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Increased amount of edge habitat is one of several important consequences of forest fragmentation. Consequently, we must understand the responses of plants and animals to edges to formulate adequate recommendations for conservation of biodiversity. Epiphytic lichens are a well‐suited subject for a study of abiotic edge effects because they gain nutrients and water directly from the atmosphere. We present a temporal model of edge effects on lichens based on empirical data for the pendulous, fruticose species Alectoria sarmentosa. Ten high‐contrast edges of different age between mature Picea abies forest and large clearcuts (10–260 ha) were studied in northwestern Sweden. Abundance of A. sarmentosa (mass on 1‐m branch sections and maximum thallus length per tree) was estimated in the lower canopy in four 10 × 50–m2 plots located 5–100 m into the forest. The abundance of A. sarmentosa was markedly lower at the edge compared to the interior at 9 of 10 study sites. Lichen mass constituted 22% of that in the interior at young edges (0.5–2.5 years) and 55% at old edges (8–16 years). The length of A. sarmentosa was significantly affected by both distance from the edge and site location. Maximum edge effects extended 25–50 m into the forest at moderately exposed sites. The major factor reducing lichen abundance was physical damage by strong wind. Large, pendulous lichens such as A. sarmentosa are prone to thallus fragmentation. At older edges lichen abundance had recovered inside the edge (20–30 m), probably due to increased growth in response to increased irradiance. Our analysis supports the view that edge effects may be strongly dynamic over time and caused by the interaction of several factors. We conclude that epiphytic lichens have large potential as indicators of forest edge effects. Efectos de Borde en un Líquen Epífito en Bosques Fragmentados Una de las múltiples consecuencias importantes de la fragmentación de bosques es el incremento en la cantidad de borde en el hábitat. En consecuencia, debemos entender las respuestas de plantas y animales a los bordes para formular recomendaciones apropiadas para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Los líquenes epífitos son sujetos aptos para el estudio de efectos abióticos de borde, puesto que obtienen nutrientes y agua directamente de la atmósfera. Presentamos un modelo temporal de los efectos de borde en líquenes basado en datos empíricos de la especie Alectoria sarmentosa. Diez bordes de alto contraste y diferentes edades ubicados entre bosques maduros de Picea abies y clareos grandes (10–260 ha) fueron estudiados en Suiza noroccidental. La abundancia de A. sarmentosa (masa en secciones de rama de 1 m y longitud máxima de tallo por árbol) se estimó en el dosel bajo en cuatro áreas de 10 × 50 m2 localizados de 5–100 m dentro del bosque. La abundancia de A. sarmentosa fue marcadamente menor en los bordes comparando con el interior en 9 de 10 sitios de estudio. En los bordes jóvenes (0.5–2.5 años) la masa de líquen constituyó un 22% de lo observado en el interior y 55% en los bordes viejos (8–16 años). La longitud de A. sarmentosa fue signifcativamente afectada tanto por la distancia al borde, como por la ubicación del sitio. Los efectos máximos de borde se extendieron 25–50 m dentro del bosque en sitios moderadamente expuestos. El mayor factor reductor de la abundancia de líquenes fue el daño fisico por vientos fuertes. Líquenes grandes como A. sarmentosa son susceptibles a la fragmentación del tallo. En bordes viejos, la abundancia de líquenes se ha recuperado en el interior del borde (20–30 m), probablemente debido a un incremento en crecimiento en respuesta al incremento en irradiación. Nuestro análisis soporta la idea de que los efectos de borde pueden ser fuertemente dinámicos a lo largo del tiempo y pueden ser ocasionados por una gran cantidad de factores. Concluimos que los líquenes epífitos tiene un gran potencial como indicadores de efectos de borde en bosques.
Conservation Biology – Wiley
Published: Dec 1, 1998
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