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Letters Author Affiliations: Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, jor life events. In this case, PCEs may serve as a proxy for such National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers unobservable factors, suggesting that the observed adjusted for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Li, Perrine, Anstey, Chen, odds ratio of 0.28 (95% CI, 0.21-0.39; P < .001) for D/PMH MacGowan, Galuska); Immunization Services Division, National Center for among those reporting 6 to 7 PCEs indeed implies a moderate Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Elam-Evans). degree of causality after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and Corresponding Author: Ruowei Li, MD, PhD, Division of Nutrition, Physical annual income. Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and In the 1970s, economists created statistical methods for Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford detecting and correcting for unobserved treatment selection Hwy NE (MS S107-5), Atlanta, GA 30341 (ril6@cdc.gov). bias. The E-value indicates the “minimum strength of asso- Published Online: August 31, 2020. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2670 ciation, on the risk ratio scale, that an unmeasured con- Author Contributions: Dr Li and Mr Chen had full access to all of the
JAMA Pediatrics – American Medical Association
Published: Feb 6, 2021
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