Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

Learn More →

Cell wall disassembly in ripening fruit

Cell wall disassembly in ripening fruit Fruit softening during ripening involves a coordinated series of modifications to the polysaccharide components of the primary cell wall and middle lamella, resulting in a weakening of the structure. Degradation of polysaccharides and alterations in the bonding between polymers cause an increase in cell separation and a softening and swelling of the wall, which, combined with alterations in turgor, bring about fruit softening and textural changes. A wide range in the extent of cell wall pectic modifications has been observed between species, whereas the depolymerisation of xyloglucan is relatively limited and more consistent. The earliest events to be initiated are usually a loss of pectic galactan side chains and the depolymerisation of matrix glycans, which may begin before ripening, followed by a loss of pectic arabinan side chains and pectin solubilisation. The depolymerisation of pectins may begin during early to mid-ripening, but is usually most pronounced late in ripening. However, some of these events may be absent or occur at very low levels in some species. Cell wall swelling may be related to a loosening of the xyloglucan–cellulose network and to pectin solubilisation, and these processes combined with the loss of pectic side chains increase wall porosity. An increase in wall porosity later in ripening may allow increased access of degradative enzymes to their substrates. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Functional Plant Biology CSIRO Publishing

Cell wall disassembly in ripening fruit

Brummell David A. D.A.
Functional Plant Biology , Volume 33 (2) – Feb 3, 2006
Download PDF
17 pages

Loading next page...
 
/lp/csiro-publishing/cell-wall-disassembly-in-ripening-fruit-1okfhnNBXT

References

References for this paper are not available at this time. We will be adding them shortly, thank you for your patience.

Publisher
CSIRO Publishing
Copyright
CSIRO
ISSN
1445-4408
eISSN
1445-4416
DOI
10.1071/FP05234
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Fruit softening during ripening involves a coordinated series of modifications to the polysaccharide components of the primary cell wall and middle lamella, resulting in a weakening of the structure. Degradation of polysaccharides and alterations in the bonding between polymers cause an increase in cell separation and a softening and swelling of the wall, which, combined with alterations in turgor, bring about fruit softening and textural changes. A wide range in the extent of cell wall pectic modifications has been observed between species, whereas the depolymerisation of xyloglucan is relatively limited and more consistent. The earliest events to be initiated are usually a loss of pectic galactan side chains and the depolymerisation of matrix glycans, which may begin before ripening, followed by a loss of pectic arabinan side chains and pectin solubilisation. The depolymerisation of pectins may begin during early to mid-ripening, but is usually most pronounced late in ripening. However, some of these events may be absent or occur at very low levels in some species. Cell wall swelling may be related to a loosening of the xyloglucan–cellulose network and to pectin solubilisation, and these processes combined with the loss of pectic side chains increase wall porosity. An increase in wall porosity later in ripening may allow increased access of degradative enzymes to their substrates.

Journal

Functional Plant Biology – CSIRO Publishing

Published: Feb 3, 2006

Keywords: cell wall polysaccharides, fruit softening, fruit texture, matrix glycan depolymerisation, pectin depolymerisation, pectin solubilisation.

References

  • Isolation, characterization and significance of papaya β-galactanases to cell wall modification and fruit softening during ripening.
    Ali ZM
  • Apoplastic pH and inorganic ion levels in tomato fruit: a potential means for regulation of cell wall metabolism during ripening.
    Almeida DPF
  • Overexpression of polygalacturonase in transgenic apple trees leads to a range of novel phenotypes involving changes in cell adhesion.
    Atkinson RG
  • Involvement of pectin methyl-esterase during the ripening of grape berries: partial cDNA isolation, transcript expression and changes in the degree of methyl-esterification of cell wall pectins.
    Barnavon L
  • Pectins as mediators of wall porosity in soybean cells.
    Baron-Epel O
  • Ultrastructural changes in the cell walls of ripening apple and pear fruit.
    Ben-Arie R
  • Effect of antisense suppression of endopolygalacturonase activity on polyuronide molecular weight in ripening tomato fruit and in fruit homogenates.
    Brummell DA
  • Cell wall metabolism in fruit softening and quality and its manipulation in transgenic plants.
    Brummell DA
  • Modification of expansin protein abundance in tomato fruit alters softening and cell wall polymer metabolism during ripening.
    Brummell DA
  • Cell wall metabolism during maturation, ripening and senescence of peach fruit.
    Brummell DA
  • Cell wall metabolism during the development of chilling injury in cold-stored peach fruit: association of mealiness with arrested disassembly of cell wall pectins.
    Brummell DA
  • Deletions in an endopolygalacturonase gene cluster correlate with non-melting flesh texture in peach.
    Callahan AM
  • Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth.
    Carpita NC
  • The cell wall.
    Carpita NC
  • Cell wall metabolism in ripening fruit. VI. Effect of the antisense polygalacturonase gene on cell wall changes accompanying ripening in transgenic tomatoes.
    Carrington CMS
  • Alterations in structural polysaccharides during liquifaction of tomato locule tissue.
    Cheng GW
  • Polygalacturonase-mediated solubilization and depolymerization of pectic polymers in tomato fruit cell walls. Regulation by pH and ionic conditions.
    Chun J-P
  • Relaxation in a high-stress environment: the molecular bases of extensible cell walls and cell enlargement.
    Cosgrove DJ
  • Expansive growth of plant cells.
    Cosgrove DJ
  • Wall structure and wall loosening. A look backwards and forwards.
    Cosgrove DJ
  • Ultrastructure of tomato fruit ripening and the role of polygalacturonase isozymes in cell wall degradation.
    Crookes PR
  • Implication of persimmon fruit hemicellulose metabolism in the softening process. Importance of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase.
    Cutillas-Iturralde A
  • Cell wall changes in nectarines ( Prunus persica ). Solubilization and depolymerization of pectic and neutral polymers during ripening and in mealy fruit. Plant Physiology 100 , 1203–1210, and Correction.
    Dawson DM
  • Degradation and solubilization of pectin by β-galactosidases purified from avocado mesocarp.
    De Veau EJI
  • Solubilisation of tomato fruit pectins by ascorbate: a possible non-enzymic mechanism of fruit softening.
    Dumville JC
  • Enzymic hydrolysis of placental cell wall pectins and cell separation in watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) fruits exposed to ethylene.
    Elkashif ME
  • Macromolecular components of tomato fruit pectin.
    Fishman ML
  • Cross-linking of matrix polymers in the growing cell walls of angiosperms.
    Fry SC
  • Fingerprinting of polysaccharides attacked by hydroxyl radicals in vitro and in the cell walls of ripening pear fruit.
    Fry SC
  • A proposed role for copper ions in cell wall loosening.
    Fry SC
  • Expression of a chimeric polygalacturonase gene in transgenic rin (ripening inhibitor) tomato fruit results in polyuronide degradation but not fruit softening.
    Giovannoni JJ
  • Cell wall metabolism in ripening fruit. V. Analysis of cell wall synthesis in ripening tomato pericarp tissue using a D-(U- 13 C)glucose tracer and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.
    Greve LC
  • pH and ionic conditions in the apoplast.
    Grignon C
  • Changes in cell wall neutral sugar composition during fruit ripening: a species survey.
    Gross KC
  • Biochemical changes associated with the ripening of hot pepper fruit.
    Gross KC
  • Molecular rigidity in dry and hydrated onion cell walls.
    Ha MA
  • Polygalacturonases: many genes in search of a function.
    Hadfield KA
  • Changes in kiwifruit cell wall ultrastructure and cell packing during postharvest ripening.
    Hallett IC
  • Physiological changes associated with development of mealiness of apple fruit during cool storage.
    Harker FR
  • Physiological changes associated with fruit ripening and the development of mealy texture during storage of nectarines.
    Harker FR
  • Texture of fresh fruit.
    Harker FR
  • Suppression of a ripening-related endo-1,4-β-glucanase in transgenic pepper fruit does not prevent depolymerization of cell wall polysaccharides during ripening.
    Harpster MH
  • Constitutive overexpression of a ripening-related pepper endo-1,4-β-glucanase in transgenic tomato fruit does not increase xyloglucan depolymerization or fruit softening.
    Harpster MH
  • Xyloglucans in the primary cell wall.
    Hayashi T
  • European, Chinese and Japanese pear fruits exhibit differential softening characteristics during ripening.
    Hiwasa K
  • Strawberry fruit softening: the potential roles of polyuronides and hemicelluloses.
    Huber DJ
  • Acidified phenol alters tomato cell wall pectin solubility and calcium content.
    Huber DJ
  • The inactivation of pectin depolymerase associated with isolated tomato fruit cell wall — implications for the analysis of pectin solubility and molecular weight.
    Huber DJ
  • Polyuronides in avocado ( Persea americana ) and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) fruits exhibit markedly different patterns of molecular weight downshifts during ripening.
    Huber DJ
  • Cell wall metabolism in ripening fruit. VIII. Cell wall composition and synthetic capacity of two regions of the outer pericarp of mature green and red ripe cv. Jackpot tomatoes.
    Huysamer M
  • Cell wall metabolism in ripening fruit. IX. Synthesis of pectic and hemicellulosic cell wall polymers in the outer pericarp of mature green tomatoes (cv XMT-22).
    Huysamer M
  • Covalent cross-links in the cell wall.
    Iiyama K
  • Absence of arabinan in the side chains of the pectic polysaccharides strongly associated with cell walls of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia non-organogenic callus with loosely attached constituent cells.
    Iwai H
  • Structure and properties of pectin gels in plant cell walls.
    Jarvis MC
  • Intercellular adhesion and cell separation in plants.
    Jarvis MC
  • Cell wall arabinan is essential for guard cell function.
    Jones L
  • Galactose metabolism and ethylene production during development and ripening of tomato fruit.
    Kim J
  • Tomato fruit cell wall. 1. Use of purified tomato polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase to identify developmental changes in pectins.
    Koch JL
  • A method for the determination of amyloid in plant seeds.
    Kooiman P
  • Postharvest evaluation of transgenic tomatoes with reduced levels of polygalacturonase: processing, firmness and disease resistance.
    Kramer M
  • Mechanical and optical assessment of the ripening of tomato fruit with reduced polygalacturonase activity.
    Langley KR
  • β-Galactosidase, polygalacturonase and pectinesterase in differential softening and cell wall modification during papaya fruit ripening.
    Lazan H
  • Endo-1,4-β-glucanase, xyloglucanase and xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase activities versus potential substrates in ripening tomatoes.
    Maclachlan G
  • Pectate lyases, cell wall degradation and fruit softening.
    Marín-Rodríguez MC
  • Temporal and spatial regulation of pectic (1 → 4)-β- d -galactan in cell walls of developing pea cotyledons: implications for mechanical properties.
    McCartney L
  • Modification of polyuronides and hemicelluloses during muskmelon fruit softening.
    McCollum TG
  • Tomato fruit cell wall synthesis during development and senescence. In vivo radiolabeling of wall fractions using ( 14 C)sucrose.
    Mitcham EJ
  • Ripening and cell wall synthesis in normal and mutant tomato fruit.
    Mitcham EJ
  • Changes in cell wall polysaccharides and physical properties of peach ( Prunus persica Batsch) fruit during ripening.
    Muramatsu N
  • Cell wall changes in ripening kiwifruit: 13 C solid state NMR characterisation of relatively rigid cell wall polymers.
    Newman RH
  • Modification of matrix polysaccharides during avocado ( Persea americana ) fruit ripening: an assessment of the role of Cx-cellulase.
    O’Donoghue EM
  • Influence of avocado ( Persea americana ) C x -cellulase on the structural features of avocado cellulose.
    O’Donoghue EM
  • Developmental and ripening-related effects on the cell wall of pepino ( Solanum muricatum ) fruit.
    O’Donoghue EM
  • Altered middle lamella homogalacturonan and disrupted deposition of (1 → 5)-α- l -arabinan in the pericarp of Cnr , a ripening mutant of tomato.
    Orfila C
  • Altered cell wall disassembly during ripening of Cnr tomato fruit: implications for cell adhesion and fruit softening.
    Orfila C
  • Changes in papaya cell walls during fruit ripening.
    Paull RE
  • Molecular domains of the cellulose / xyloglucan network in the cell walls of higher plants.
    Pauly M
  • Loss of highly branched arabinans and debranching of rhamnogalacturonan I accompany loss of firm texture and cell separation during prolonged storage of apple.
    Peña MJ
  • Ultrastructural changes in the walls of ripening avocados: transmission, scanning, and freeze fracture microscopy.
    Platt-Aloia KA
  • Widespread occurrence of a covalent linkage between xyloglucan and acidic polysaccharides in suspension-cultured angiosperm cells.
    Popper ZA
  • Solubilization of cell walls by tomato polygalacturonases: effects of pectinesterases.
    Pressey R
  • Solubilization and partial characterization of extensin fragments from cell walls of cotton suspension cultures: evidence for a covalent cross-link between extensin and pectin.
    Qi XY
  • The role of β-galactosidases in the modification of cell wall components during muskmelon fruit ripening.
    Ranwala AP
  • Polygalacturonase: a candidate gene for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit mutation in Capsicum.
    Rao GU
  • Cell wall synthesis in kiwifruit following postharvest ethylene treatment.
    Redgwell RJ
  • Softening of kiwifruit discs — effect of inhibition of galactose loss from cell walls.
    Redgwell RJ
  • Cell wall changes during on-vine softening of kiwifruit.
    Redgwell RJ
  • Cell wall changes in kiwifruit following post harvest ethylene treatment.
    Redgwell RJ
  • Cell-wall polysaccharides of kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa ): effect of ripening on the structural features of cell-wall materials.
    Redgwell RJ
  • Cell wall dissolution in ripening kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa ). Solubilization of the pectic polymers.
    Redgwell RJ
  • In vivo and in vitro swelling of cell walls during fruit ripening.
    Redgwell RJ
  • Galactose loss and fruit ripening: high-molecular-weight arabinogalactans in the pectic polysaccharides of fruit cell walls.
    Redgwell RJ
  • Temporal sequence of cell wall disassembly in rapidly ripening melon fruit.
    Rose JKC
  • Changes in cell wall composition of three Fragaria × ananassa cultivars with different softening rate during ripening.
    Rosli HG
  • Immunocytochemical study of the deesterification patterns during cell wall autolysis in the ripening of cherry tomato.
    Roy S
  • Changes in physical properties and cell wall polysaccharides of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) pericarp tissue.
    Sakurai N
  • Relationship between fruit softening and wall polysaccharides in avocado ( Persea americana Mill) mesocarp tissues.
    Sakurai N
  • Differential effects of pectolytic enzymes on tomato polyuronides in vivo and in vitro.
    Seymour GB
  • Composition and structural features of cell wall polysaccharides from tomato fruits.
    Seymour GB
  • Cell turgor changes associated with ripening in tomato pericarp tissue.
    Shackel KA
  • Down-regulation of tomato β-galactosidase 4 results in decreased fruit softening.
    Smith DL
  • Pectin engineering: modification of potato pectin by in vivo expression of an endo-1,4-β- d -galactanase.
    Sorensen SO
  • Pectin modification in cell walls of ripening tomatoes occurs in distinct domains.
    Steele NM
  • Localization of cell wall polysaccharides during kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa ) ripening.
    Sutherland P
  • Molecular size and separability features of pea cell wall polysaccharides. Implications for models of primary wall structure.
    Talbott LD
  • How do cell walls regulate plant growth?
    Thompson DS
  • Evidence for covalent linkage between xyloglucan and acidic pectins in suspension-cultured rose cells.
    Thompson JE
  • Molecular and genetic characterization of a novel pleiotropic tomato-ripening mutant.
    Thompson AJ
  • Reduction in pectin methylesterase activity modifies tissue integrity and cation levels in ripening tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits.
    Tieman DM
  • An antisense pectin methylesterase gene alters pectin chemistry and soluble solids in tomato fruit.
    Tieman DM
  • Glycosyl-linkage composition of tomato fruit cell wall hemicellulosic fractions during ripening.
    Tong CBS
  • Biophysical consequences of remodeling the neutral side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I in tubers of transgenic potatoes.
    Ulvskov P
  • If homogalacturonan were a side chain of rhamnogalacturonan I. Implications for cell wall architecture.
    Vincken J-P
  • Relationship between softening and the polyuronides in ripening banana fruit.
    Wade NL
  • Extensive solubilization and depolymerization of cell wall polysaccharides during avocado ( Persea americana ) ripening involves concerted action of polygalacturonase and pectinmethylesterase.
    Wakabayashi K
  • Methyl de-esterification as a major factor regulating the extent of pectin depolymerization during fruit ripening: a comparison of the action of avocado ( Persea americana ) and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) polygalacturonases.
    Wakabayashi K
  • Modulation of the degree and pattern of methyl-esterification of pectic homogalacturonan in plant cell walls.
    Willats WGT
  • Molecular weight and degree of methoxylation in cell wall polyuronide during softening in pear and apple fruit.
    Yoshioka H
  • Evidence for in vitro binding of pectin side chains to cellulose.
    Zykwinska AW