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L. Green, Howard Rachlin (1977)
Pigeons' preferences for stimulus information: effects of amount of information.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 27 2
(1977)
Conditioned reinforcement: Choice and information
P. Killeen, B. Wald, C. Cheney (1980)
Observing Behavior and InformationThe Psychological Record, 30
D. Mulvaney, J. Dinsmoor, Alice Jwaideh, Lawson Hughes (1974)
Punishment of observing by the negative discriminative stimulus.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 21 1
D. Navarick, E. Fantino (1974)
Stochastic transitivity and unidimensional behavior theoriesPsychological Review, 81
A. Schrier, Claudia Thompson, Nancie Spector (1980)
Observing behavior in monkeys (Macaca arctoides): Support for the information hypothesis ☆Learning and Motivation, 11
Alan Baron, A. Kaufman, Kathleen Stauber (1969)
Effects of instructions and reinforcement-feedback on human operant behavior maintained by fixed-interval reinforcement.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 12 5
R. Wilton, R. Clements (1971)
The role of information in the emission of observing responses: a test of two hypotheses.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 16 2
Wyckoff Lb (1952)
The role of observing responses in discrimination learning. Part I.Psychological Review, 59
D. Case, E. Fantino (1981)
The delay-reduction hypothesis of conditioned reinforcement and punishment: Observing behavior.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 35 1
A. Catania (1975)
Freedom and knowledge: an experimental analysis of preference in pigeons.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 24 1
M. Browne, J. Dinsmoor (1974)
Wyckoff's observing response: Pigeons learn to observe stimuli for free food but not stimuli for extinctionLearning and Motivation, 5
B. Matthews, E. Shimoff, A. Catania, T. Sagvolden (1977)
Uninstructed human responding: sensitivity to ratio and interval contingencies.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 27 3
Observing behavior and conditioned reinforcement : A test of two quantitative models
E. Shimoff, A. Catania, B. Matthews (1981)
Uninstructed human responding: Sensitivity of low-rate performance to schedule contingencies.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 36 2
M. Perone, Alan Baron (1980)
Reinforcement of human observing behavior by a stimulue correlated with extinction or increased effort.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 34 3
E. Fantino (1969)
Choice and rate of reinforcement.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 12 5
E. Fantino, C. Logan (1979)
The experimental analysis of behavior : a biological perspective
J. Dinsmoor, M. Browne, Charles Lawrence (1972)
A test of the negative discriminative stimulus as a reinforcer of observing.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 18 1
L. Wyckoff (1952)
The role of observing responses in discrimination learning.Psychological review, 59 6
T. Bloomfield (1972)
Reinforcement Schedules: Contingency or Contiguity?
(1980)
Response-cue contingency and cue effectiveness
D. Lieberman (1972)
Secondary reinforcement and information as determinants of observing behavior in monkeys (Macaca mulatta)Learning and Motivation, 3
College students received points exchangeable for money (reinforcement) on a variable‐time 60‐second schedule that alternated randomly with an extinction component. Subjects were informed that responding would not influence either the rate or distribution of reinforcement. Instead, presses on either of two levers (“observing responses”) produced stimuli. In each of four experiments, stimuli positively correlated with reinforcement and/or stimuli uncorrelated with reinforcement were each chosen over stimuli correlated with extinction. These results are consistent with prior results from pigeons in supporting the conditioned‐reinforcement hypothesis of observing and in not supporting the uncertainty‐reduction hypothesis.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior – Wiley
Published: Sep 1, 1983
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