Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
R. Brown, J. Curtis (1952)
The Upland Conifer‐Hardwood Forests of Northern WisconsinEcological Monographs, 22
R. Whittaker (1978)
Direct Gradient Analysis
D. Strong (1983)
Natural Variability and the Manifold Mechanisms of Ecological CommunitiesThe American Naturalist, 122
J. Rotenberry, J. Wiens (1980)
Habitat Structure, Patchiness, and Avian Communities in North American Steppe Vegetation: A Multivariate AnalysisEcology, 61
F. Goldsmith (1973)
The Vegetation of Exposed Sea Cliffs at South Stack, Anglesey: II. Experimental StudiesJournal of Ecology, 61
M. Austin (1968)
An Ordination Study of a Chalk Grassland CommunityJournal of Ecology, 56
W. Westman (1985)
Xeric Mediterranean-type shrubland associations of Alta and Baja California and the community/continuum debate
M. Cody, J. Diamond (1976)
Ecology and Evolution of CommunitiesNature, 260
L. Orlóci (1966)
Geometric Models in Ecology: I. The Theory and Application of Some Ordination MethodsJournal of Ecology, 54
M. Hill (1973)
Reciprocal Averaging : an eigenvector method of ordinationJournal of Ecology, 61
T. Weaver, J. Grime (1980)
Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes.Journal of Ecology, 68
F. Rahel (1984)
Factors Structuring Fish Assemblages Along a Bog Lake Successional GradientEcology, 65
M. Austin, R. Cunningham, R. Good (1983)
Altitudinal distribution of several eucalypt species in relation to other environmental factors in southern New South WalesAustral Ecology, 8
D. Wikum, M. Wali (1974)
Analysis of a North Dakota Gallery Forest: Vegetation in Relation to Topographic and Soil GradientsEcological Monographs, 44
Robert McIntosh, P. Greig-Smith (1958)
Quantitative Plant Ecology.Journal of Ecology, 46
Robert Colwell, E. Fuentes (1975)
Experimental Studies of the NicheAnnual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 6
R. Yeaton, M. Cody (1979)
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CACTI ALONG ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS IN THE SONORAN AND MOHAVE DESERTSJournal of Ecology, 67
R. May, A. McLean (1977)
Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications
M. Austin, I. Noy‐Meir (1971)
The Problem of Non-Linearity in Ordination: Experiments with Two-Gradient ModelsJournal of Ecology, 59
M. Fasham (1977)
A Comparison of Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling, Principal Components and Reciprocal Averaging for the Ordination of Simulated Coenoclines, and CoenoplanesEcology, 58
J. Connell (1972)
Community Interactions on Marine Rocky Intertidal ShoresAnnual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 3
J. Harper (1979)
Population Biology of Plants
R. Peet (1978)
Latitudinal variation in southern Rocky Mountain forestsJournal of Biogeography, 5
M. Austin, R. Groves, L. Fresco, P. Kaye (1985)
RELATIVE GROWTH OF SIX THISTLE SPECIES ALONG A NUTRIENT GRADIENT WITH MULTISPECIES COMPETITIONJournal of Ecology, 73
H. Gauch, R. Whittaker (1972)
Comparison of Ordination TechniquesEcology, 53
R. Whittaker (1975)
Communities and Ecosystems
J. Roughgarden (1983)
Competition and Theory in Community EcologyThe American Naturalist, 122
P. Chardy, M. Glemarec, A. Laurec (1976)
Application of inertia methods to benthic marine ecology: Practical implications of the basic optionsEstuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 4
R. Waring, J. Major (1964)
Some Vegetation of the California Coastal Redwood Region in Relation to Gradients of Moisture, Nutrients, Light, and TemperatureEcological Monographs, 34
J. Swan (1970)
An Examination of Some Ordination Problems By Use of Simulated Vegetational DataEcology, 51
J. Matthews (1979)
The Vegetation of the Storbreen Gletschervorfeld, Jotunheimen, Norway. II. Approaches Involving Ordination and General ConclusionsJournal of Biogeography, 6
I. Prentice (1980)
Multidimensional scaling as a research tool in quaternary palynology: A review of theory and methodsReview of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 31
D. Knight, D. Mueller‐Dombois, H. Ellenberg (1974)
Aims and Methods of Vegetation EcologyBioScience
M. Austin (1982)
USE OF A RELATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE VALUE IN THE PREDICTION OF PERFORMANCE IN MULTISPECIES MIXTURES FROM MONOCULTURE PERFORMANCEJournal of Ecology, 70
S. Pickett, F. Bazzaz (1978)
Organization of an Assemblage of Early Successional Species on a Soil Moisture GradientEcology, 59
C. Krebs (1973)
Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance
R. Daubenmire (1966)
Vegetation: identification of typal communities.Science, 151 3708
D. Goodall (1970)
Statistical Plant EcologyAnnual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 1
D. Miles, R. Ricklefs (1984)
The Correlation Between Ecology and Morphology in Deciduous Forest Passerine BirdsEcology, 65
M. Schum (1984)
Phenetic Structure and Species Richness in North and Central American Bat FaunasEcology, 65
H. Gauch, R. Whittaker, S. Singer (1981)
A comparative study of nonmetric ordinations.Journal of Ecology, 69
B. Williams (1983)
Some Observations of the Use of Discriminant Analysis in EcologyEcology, 64
S. Sabo (1980)
Niche and Habitat Relations in Subalpine Bird Communities of the White Mountains of New HampshireEcological Monographs, 50
R. Whitmore, E. Harner (1980)
Analyses of multivariately determined community matrices using cluster analysis and multidimensional scalingBiometrical Journal, 22
R. Whittaker, Hugh GauchJr. (1978)
Evaluation of Ordination Techniques
J. Matthews (1978)
AN APPLICATION OF NON-METRIC MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN IMPROVED SPECIES PLEXUSJournal of Ecology, 66
R. Whittaker (1967)
GRADIENT ANALYSIS OF VEGETATION*Biological Reviews, 42
R. Green (1979)
Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists.
J. Bray, And Curtis, Departrnent (1957)
An Ordination of the Upland Forest Communities of Southern WisconsinEcological Monographs, 27
G. Salt (1983)
Roles: Their Limits and Responsibilities in Ecological and Evolutionary ResearchThe American Naturalist, 122
J. Curtis, R. McIntosh (1951)
An Upland Forest Continuum in the Prairie‐Forest Border Region of WisconsinEcology, 32
D. Goodall (1954)
Objective methods for the classification of vegetation. III. An essay in the use of factor analysisAustralian Journal of Botany, 2
I. Noy‐Meir, R. Whittaker (1978)
Recent Developments in Continuous Multivariate Techniques
A. Anderson (1971)
Ordination Methods in EcologyJournal of Ecology, 59
H. Gleason
The individualistic concept of the plant associationAmerican Midland Naturalist, 21
R. Whittaker (1956)
Vegetation of the Great Smoky MountainsEcological Monographs, 26
R. Whittaker, S. Levin, R. Root (1973)
Niche, Habitat, and EcotopeThe American Naturalist, 107
M. Cody (1975)
Towards a theory of continental species diversities
P. Grubb (1977)
THE MAINTENANCE OF SPECIES‐RICHNESS IN PLANT COMMUNITIES: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE REGENERATION NICHEBiological Reviews, 52
J. Nelder, R. Wedderburn (1972)
Generalized Linear Models, 135
R. Whittaker, W. Niering (1965)
Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona: A Gradient Analysis of the South SlopeEcology, 46
E. Beals (1984)
Bray-curtis ordination: an effective strategy for analysis of multivariate ecological dataAdvances in Ecological Research, 14
E. Newman (1973)
Competition and Diversity in Herbaceous VegetationNature, 244
D. Tilman (1983)
Resource competition and community structure.Monographs in population biology, 17
R. Peet, N. Christensen (1980)
Hardwood forest vegetation of the North Carolina piedmont.
I. Noy‐Meir (1974)
Multivariate Analysis of the Semiarid Vegetation in South-Eastern Australia. II. Vegetation Catenae and Environmental GradientsAustralian Journal of Botany, 22
D. Zobel, A. McKee, G. Hawk, C. Dyrness (1976)
Relationships of Environment to Composition, Structure, and Diversity of Forest Communities of the Central Western Cascades of OregonEcological Monographs, 46
M. Austin, L. Orlóci (1966)
Geometric Models in Ecology: II. An Evaluation of Some Ordination TechniquesJournal of Ecology, 54
J. Gower (1966)
Some distance properties of latent root and vector methods used in multivariate analysisBiometrika, 53
Richard Pimentel (1981)
A Comparative Study of Data and Ordination Techniques Based on a Hybrid Swarm of Sand Verbenas (Abronia Juss.)Systematic Biology, 30
R. Green (1980)
Multivariate approaches in ecology: the assessment of ecologic similarity [Statistical methods, computer applications]
Major similarities exist between the role of the continuum concept in plant community ecology and that of niche theory in animal community ecology. Identical techniques have been used to study each idea. This article reviews the adequacy of the current use of the continuum concept and associated ordination techniques and briefly discusses the implications for niche studies. The concept of vegetation as a continuum with a changing species composi tion along environmental gradients arose in antithesis to the community-unit theory which stated that plant communities are natural units of coevolved species populations forming homogeneous, discrete, and recognizable units. Goodall (49) provides a very clear statement of the issues. Two reviews (76, 117) and responses (29) summarize the controversy well. Ecologists now accept the continuum concept and incorporate it into textbooks (e. g. 68, 81,97, 118), though questions remain as to its adequacy (e. g. 68). The need for quantitative procedures for examining vegetation as a con tinuum (27, 114) prompted development of ordination techniques. Goodall (48) introduced the term "ordination" for methods that arrange samples (or species) in relation to "a multidimensional series. " Excellent reviews survey the history of ordination techniques and the theory and application of
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics – Annual Reviews
Published: Nov 1, 1985
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.