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The Social Organization of Tigers (Panthera Tigris) in Royal Chitawan National Park, Nepal
Despite more than two decades of conservation efforts, only limited information is available on the metapopulation structure of the tiger (Panthera tigris). We report on the geographic distribution of tigers in Nepal in relation to habitat quality and describe an inventory and monitoring system that can be applied across the entire range of the species. Using information from previous studies, interviews with local people, and digital thematic mapper satellite data, we identified four populations of tigers; three occur primarily within the borders of Nepal, and a fourth is across the border in India. We estimate that there are 153 breeding tigers in these four populations. In the Chitwan population, 77% of breeding tigers live in three protected areas; the rest occupy national forests. Tigers in all four populations survive in isolated forest remnants of what was once a continuous subtropical forest zone lying south of the Himalayas. Within central Nepal the ratio of good‐ to poor‐quality tiger habitat ranged from 16% to 86% across seven forest districts. The four areas with the highest ratio of good‐quality habitat (>54%) supported breeding populations, one area with a marginal ratio of good‐quality habitat (46%) was used only occasionally, and the two areas with the lowest ratio of good‐quality habitat (<26%) were not used by tigers. We suggest that when the ratio of good to poor habitat drops below approximately 50%, tigers no longer breed; when it drops below 30%, tigers no longer occur in an area. Estimates of potential tiger habitat and data on habitat used by tigers demonstrate the need to expand current management beyond parks to encompass the entire land base supporting these fragmented populations so that small tiger populations can be managed as ecosystem or tiger management units rather than as portions of populations within protected areas. Análisis de Paisaje de la Distribución de Tigres y Calidad del Hábitat en Nepal A pesar de mas de dos décadas de esfuerzos de conservación, la información sobre la estructura metapoblacional del tigre Panthera tigris es viable únicamente en forma limitada. Reportamos la distribución geográfica de tigres del Nepal en relación a la calidad del hábitat y describimos un inventario y un sistema de monitoreo que puede ser aplicado a lo largo del rango de distribución total de la especie. Usando información de estudios previos, entrevistas con pobladores del lugar y datos de mapeadores digitales temáticos, identificamos cuatro poblaciones de tigres; tres de las cuales ocurren principalmente dentro de los límites de Nepal y una cuarta población se encuentra mas allá de la frontera con India. Estimamos que existen 153 tigres reproductores en estas cuatro poblaciones. En la población de Chitwan, 77% de los tigres reproductores viven en áreas protegidas; el resto ocupa bosques nacionales. Los tigres de las cuatro poblaciones sobreviven en bosques remanentes aislados de lo que alguna vez fué un bosque subtropical continuo del Sur de los Himalayas. Dentro de la región central de Nepal y a lo largo de siete distritos forestales, la proporción de tigres en buena y mala condición varía entre 16% y 86%. Las cuatro áreas con la tasa mas alta de calidad de hábitat (>54%) soporta poblaciones reproductoras; un área con una tasa marginal de buena calidad de hábitat (46%) fueron usadas por los tigres únicamente en ocasiones y las otras dos áreas con la tasa más baja (<26%) no fueron usadas. Sugerimos que los tigres no se reproducen si la tasa entre hábitat bueno y malo es más baja de un 50%; si baja más de un 30%, los tigres no se encuentran en el área. Estimaciones de hábitat potencial para tigres y datos de hábitat usado por tigres demuestran la necesidad de expander el manejo actual más allá de los parques y abarcar la totalidad de las tierras que soportan estas poblaciones fragmentadas, de tal manera que puedan ser manejadas como ecosistema o como unidades de manejo para tigres, y no como porciones de poblaciones dentro de áreas protegidas.
Conservation Biology – Wiley
Published: Dec 1, 1998
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