Abstract

Molecular Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Evidence of Major Drug Resistance Mutations in Newly Diagnosed Patients Infected with Subtypes Other than Subtype B ▿ Nicaise Ndembi 1 , * , Awet Abraha 2 , Heather Pilch 2 , Hiroshi Ichimura 3 , Dora Mbanya 1 , Lazare Kaptue 1 , Robert Salata 2 and Eric J. Arts 2 1 Laboratory of Hematology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon 2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, Ohio 44195 3 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan ABSTRACT Prior to current studies on the emergence of drug resistance with the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Cameroon, we performed genotypic analysis on samples from drug-naïve, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals in this country. Of the 79 HIV type 1 (HIV-1) pol sequences analyzed from Cameroonian samples, 3 (3.8%) were identified as HIV-1 group O, 1 (1.2%) was identified as an HIV-2 intergroup B/A recombinant, and the remaining 75 (95.0%) were identified as HIV-1 group M. Group M isolates were further classified as subtypes A1 ( n = 4), D ( n = 4), F2 ( n = 6), G ( n = 12), H ( n = 2), and K ( n = 1) and as circulating recombinant forms CRF02_AG ( n = 41), CRF11_cpx ( n = 1), and CRF13_cpx ( n = 2). Two pol sequences were identified as unique recombinant forms of CRF02_AG/F2 ( n = 2). M46L ( n = 2), a major resistance mutation associated with resistance to protease inhibitors, was observed in 2/75 (2.6%) group M samples. Single mutations associated with resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (T215Y/F ( n = 3)) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (V108I ( n = 1), L100I ( n = 1), and Y181C ( n = 2)) were observed in 7 of 75 (9.3%) group M samples. None of the patients had any history of ART exposure. Population surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance is required and should be included to aid in the development of appropriate guidelines.