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Use and Referral Patterns for 22 Complementary and Alternative Medical Therapies by Members of the American College of Rheumatology

Use and Referral Patterns for 22 Complementary and Alternative Medical Therapies by Members of... BackgroundThis study was designed to determine rheumatologists' self-reported knowledge, perceptions of legitimacy, referral patterns, and use in practice of 22 complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies.MethodsA survey was mailed to a random sample of 2000 physician members of the American College of Rheumatology asking respondents which (if any) CAM therapies they (1) knew enough about to discuss with patients, (2) considered part of "legitimate medical practice," and (3) "personally administered" to patients, or "referred patients to someone else" to administer. The response rate was 47%.ResultsOn average, the respondents reported knowing enough to discuss 10 of the therapies with patients, considered 9 to be part of legitimate medical practice, and had referred patients to someone else for 8 of the 22 therapies. Correlates of use and/or referral included sex, age, belief in the legitimacy of the therapies, and self-reported knowledge.ConclusionsThese results provide potentially important preliminary data regarding rheumatologists' responses to dramatic increases in the use of CAM therapies among their patients.IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED that there are now more office visits made for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies in the United States than for the services of conventional primary care physicians.While a number of studies that have also used nationally representative sampleshave found considerably lower estimates of CAM use, there is little doubt that patients' use of therapies other than those prescribed by their convention physicians is a clinical issue that must be reckoned with. This is especially true for rheumatologists and those primary care physicians who treat rheumatological patients, since an ever-growing number of consumer-based surveys have indicated that visits to alternative therapists are especially prevalent among patients with chronic pain–related conditions, such as arthritisand fibromyalgia.In general, while some of these surveys (1) were relatively small, (2) did not use probability sampling methods, (3) used different time intervals on which to base prevalence estimates, and (4) used varying definitions of what constitutes a CAM therapy, it appears that estimates of the use of CAM therapies among rheumatological patients are generally higher than among patients with a number of other specific conditions. Although this literature is difficult to summarize, the cumulative weight of the evidence appears to indicate that the prevalence of the use of CAM therapies among patients with arthritis and fibromylagia is extremely high and certainly encompasses the majority of rheumatological patients.There have been many fewer surveys of rheumatologists with respect to their clinical response to this movement, although there have been numerous physician surveys targeting attitudes toward, and use of, CAM therapies among primary care physicians in general. Two meta-analyses of the survey literature regarding CAM useand a number of individual physician surveyshave shown that there is considerable professional interest in complementary therapies as well as a general willingness to refer patients to providers of at least some of the CAM modalities.Of the 2 published surveys targeting rheumatologists of which we are aware, one was published in a popular health magazinein 1999 and was difficult to evaluate because its methodology was not specified, while the other involved an exclusively Dutch sample of rheumatologists.Both articles identified a number of CAM therapies that the majority of the respondents viewed positively (capsaicin, relaxation, biofeedback, meditation, and journal writing in the Arthritis Todaysample; spa treatment, acupuncture, and manipulation in the Dutch sample), but neither survey was designed to systematically assess the clinical responses to this growing phenomenon.Therefore, the primary purpose of the present study was to assess the extent to which present-day rheumatologists incorporate CAM therapies into their professional practices, either through direct patient care or through referral to other providers. A secondary purpose was to assess the extent to which these behaviors could be explained by the demographic, professional, and affective characteristics of the clinicians who participated in the survey.PARTICIPANTS AND METHODSPROCEDUREA survey instrument soliciting self-reported knowledge of, attitudes toward, clinical use of, and referral to providers of 22 separate CAM therapies was mailed to a random sample of 2000 of the 4879 physician membership of the American College of Rheumatology residing in the United States. After 2 additional mailings to nonrespondents, 924 usable questionnaires were received (28 were not delivered), representing an effective response rate of 47%.SAMPLEAs depicted in Table 1, the majority of the responding physicians were male (87%) and older than 50 years (78%). In general, the respondents were heavily engaged in direct clinical practice (75% saw patients at least 24 hours per week) and were qualified, with 94% reporting possessing board certifications in both rheumatology and internal medicine.Table 1. Demographic and Practice CharacteristicsCharacteristicNo. (%)SexMale790 (86.6)Female122 (13.4)Age, y30-49204 (22.5)50-59502 (55.5)≥60199 (22.0)No. of hours per week in direct clinical care≤887 (9.5)9-1694 (10.3)17-2464 (7.0)25-3288 (9.6)33-40207 (22.5)>40395 (43.0)SURVEY INSTRUMENTThe questionnaire that was used in the present study was based on previous survey research conducted by the University of Maryland Complementary Medicine Program.The instrument solicited information regarding basic demographic and practice variables as well as self-reported attitudes and clinical behaviors regarding the above-mentioned list of 22 CAM therapies. The items related to the 22 CAM therapies were contained in an alphabetical list of the behaviors, with instructions for the respondents to indicate, for each separate therapy, whether or not they (1) knew enough about the behavior to discuss it with patients; (2) considered it to be a part of legitimate medical practice that was designed as a global attitudinal indicator (and hence possibly related to respondents' perceptions of efficacy); (3) had personally administered the therapy to patients; and (4) had referred patients to someone else to administer the therapy. Each of the resulting 88 responses was scored dichotomously (yes or no), with total composite scores (theoretically ranging from 0-22) computed for the 4 affective/behavioral dimensions, ie, self-reported knowledge, opinions regarding legitimacy, clinical use, and referral) by summing across the 22 therapies.STATISTICAL ANALYSISDescriptive statistics were used to present physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and clinical behavior relevant to the 22 individual therapies, while multiple linear regression was used to explore the correlates of clinical utilization of these CAM therapies considered as a whole.RESULTSAs indicated in Table 2, the respondents were much more likely to refer patients to other practitioners for the CAM therapies than to administer them themselves. Trigger point therapy and nutraceuticals were the 2 therapeutic exceptions, with 51% and 34% of the respondents, respectively, reporting direct clinical involvement with these therapies. The other 4 therapies for which the most active direct clinical use was reported were (1) exercise intervention (41%), (2) dietary prescription (33%), (3) counseling/psychotherapy (24%), and (4) electromagnetic applications such as transcutaneous or pericutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (10%). Totaled across all 22 therapies, the average physician reported having clinically administered approximately 2.5% of the behaviors, although fewer than 5% of the sample reported having had direct clinical experience with 11 of the behaviors (ie, acupuncture, biofeedback, chiropractic, energetic healing, homeopathy, hypnotherapy, magnets, nonchiropractic manipulation, message, specialized movement therapies such as qi gong and yoga, and music therapy).Table 2. Proportion of 924 Respondents Who Used CAM Therapies in Their Practice, Referred Their Patients to CAM Providers, Reported Sufficient Knowledge to Discuss Therapies With Patients, and Considered Therapies a Part of Legitimate Medical Practice*TherapyReporting AdministeredReporting ReferralReporting Enough Knowledge to Discuss With PatientConsidering Therapy Part of Legitimate Medical PracticeAcupuncture0.020.570.620.56Behavioral medicine0.080.580.520.65Biofeedback0.020.650.590.69Chiropractic0.010.380.510.38Counseling/psychotherapy0.240.820.690.81Dietary prescription0.330.650.630.66Electromagnetic applications (eg, TENS, PENS)0.100.650.640.65Energetic healing (Reiki, therapeutic touch)0.010.050.110.05Exercise intervention0.410.750.750.77Herbal/botanical medicine0.080.100.330.19Homeopathy0.010.040.210.04Hypnotherapy0.010.190.240.22Magnets0.020.040.260.04Manipulation therapy (nonchiropractic)0.030.220.270.24Massage/manual healing0.020.510.470.45Meditation0.060.220.380.35Movement (eg, yoga, qi gong)0.030.310.360.36Music/sound0.020.080.210.17Nutraceuticals (eg, glucosamin, S-adenosylmethionine)0.340.170.660.46Prayer and spiritual direction0.080.190.350.33Relaxation response techniques0.090.370.420.45Trigger point0.510.300.630.57Average No. of therapies2.497.829.849.06*CAM indicates complementary and alternative medicine; TENS, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; and PENS, percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.At least 50% of the responding physicians had referred patients to 8 of the therapies (ie, acupuncture, behavioral medicine, biofeedback, counseling/psychotherapy, dietary prescriptions, electromagnetic applications such as transcutaneous and percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, exercise, and massage). When direct clinical use of the therapies was combined with referral (ie, when an individual physician either administered the therapy or referred the patient to someone else to administer it), 9 of the 22 modalities had been used by more than 50% of the respondents, with counseling/psychotherapy (85%) and exercise (81%) heading the list.While there were 9 therapies for which more than 50% of the clinicians had reported at least some degree of clinical use (ie, either through personal administration or referral), it is important to note that there were considerably more of these modalities that were not used in any substantive form by this group of physicians. There were also 9 therapies, in fact, for which 75% of the sample had reported no clinical use (in descending order these were meditation [24%], prayer and spiritual direction [23%], nonchiropractic manipulation [23%], hypnotherapy [19%], herbal medicine [14%], music therapy [9%], magnets [5%], energetic healing [5%], and homeopathy [4%]). Interestingly, none of these modalities were considered part of legitimate medical practice by a substantial proportion of the sample, nor did as many as 50% of the respondents report sufficient knowledge to discuss any of them with their patients.In summary, there appeared to be a major dichotomy among the 22 listed therapies, with one group having achieved a certain degree of acceptance and the other group definitely not having achieved anything approaching mainstream acceptance. In general, physicians' knowledge of a therapy (as defined by reporting to possess enough knowledge to discuss it with patients) and whether or not they considered it to be a part of legitimate medical practice were relatively closely related to one another, as they were to clinical use and referral patterns.A multiple regression was then performed to ascertain the extent to which clinical use of CAM therapies among members of the American Board of Rheumatology was related to demographic, professional, and attitudinal characteristics of the sample. The dependent variable in this analysis was the total number of therapies for which the respondent reported having either personally administered to patients or referred patients to other clinicians for administration. The independent variable set included (1) the demographic and professional characteristics of age, sex, and number of hours per week spent in clinical practice; (2) the total number of CAM therapies that the respondents thought were a part of legitimate medicine; and (3) the total number of these therapies that the physicians considered themselves to be sufficiently knowledgeable about to discuss with their patients.Overall, 41% of the variation in the overall self-reported clinical use of the 22 CAM therapies was shared with the set of 5 predictors (Table 3). Only the number of board certifications was not an individually significant correlate of clinical use. The strongest predictor was, not surprisingly, beliefs in the legitimacy of the CAM therapies. Even after this variable was statistically controlled for, however, knowledge and hours spent in clinical practice were positively related to use. Female physicians were also marginally more likely to engage in the clinical use of CAM therapies (P= .052), while there was a negative relationship (P= .008) between physician age and referral or administration of the CAM therapies. Interestingly, however, a secondary analysis (not shown) indicated that this latter relationship was mitigated by the fact that physicians 55 years of age or older were actually significantly more likely to personally administer certain therapies (most notably counseling and behavioral medicine techniques), while being less likely than their younger colleagues to refer patients to other practitioners.Table 3. Demographic and Practice Correlates of Referral or Clinical Administration of CAM Therapies*PredictorβSignificance of βAge−.070.008Sex.051.052Hours per week of practice.090.001Ability to discuss with patients.165<.001Legitimacy of CAM therapies.512<.001*N = 900. Multiple R= 0.64, F5,897= 105.3, P<.001. CAM indicates complementary and alternative medicine.COMMENTThis survey suffered from a number of limitations. The response rate, while respectable for a physician survey, could have been higher. Its interpretation also depends upon self-reported data, and there is always a question regarding exactly what does and does not constitute a CAM therapy. Many types of psychologically based therapies (a number of which, such as counseling, psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, and behavioral medicine, are difficult to separate into distinct, mutually exclusive modalities), for example, have almost certainly crossed the boundary into conventional medical practice, while exercise therapy is actually a component of the American College of Rheumatology's clinical guidelines for osteoarthritis of the knee and hip.Other therapies, such as biofeedback and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, may well be in the process of making this transition from complementary to conventional medicine. Finally, the responses generated by this survey cannot be assumed to be representative of rheumatological practice, since the present sample of clinicians are obviously better trained and probably more knowledgeable than clinicians in general.With these caveats in mind, however, the present results do appear to reflect an openness among rheumatologists toward a number of CAM treatment modalities that they consider to be a part of legitimate medical practice and, to a lesser extent, about which they report possessing enough knowledge. These results, along with the weaker age and sex relationships, are generally consonant with those reported previously (our surveys), although the latter variables are not always correlated with physicians' use of CAM therapies.Finally, although the clinical administration of CAM therapies by conventional physicians has not been well studied, some researchers have found a relationship between a tendency to accept CAM or to refer patients to CAM providers and experience/knowledge of the therapies involved,while others have not.These results are also remarkably consistent with those of a smaller survey (Table 4) conducted recently using a random sample of the membership of the International Association for the Study of Pain,especially given the fact that the 2 sets of respondents were probably treating different types of patients for different conditions. This survey also comprised a large proportion of board-certified physicians (86%) and achieved a similar response rate (53%).Table 4. Rheumatologists' vs Pain Specialists' CAM Clinical Use/Referral*TherapyRheumatologists (n = 922)Pain Specialists† (n = 362)Acupuncture0.580.69Behavioral medicine0.590.62Biofeedback0.660.66Chiropractic0.380.40Counseling/psychotherapy0.850.81Dietary prescription0.700.59Electromagnetic applications (TENS, PENS)0.690.77Exercise intervention0.810.72Homeopathy0.040.13Hypnotherapy0.190.45Manipulation therapy (nonchiropractic)0.230.46Meditation0.240.31Prayer and spiritual direction0.230.27Relaxation response techniques0.390.50Average No. of therapies6.607.40*CAM indicates complementary and alternative medicine; TENS, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; and PENS, percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.†The respondents for this survey were members of the International Association for the Study of Pain.Among the 14 CAM therapies that were common to the 2 surveys, the rank ordering of the use (as defined by referral or personal administration) for these therapies was quite similar (ρ = 0.88, P<.001), and the 2 samples had, on average, administered or referred patients to approximately half of these nonpharmacological (nutraceuticals were not included in the pain specialists' survey) therapies (6.6 of the 14 among the rheumatologists; 7.4 among the pain specialists).What neither survey addresses, of course, is whether patients actually benefit from exposure to these therapies. More investigations targeted at rigorously assessing their efficacy is therefore urgently needed, both by practitioners who must make referral decisions and by patients who need to know what viable treatment options are available to them.In the meantime, while this evidence is accumulating, opinions understandably differ regarding the appropriateness of using some of these individual therapies. The present results can thus be interpreted as reflecting a very real and appropriate commitment among this highly qualified group of clinicians toward the treatment of a variety of patient conditions for which completely viable pharmacological options do not yet exist. It will be interesting to see whether the use of CAM therapies among mainstream rheumatologists will increase over time, the way that public acceptance and use of alternative therapists have.DMEisenbergRBDavisSLEttnerTrends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey.JAMA.1998;280:1569-1575.BGDrussRARosenheckAssociation between use of unconventional therapies and conventional medical services.JAMA.1999;282:651-656.LCParamoreUse of alternative therapies: estimates from the 1994 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation National Access to Care Survey.J Pain Symptom Manage.1997;13:83-89.RBBausellWLLeeBMBermanDemographic and health-related correlates of visits to complementary and alternative medical providers.Med Care.2001;39:190-196.JKRaoKMihaliakKKroenkeJBradleyWMTierneyMWeinbergerUse of complementary therapies for arthritis among patients of rheumatologists.Ann Intern Med.1999;131:409-416.TACronanRMKaplanLPosnerEBlumbergFKozinPrevalence of the use of unconventional remedies for arthritis in a metropolitan community.Arthritis Rheum.1989;32:1604-1607.GRStruthersDLScottDGScottThe use of "alternative treatments" by patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Rheumatol Int.1983;3:151-152.GJVisserLPetersJJRaskerRheumatologists and their patients who seek alternative care: an agreement to disagree.Br J Rheumatol.1992;31:485-490.PCVecchioAtttitudes to alternative medicine by rheumatology outpatient attenders.J Rheumatol.1994;21:145-147.DLAndersonLShane-McWhorterBICrouchSJAndersonPrevalence and patterns of alternative medication use in a university hospital outpatient clinic serving rheumatology and geriatric patients.Pharmacotherapy.2000;20:958-966.CRamos-RemusJIGamez-NavaLGonzalez-LopesUse of alternative therapies by patients with rheumatic disease in Guadalajara, Mexico: prevalence, beliefs and expectations.Arthritis Care Res.1998;11:411-418.AChandolaYYoungJMcAlisterJSAxfordUse of complementary therapies by patients attending musculoskeletal clinics.J R Soc Med.1999;92:13-16.MBoissetMAFitzcarlesAlternative medicine use by rheumatology patients in a universal health care setting.J Rheumatol.1994;21:148-152.JAAstinBMeekerGBernhardKRPelletierWLHaskellUse of complementary and alternative medicine among rheumatology patients: results of a national survey.In: Proceedings of the 127th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association; November 7-11, 1999; Chicago, Ill.SDimmockPRTroughtonHABirdFactors predisposing to the resort of complementary therapies in patients with fibromylagia.Clin Rheumatol.1996;15:478-482.MAFitzcharlesJMEsdaileNonphysician practitioner treatments and fibromylagia syndrome.J Rheumatol.1997;24:937-940.PMNicassioCSchumanJKimACordovaMHWeismanPsychosocial factors associated with complementary treatment use in fibromyalgia.J Rheumatol.1997;24:2008-2013.MPioro-BoissetJMEsdaileMAFitzcharlesAlternative medicine use in fibromyalgia syndrome.Arthritis Care Res.1996;9:13-17.JAAstinAMarieKRPelletierWLHaskellEHansenA review of the incorporation of complementary and alternative medicine by mainstream physicians.Arch Intern Med.1998;158:2303-2310.EErnstKLReschARWhiteComplementary medicine: what physicians think of it: a meta-analysis.Arch Intern Med.1995;155:2405-2408.BMBermanBKSinghLLaoBBSinghKSFerentzSMHartnollPhysicians' attitudes toward complementary or alternative medicine: a regional survey.J Am Board Fam Pract.1995;8:361-366.BMBermanBBSinghSMHartnollBKSinghDReillyPrimary care physicians and complementary/alternative medicine: training, attitudes and practice patterns.J Am Board Fam Pract.1998;11:272-281.DLBlumbergWDGrantSRHendricksCAKampsMJDewanThe physician and unconventional medicine.Altern Ther Health Med.1995;1:31-34.JBorkanJONeherOAnsonBSmokerReferrals for alternative therapies.J Fam Pract.1994;39:545-550.DTReillyYoung doctors' views on alternative medicine.Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).1983;287:337-339.RWhartonGLewithComplementary medicine and the general practitioner.Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).1986;292:1498-1500.MRPerkinRMPearcyJSFraserA comparison of the attitudes shown by general practitioners, hospital doctors and medical students towards alternative medicine.J R Soc Med.1994;87:523-525.EAndersonPAndersonGeneral practitioners and alternative medicine.J R Coll Gen Pract.1987;37:52-55.LSchachterMAWeingartenEEKahanAttitudes of family physicians to nonconventional therapies.Arch Fam Med.1993;2:1268-1270.CMHadleyComplementary medicine and the general practitioner: a survey of general practitioners in the Wellington area.N Z Med J.1988;101:766-768.RJMarshallRGeeMIsraelThe use of alternative therapies by Auckland general practitioners.N Z Med J.1990;103:213-215.WHimmelMSchulteMMKochenComplementary medicine: are patients' expectations being met by their general practitioners?Br J Gen Pract.1993;43:232-235.PKnipschildJKleijnenGter RietBelief in the efficacy of alternative medicine among general practitioners in the Netherlands.Soc Sci Med.1990;31:625-626.DCherkinFAMacCornackAOBergFamily physicians: views of chiropractors: hostile or hospitable?Am J Public Health.1989;79:636-637.MJVerhoefLRSutherlandAlternative medicine and general practitioners: opinions and behaviour.Can Fam Physician.1995;41:1005-1011.ASikandMLakenPediatricians experience with and attitudes toward complementary/alternative medicine.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.1998;152:1059-1064.ARWhiteKLReschEErnstComplementary medicine: use and attitudes.Fam Pract.1997;14:302-306.JHBernsteinJTShuvalNonconventional medicine in Israel: consultation patterns of the Israeli population and attitudes of primary care physicians.Soc Sci Med.1997;44:1341-1348.MGoldszmidtCLevittEDuarte-FrancoJKaczorowskiComplementary health care services: a survey of general practitioners' views.CMAJ.1995;153:29-35.TABoucherSKLenzAn organizational survey of physicians' attitudes about and practice of complementary and alternative medicine.Altern Ther Health Med.1998;4:59-65.AGrenfellNPatelNRobinsonComplementary therapy: general practitioners' referral and patients' use in an urban multi-ethnic area.Complement Ther Med.1998;6:127-132.RDCrockDJarjouraAPolenGWRuteckiConfronting the communication gap between conventional and alternative medicine: a survey of physicians' attitudes.Altern Ther Health Med.1999;5:61-66.BMBermanRBBausellSMHartnollMBecknerJBaretaCompliance with requests for complementary-alternative medicine referrals: a survey of primary care physicians.Integr Med.1999;2:11-17.BMBermanRBBausellThe use of non-pharmacological therapies by pain specialists.Pain.2000;85:313-316.JHorstThe dangerous divide: why doctors aren't asking and you aren't telling.Arthritis Today.November-December 1999:34-41.American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Osteoarthritis GuidelinesRecommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee.Arthritis Rheum.2000;43:1905-1915.Accepted for publication August 7, 2001.This study was supported in part by grant 1P50AT0008401 from the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.Corresponding author and reprints: R. Barker Bausell, PhD, Complementary Medicine Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Kernan Hospital Mansion, 2200 Kernan Dr, Baltimore, MD 21207 (e-mail: bbausell@compmed.ummc.umaryland.edu). http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png JAMA Internal Medicine American Medical Association

Use and Referral Patterns for 22 Complementary and Alternative Medical Therapies by Members of the American College of Rheumatology

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American Medical Association
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Copyright 2002 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. Applicable FARS/DFARS Restrictions Apply to Government Use.
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2168-6106
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Abstract

BackgroundThis study was designed to determine rheumatologists' self-reported knowledge, perceptions of legitimacy, referral patterns, and use in practice of 22 complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies.MethodsA survey was mailed to a random sample of 2000 physician members of the American College of Rheumatology asking respondents which (if any) CAM therapies they (1) knew enough about to discuss with patients, (2) considered part of "legitimate medical practice," and (3) "personally administered" to patients, or "referred patients to someone else" to administer. The response rate was 47%.ResultsOn average, the respondents reported knowing enough to discuss 10 of the therapies with patients, considered 9 to be part of legitimate medical practice, and had referred patients to someone else for 8 of the 22 therapies. Correlates of use and/or referral included sex, age, belief in the legitimacy of the therapies, and self-reported knowledge.ConclusionsThese results provide potentially important preliminary data regarding rheumatologists' responses to dramatic increases in the use of CAM therapies among their patients.IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED that there are now more office visits made for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies in the United States than for the services of conventional primary care physicians.While a number of studies that have also used nationally representative sampleshave found considerably lower estimates of CAM use, there is little doubt that patients' use of therapies other than those prescribed by their convention physicians is a clinical issue that must be reckoned with. This is especially true for rheumatologists and those primary care physicians who treat rheumatological patients, since an ever-growing number of consumer-based surveys have indicated that visits to alternative therapists are especially prevalent among patients with chronic pain–related conditions, such as arthritisand fibromyalgia.In general, while some of these surveys (1) were relatively small, (2) did not use probability sampling methods, (3) used different time intervals on which to base prevalence estimates, and (4) used varying definitions of what constitutes a CAM therapy, it appears that estimates of the use of CAM therapies among rheumatological patients are generally higher than among patients with a number of other specific conditions. Although this literature is difficult to summarize, the cumulative weight of the evidence appears to indicate that the prevalence of the use of CAM therapies among patients with arthritis and fibromylagia is extremely high and certainly encompasses the majority of rheumatological patients.There have been many fewer surveys of rheumatologists with respect to their clinical response to this movement, although there have been numerous physician surveys targeting attitudes toward, and use of, CAM therapies among primary care physicians in general. Two meta-analyses of the survey literature regarding CAM useand a number of individual physician surveyshave shown that there is considerable professional interest in complementary therapies as well as a general willingness to refer patients to providers of at least some of the CAM modalities.Of the 2 published surveys targeting rheumatologists of which we are aware, one was published in a popular health magazinein 1999 and was difficult to evaluate because its methodology was not specified, while the other involved an exclusively Dutch sample of rheumatologists.Both articles identified a number of CAM therapies that the majority of the respondents viewed positively (capsaicin, relaxation, biofeedback, meditation, and journal writing in the Arthritis Todaysample; spa treatment, acupuncture, and manipulation in the Dutch sample), but neither survey was designed to systematically assess the clinical responses to this growing phenomenon.Therefore, the primary purpose of the present study was to assess the extent to which present-day rheumatologists incorporate CAM therapies into their professional practices, either through direct patient care or through referral to other providers. A secondary purpose was to assess the extent to which these behaviors could be explained by the demographic, professional, and affective characteristics of the clinicians who participated in the survey.PARTICIPANTS AND METHODSPROCEDUREA survey instrument soliciting self-reported knowledge of, attitudes toward, clinical use of, and referral to providers of 22 separate CAM therapies was mailed to a random sample of 2000 of the 4879 physician membership of the American College of Rheumatology residing in the United States. After 2 additional mailings to nonrespondents, 924 usable questionnaires were received (28 were not delivered), representing an effective response rate of 47%.SAMPLEAs depicted in Table 1, the majority of the responding physicians were male (87%) and older than 50 years (78%). In general, the respondents were heavily engaged in direct clinical practice (75% saw patients at least 24 hours per week) and were qualified, with 94% reporting possessing board certifications in both rheumatology and internal medicine.Table 1. Demographic and Practice CharacteristicsCharacteristicNo. (%)SexMale790 (86.6)Female122 (13.4)Age, y30-49204 (22.5)50-59502 (55.5)≥60199 (22.0)No. of hours per week in direct clinical care≤887 (9.5)9-1694 (10.3)17-2464 (7.0)25-3288 (9.6)33-40207 (22.5)>40395 (43.0)SURVEY INSTRUMENTThe questionnaire that was used in the present study was based on previous survey research conducted by the University of Maryland Complementary Medicine Program.The instrument solicited information regarding basic demographic and practice variables as well as self-reported attitudes and clinical behaviors regarding the above-mentioned list of 22 CAM therapies. The items related to the 22 CAM therapies were contained in an alphabetical list of the behaviors, with instructions for the respondents to indicate, for each separate therapy, whether or not they (1) knew enough about the behavior to discuss it with patients; (2) considered it to be a part of legitimate medical practice that was designed as a global attitudinal indicator (and hence possibly related to respondents' perceptions of efficacy); (3) had personally administered the therapy to patients; and (4) had referred patients to someone else to administer the therapy. Each of the resulting 88 responses was scored dichotomously (yes or no), with total composite scores (theoretically ranging from 0-22) computed for the 4 affective/behavioral dimensions, ie, self-reported knowledge, opinions regarding legitimacy, clinical use, and referral) by summing across the 22 therapies.STATISTICAL ANALYSISDescriptive statistics were used to present physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and clinical behavior relevant to the 22 individual therapies, while multiple linear regression was used to explore the correlates of clinical utilization of these CAM therapies considered as a whole.RESULTSAs indicated in Table 2, the respondents were much more likely to refer patients to other practitioners for the CAM therapies than to administer them themselves. Trigger point therapy and nutraceuticals were the 2 therapeutic exceptions, with 51% and 34% of the respondents, respectively, reporting direct clinical involvement with these therapies. The other 4 therapies for which the most active direct clinical use was reported were (1) exercise intervention (41%), (2) dietary prescription (33%), (3) counseling/psychotherapy (24%), and (4) electromagnetic applications such as transcutaneous or pericutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (10%). Totaled across all 22 therapies, the average physician reported having clinically administered approximately 2.5% of the behaviors, although fewer than 5% of the sample reported having had direct clinical experience with 11 of the behaviors (ie, acupuncture, biofeedback, chiropractic, energetic healing, homeopathy, hypnotherapy, magnets, nonchiropractic manipulation, message, specialized movement therapies such as qi gong and yoga, and music therapy).Table 2. Proportion of 924 Respondents Who Used CAM Therapies in Their Practice, Referred Their Patients to CAM Providers, Reported Sufficient Knowledge to Discuss Therapies With Patients, and Considered Therapies a Part of Legitimate Medical Practice*TherapyReporting AdministeredReporting ReferralReporting Enough Knowledge to Discuss With PatientConsidering Therapy Part of Legitimate Medical PracticeAcupuncture0.020.570.620.56Behavioral medicine0.080.580.520.65Biofeedback0.020.650.590.69Chiropractic0.010.380.510.38Counseling/psychotherapy0.240.820.690.81Dietary prescription0.330.650.630.66Electromagnetic applications (eg, TENS, PENS)0.100.650.640.65Energetic healing (Reiki, therapeutic touch)0.010.050.110.05Exercise intervention0.410.750.750.77Herbal/botanical medicine0.080.100.330.19Homeopathy0.010.040.210.04Hypnotherapy0.010.190.240.22Magnets0.020.040.260.04Manipulation therapy (nonchiropractic)0.030.220.270.24Massage/manual healing0.020.510.470.45Meditation0.060.220.380.35Movement (eg, yoga, qi gong)0.030.310.360.36Music/sound0.020.080.210.17Nutraceuticals (eg, glucosamin, S-adenosylmethionine)0.340.170.660.46Prayer and spiritual direction0.080.190.350.33Relaxation response techniques0.090.370.420.45Trigger point0.510.300.630.57Average No. of therapies2.497.829.849.06*CAM indicates complementary and alternative medicine; TENS, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; and PENS, percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.At least 50% of the responding physicians had referred patients to 8 of the therapies (ie, acupuncture, behavioral medicine, biofeedback, counseling/psychotherapy, dietary prescriptions, electromagnetic applications such as transcutaneous and percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, exercise, and massage). When direct clinical use of the therapies was combined with referral (ie, when an individual physician either administered the therapy or referred the patient to someone else to administer it), 9 of the 22 modalities had been used by more than 50% of the respondents, with counseling/psychotherapy (85%) and exercise (81%) heading the list.While there were 9 therapies for which more than 50% of the clinicians had reported at least some degree of clinical use (ie, either through personal administration or referral), it is important to note that there were considerably more of these modalities that were not used in any substantive form by this group of physicians. There were also 9 therapies, in fact, for which 75% of the sample had reported no clinical use (in descending order these were meditation [24%], prayer and spiritual direction [23%], nonchiropractic manipulation [23%], hypnotherapy [19%], herbal medicine [14%], music therapy [9%], magnets [5%], energetic healing [5%], and homeopathy [4%]). Interestingly, none of these modalities were considered part of legitimate medical practice by a substantial proportion of the sample, nor did as many as 50% of the respondents report sufficient knowledge to discuss any of them with their patients.In summary, there appeared to be a major dichotomy among the 22 listed therapies, with one group having achieved a certain degree of acceptance and the other group definitely not having achieved anything approaching mainstream acceptance. In general, physicians' knowledge of a therapy (as defined by reporting to possess enough knowledge to discuss it with patients) and whether or not they considered it to be a part of legitimate medical practice were relatively closely related to one another, as they were to clinical use and referral patterns.A multiple regression was then performed to ascertain the extent to which clinical use of CAM therapies among members of the American Board of Rheumatology was related to demographic, professional, and attitudinal characteristics of the sample. The dependent variable in this analysis was the total number of therapies for which the respondent reported having either personally administered to patients or referred patients to other clinicians for administration. The independent variable set included (1) the demographic and professional characteristics of age, sex, and number of hours per week spent in clinical practice; (2) the total number of CAM therapies that the respondents thought were a part of legitimate medicine; and (3) the total number of these therapies that the physicians considered themselves to be sufficiently knowledgeable about to discuss with their patients.Overall, 41% of the variation in the overall self-reported clinical use of the 22 CAM therapies was shared with the set of 5 predictors (Table 3). Only the number of board certifications was not an individually significant correlate of clinical use. The strongest predictor was, not surprisingly, beliefs in the legitimacy of the CAM therapies. Even after this variable was statistically controlled for, however, knowledge and hours spent in clinical practice were positively related to use. Female physicians were also marginally more likely to engage in the clinical use of CAM therapies (P= .052), while there was a negative relationship (P= .008) between physician age and referral or administration of the CAM therapies. Interestingly, however, a secondary analysis (not shown) indicated that this latter relationship was mitigated by the fact that physicians 55 years of age or older were actually significantly more likely to personally administer certain therapies (most notably counseling and behavioral medicine techniques), while being less likely than their younger colleagues to refer patients to other practitioners.Table 3. Demographic and Practice Correlates of Referral or Clinical Administration of CAM Therapies*PredictorβSignificance of βAge−.070.008Sex.051.052Hours per week of practice.090.001Ability to discuss with patients.165<.001Legitimacy of CAM therapies.512<.001*N = 900. Multiple R= 0.64, F5,897= 105.3, P<.001. CAM indicates complementary and alternative medicine.COMMENTThis survey suffered from a number of limitations. The response rate, while respectable for a physician survey, could have been higher. Its interpretation also depends upon self-reported data, and there is always a question regarding exactly what does and does not constitute a CAM therapy. Many types of psychologically based therapies (a number of which, such as counseling, psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, and behavioral medicine, are difficult to separate into distinct, mutually exclusive modalities), for example, have almost certainly crossed the boundary into conventional medical practice, while exercise therapy is actually a component of the American College of Rheumatology's clinical guidelines for osteoarthritis of the knee and hip.Other therapies, such as biofeedback and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, may well be in the process of making this transition from complementary to conventional medicine. Finally, the responses generated by this survey cannot be assumed to be representative of rheumatological practice, since the present sample of clinicians are obviously better trained and probably more knowledgeable than clinicians in general.With these caveats in mind, however, the present results do appear to reflect an openness among rheumatologists toward a number of CAM treatment modalities that they consider to be a part of legitimate medical practice and, to a lesser extent, about which they report possessing enough knowledge. These results, along with the weaker age and sex relationships, are generally consonant with those reported previously (our surveys), although the latter variables are not always correlated with physicians' use of CAM therapies.Finally, although the clinical administration of CAM therapies by conventional physicians has not been well studied, some researchers have found a relationship between a tendency to accept CAM or to refer patients to CAM providers and experience/knowledge of the therapies involved,while others have not.These results are also remarkably consistent with those of a smaller survey (Table 4) conducted recently using a random sample of the membership of the International Association for the Study of Pain,especially given the fact that the 2 sets of respondents were probably treating different types of patients for different conditions. This survey also comprised a large proportion of board-certified physicians (86%) and achieved a similar response rate (53%).Table 4. Rheumatologists' vs Pain Specialists' CAM Clinical Use/Referral*TherapyRheumatologists (n = 922)Pain Specialists† (n = 362)Acupuncture0.580.69Behavioral medicine0.590.62Biofeedback0.660.66Chiropractic0.380.40Counseling/psychotherapy0.850.81Dietary prescription0.700.59Electromagnetic applications (TENS, PENS)0.690.77Exercise intervention0.810.72Homeopathy0.040.13Hypnotherapy0.190.45Manipulation therapy (nonchiropractic)0.230.46Meditation0.240.31Prayer and spiritual direction0.230.27Relaxation response techniques0.390.50Average No. of therapies6.607.40*CAM indicates complementary and alternative medicine; TENS, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; and PENS, percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.†The respondents for this survey were members of the International Association for the Study of Pain.Among the 14 CAM therapies that were common to the 2 surveys, the rank ordering of the use (as defined by referral or personal administration) for these therapies was quite similar (ρ = 0.88, P<.001), and the 2 samples had, on average, administered or referred patients to approximately half of these nonpharmacological (nutraceuticals were not included in the pain specialists' survey) therapies (6.6 of the 14 among the rheumatologists; 7.4 among the pain specialists).What neither survey addresses, of course, is whether patients actually benefit from exposure to these therapies. 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Barker Bausell, PhD, Complementary Medicine Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Kernan Hospital Mansion, 2200 Kernan Dr, Baltimore, MD 21207 (e-mail: bbausell@compmed.ummc.umaryland.edu).

Journal

JAMA Internal Medicine – American Medical Association

Published: Apr 8, 2002

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