Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
L. Menzel (1996)
Modelling canopy resistances and transpiration of grasslandPhysics and Chemistry of The Earth, 21
L. Braun (1984)
Simulation of snowmelt runoff in lowland and lower Alpine regions of SwitzerlandIAHS-AISH publication
M. Kirkby (1988)
Hillslope runoff processes and modelsJournal of Hydrology, 100
M. Field (1983)
The meteorological office rainfall and evaporation calculation system -- MORECSAgricultural Water Management, 6
H. Penman (1948)
Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grassProceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 193
Monteith Monteith (1965)
Evaporation and environmentSymp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 19
E. Wood, M. Sivapalan, K. Beven, L. Band (1988)
Effects of spatial variability and scale with implications to hydrologic modelingJournal of Hydrology, 102
E. Anderson (1973)
National Weather Service river forecast system: snow accumulation and ablation model
H. Lang (1981)
Is Evaporation an Important Component in High Alpine HydrologyHydrology Research, 12
J. Famiglietti, E. Wood (1995)
Effects of Spatial Variability and Scale on Areally Averaged EvapotranspirationWater Resources Research, 31
T. Konzelmann, P. Calanca, G. Müller, L. Menzel, H. Lang (1997)
Energy Balance and Evapotranspiration in a High Mountain Area during SummerJournal of Applied Meteorology, 36
K. Beven, E. Wood, M. Sivapalan (1988)
On hydrological heterogeneity - Catchment morphology and catchment responseJournal of Hydrology, 100
Penman Penman (1956)
Estimating evaporationTrans. Am. Geophys. Union, 37
Lang Lang (1981)
Is evaporation an important component in high alpine hydrologyNord. Hydrol., 12
Penman Penman (1948)
Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grassProc. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., London, A193
Menzel Menzel (1996)
Modelling canopy resistances and transpiration of grasslandPhys. Chem. Earth, London, 21
E. Wood (1997)
Effects of soil moisture aggregation on surface evaporative fluxesJournal of Hydrology, 190
River basins in mountainous regions are characterized by strong variations in topography, vegetation, soils, climatic conditions and snow cover conditions, and all are strongly related to altitude. The high spatial variation needs to be considered when modelling hydrological processes in such catchments. A complex hydrological model, with a great potential to account for spatial variability, was developed and applied for the hourly simulation of evapotranspiration, soil moisture, water balance and the runoff components for the period 1993 and 1994 in 12 subcatchments of the alpine/pre‐alpine basin of the River Thur (area 1703 km2). The basin is located in the north‐east of the Swiss part of the Rhine Basin and has an elevation range from 350 to 2500 m a.s.l. A considerable part of the Thur Basin is high mountain area, some of it above the tree‐line and a great part of the basin is snow covered during the winter season. In the distributed hydrological model, the 12 sub‐basins of the Thur catchment were spatially subdivided into sub‐areas (hydrologically similar response units—HRUs or hydrotopes) using a GIS. Within the HRUs a hydrologically similar behaviour was assumed. Spatial interpolations of the meteorological input variables wereemployed for each altitudinal zone. The structure of the model components for snow accumulation and melt, interception, soil water storage and uptake by evapotranspiration, runoff generation and flow routing are briefly outlined. The results of the simulated potential evapotranspiration reflect the dominant role of altitudinal change in radiation and albedo of exposure, followed by the influence of slope. The actual evapotranspiration shows, in comparison with the potential evapotranspiration, a greater variability in the lower and medium altitudinal zones and a smaller variability in the upper elevation zones, which was associated with limitations of available moisture in soil and surface depression storages as well as with the evaporative demand of the local vegetation. The higher altitudinal dependency and variability of runoff results from the strong increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation with increased altitude. An increasing influence of snow cover on runoff as well as evapotranspiration with altitude is obvious. The computed actual evapotranspiration and runoff were evaluated against the observed values of a weighting lysimeter and against runoff hydrographs. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological Processes – Wiley
Published: Dec 15, 1999
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.