Predation in Juvenile Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): An Experimental StudyCanadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 48
M. Merola (1994)
A Reassessment of Homozygosity and the Case for Inbreeding Depression in the Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus: Implications for ConservationConservation Biology, 8
(1990)
Variation in agonistic behaviour between newly - emerged juveniles from hatchery and wild populations of coho salmon , Oncorhynchus kisutch
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Environmental contaminants in California condorsJournal of Wildlife Management, 52
T. Foose, J. Ballou (1987)
Management of small populationsInternational Zoo Yearbook, 27
J. Philippart (1995)
Is captive breeding an effective solution for the preservation of endemic speciesBiological Conservation, 72
M. Brock, Bradley White (1992)
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Atoxoplasmosis in Bali mynahs (Leucopsar rothschildi).Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 20
I. Fleming (1994)
Captive Breeding and the Conservation of Wild Salmon PopulationsConservation Biology, 8
E. Wilson, F. Peter (1988)
Conservation of Biological Diversity in Botanical Gardens
R. Welsh, R. Ely, R. Holland (1992)
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D. Kleiman (1989)
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J. Gough (1989)
Outbreaks of budgerigar fledgling disease in three aviaries in Ontario.The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 30 8
(1993)
Implications of infectious disease for captive propagation and reintroduction of threatened species
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Translocation as a Species Conservation Tool: Status and StrategyScience, 245
N. Snyder, J. Wiley, C. Kepler (1987)
The parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot
M. Kohane, P. Parsons (1988)
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N. Frazer (1992)
Sea Turtle Conservation and Halfway TechnologyConservation Biology, 6
M. Hamilton (1994)
Ex Situ Conservation of Wild Plant Species: Time to Reassess the Genetic Assumptions and Implications of Seed BanksConservation Biology, 8
C. Tudge (1991)
Last Animals at the Zoo: How Mass Extinction Can Be Stopped
I. Fleming, M. Gross (1993)
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Training developing-country nationals is the critical ingredient to conserving global biodiversityBioScience, 43
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Thick-billed parrot releases in ArizonaThe Condor, 96
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Animal translocations and potential disease transmission
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Reproductive Activity of Force-Paired Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)The Auk, 106
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Breeding experience with northern white rhinos ( Ceratotherium simum cottom ~ at zoo Dvur Kralove
M. Woodford, P. Rossiter (1993)
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M. Worley (1993)
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But it doesnt ' look like a parrot !
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The species survival plan for Crotalus durissus unicolor : a muitifaceted approach to conservation of an insular rattlesnake
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Techno‐Arrogance and Halfway Technologies: Salmon Hatcheries on the Pacific Coast of North AmericaConservation Biology, 6
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W. Allen (1994)
REINTRODUCTION OF ENDANGERED PLANTSBioScience, 44
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Puerto Rican Parrots and Potential Limitations of the Metapopulation Approach to Species ConservationConservation Biology, 8
K. Willis, R. Wiese (1993)
Effect of new founders on retention of gene diversity in captive populations: A formalization of the nucleus population conceptZoo Biology, 12
(1980)
Genetic and phenotypic variability , genetic variance and success of establishment of insect introductions for the biological control of weeds
(1985)
Pigeon herpesvirus mortalities in foster - reared Mauritius Pink Pigeons
J. Cooper (1993)
HISTORICAL SURVEY OF DISEASE IN BIRDS
R. Lande (1988)
Genetics and demography in biological conservation.Science, 241 4872
The use of captive breeding in species recovery has grown enormously in recent years, but without a concurrent growth in appreciation of its limitations. Problems with (1) establishing self‐sufficient captive populations, (2) poor success in reintroductions, (3) high costs, (4) domestication, (5) preemption of other recovery techniques, (6) disease outbreaks, and (7) maintaining administrative continuity have all been significant. The technique has often been invoked prematurely and should not normally be employed before a careful field evaluation of costs and benefits of all conservation alternatives has been accomplished and a determination made that captive breeding is essential for species survival. Merely demonstrating that a species’ population is declining or has fallen below what may be a minimum viable size does not constitute enough analysis to justify captive breeding as a recovery measure. Captive breeding should be viewed as a last resort in species recovery and not a prophylactic or long‐term solution because of the inexorable genetic and phenotypic changes that occur in captive environments. Captive breeding can play a crucial role in recovery of some species for which effective alternatives are unavailable in the short term. However, it should not displace habitat and ecosystem protection nor should it be invoked in the absence of comprehensive efforts to maintain or restore populations in wild habitats. Zoological institutions with captive breeding programs should operate under carefully defined conditions of disease prevention and genetic/behavioral management. More important, these institutions should help preserve biodiversity through their capacities for public education, professional training, research, and support of in situ conservation efforts.
Conservation Biology – Wiley
Published: Apr 1, 1996
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