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Tranquilizer Effects in the Social Status, Motivation, and Learning of Monkeys

Tranquilizer Effects in the Social Status, Motivation, and Learning of Monkeys Abstract In that area of research which seeks to understand psychotropic drugs (especially tranquilizers) by utilizing animal behavior as a dependent variable, the scope of inquiry has been somewhat limited. Although there have been studies in which the subject is supposed to acquire a new response (e. g., avoiding a certain part of the apparatus), or in which he is allowed to perform a previously acquired response (e. g., lever pressing), a drug effect is usually not attributed to an influence on intellectual processes. Interest has focused on motivation and emotion, principally forms of motivation and emotion that are engendered by electric shock; and little attention has been directed to basic learning mechanisms. Another characteristic of this research area is the use of doses which if translated into the realm of human psychopharmacology would be considered massive. Conditions which have fostered the tendencies just described are (1) the References 1. Riopelle and Pfeiffer24 provide further descriptions of the kind of test apparatus (Wisconsin General Test Apparatus), the type of discrimination object, and the trial procedure which were used in the present study. 2. Ayd, F. J.: A Critique of Tranquilizing Drugs , in Psychotropic Drugs , edited by S. Garattini and V. Ghetti, New York, Elsevier Publishing Co., 1957, pp. 548-555. 3. Berger, F. M.: The Chemistry and Mode of Action of Tranquilizing Drugs , Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 67:685-699, 1957.Crossref 4. Bower, G. H., and Miller, N. E.: Rewarding and Punishing Effects for Stimulating the Same Place in the Rat’s Brain , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 51:669-674, 1958. 5. Davis, G. D.: Effects of Central Excitant and Depressant Drugs on Locomotor Activity in the Monkey , Am. J. Physiol. 188:619-623, 1957. 6. Hall, J. F.; Warren, J. M., and Harlow, H. F.: The Effects of Reserpine (Serpasil) on the Delayed Response in Monkeys , J. Psychol. 40:159-161, 1955. 7. Hendley, C. D.; Lynes, T. E., and Berger, F. M.: Effect of Meprobamate on Electrical Activity of Thalamus and Other Subcortical Areas , in Tranquilizing Drugs , edited by H. E. Himwich, Washington, D. C., American Association for Advancement of Science, 1957, pp. 35-46. 8. Hendley, C. D.; Lynes, T. E., and Berger, F. M.: Effects of Meprobamate (Miltown), Chlorpromazine, and Reserpine on Behavior in the Monkey , Fed. Proc. 15:436, 1956. 9. Hess, E. H.: Effects of Meprobamate on Imprinting in Waterfowl , Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 67:724-733, 1957. 10. Hunt, H. F.: Some Effects of Meprobamate on Conditioned Fear and Emotional Behavior , Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 67:712-723, 1957. 11. Kelly, E. L.; Miller, J. G.; Marquis, D. G.; Gerard, R. W., and Uhr, L.: Continued Meprobamate and Prochlorperazine Administration and Behavior , A. M. A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 80:247-252, 1958. 12. Kelly, E. L.; Miller, J. G.; Marquis, D. G.; Gerard, R. W., and Uhr, L.: Personality Differences and Continued Meprobamate and Prochlorperazine Administration , A. M. A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 80:241-246, 1958. 13. Kornetsky, C.; Humphries, O., and Evarts, E. V.: Comparison of Psychological Effects of Certain Centrally Acting Drugs in Man , A. M. A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 77:318-324, 1957. 14. Leary, R. W.: Analysis of Serial-Discrimination Learning by Monkeys , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 51:82-86, 1958. 15. Leary, R. W.: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reward of Monkeys , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 51:706-710, 1958. 16. Leary, R. W.: The Temporal Factor in Reward and Nonreward of Monkeys , J. Exper. Psychol. 56:294-296, 1958. 17. Leary, R. W., and Ruch, T. C.: Activity, Manipulation Drive, and Strength in Monkeys Subjected to Low-Level Irradiation , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 48:336-342, 1955. 18. Meyer, D. R.: Food Deprivation and Discrimination Reversal by Monkeys , J. Exper. Psychol. 41:10-16, 1951. 19. Miller, N. E.: Objective Techniques for Studying Motivational Effects of Drugs on Animals, in Psychotropic Drugs,1 pp. 83-103. 20. Miller, R. E., and Murphy, J. V.: Social Interactions of Rhesus Monkeys , J. Social Psychol. 44:249-255, 1956. 21. Norton, S.: Behavioral Patterns as a Technique for Studying Psychotropic Drugs, in Psychotropic Drugs,1 pp. 73-82. 22. Norton, S., and De Beer, E. J.: Effects of Drugs on the Behavior Patterns of Cats , Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 65:249-257, 1956. 23. Pfeiffer, C. C.; Riopelle, A. J.; Smith, R. P.; Jenney, E. H., and Williams, H. L.: Comparative Study of the Effect of Meprobamate on the Conditioned Response on Strychnine and Pentylenetetrazol Thresholds, on the Normal Electroencephalogram, and on Polysynaptic Reflexes , Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 67:734-743, 1957. 24. Primac, D. W.; Mirsky, A. F., and Rosvold, H. E.: Effects of Centrally Acting Drugs on Two Tests of Brain Damage , A. M. A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 77:328-332, 1957. 25. Riopelle, A. J., and Pfeiffer, C. C.: Effects of Acute and Chronic Administration of Reserpine on Test Performance , A. M. A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 79:352-358, 1958. 26. Schmidt, H., Jr., and Van Meter, W. G.: Chlorpromazine Depression of Food Intake in the Albino Rat , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 51:29-31, 1958. 27. Warren, J. M., and Maroney, R. J.: Competitive Social Interaction Between Monkeys , J. Social Psychol. 48:223-233, 1958. 28. Ziegler, H. P.: Electrical Stimulation of the Brain and the Psychophysiology of Learning and Motivation , Psychol. Bull. 54:363-382, 1957. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png A.M.A. Archives of General Psychiatry American Medical Association

Tranquilizer Effects in the Social Status, Motivation, and Learning of Monkeys

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References (28)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1959 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0375-8532
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1959.03590050067008
Publisher site
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Abstract

Abstract In that area of research which seeks to understand psychotropic drugs (especially tranquilizers) by utilizing animal behavior as a dependent variable, the scope of inquiry has been somewhat limited. Although there have been studies in which the subject is supposed to acquire a new response (e. g., avoiding a certain part of the apparatus), or in which he is allowed to perform a previously acquired response (e. g., lever pressing), a drug effect is usually not attributed to an influence on intellectual processes. Interest has focused on motivation and emotion, principally forms of motivation and emotion that are engendered by electric shock; and little attention has been directed to basic learning mechanisms. Another characteristic of this research area is the use of doses which if translated into the realm of human psychopharmacology would be considered massive. Conditions which have fostered the tendencies just described are (1) the References 1. Riopelle and Pfeiffer24 provide further descriptions of the kind of test apparatus (Wisconsin General Test Apparatus), the type of discrimination object, and the trial procedure which were used in the present study. 2. Ayd, F. J.: A Critique of Tranquilizing Drugs , in Psychotropic Drugs , edited by S. Garattini and V. Ghetti, New York, Elsevier Publishing Co., 1957, pp. 548-555. 3. Berger, F. M.: The Chemistry and Mode of Action of Tranquilizing Drugs , Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 67:685-699, 1957.Crossref 4. Bower, G. H., and Miller, N. E.: Rewarding and Punishing Effects for Stimulating the Same Place in the Rat’s Brain , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 51:669-674, 1958. 5. Davis, G. D.: Effects of Central Excitant and Depressant Drugs on Locomotor Activity in the Monkey , Am. J. Physiol. 188:619-623, 1957. 6. Hall, J. F.; Warren, J. M., and Harlow, H. F.: The Effects of Reserpine (Serpasil) on the Delayed Response in Monkeys , J. Psychol. 40:159-161, 1955. 7. Hendley, C. D.; Lynes, T. E., and Berger, F. M.: Effect of Meprobamate on Electrical Activity of Thalamus and Other Subcortical Areas , in Tranquilizing Drugs , edited by H. E. Himwich, Washington, D. C., American Association for Advancement of Science, 1957, pp. 35-46. 8. Hendley, C. D.; Lynes, T. E., and Berger, F. M.: Effects of Meprobamate (Miltown), Chlorpromazine, and Reserpine on Behavior in the Monkey , Fed. Proc. 15:436, 1956. 9. Hess, E. H.: Effects of Meprobamate on Imprinting in Waterfowl , Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 67:724-733, 1957. 10. Hunt, H. F.: Some Effects of Meprobamate on Conditioned Fear and Emotional Behavior , Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 67:712-723, 1957. 11. Kelly, E. L.; Miller, J. G.; Marquis, D. G.; Gerard, R. W., and Uhr, L.: Continued Meprobamate and Prochlorperazine Administration and Behavior , A. M. A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 80:247-252, 1958. 12. Kelly, E. L.; Miller, J. G.; Marquis, D. G.; Gerard, R. W., and Uhr, L.: Personality Differences and Continued Meprobamate and Prochlorperazine Administration , A. M. A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 80:241-246, 1958. 13. Kornetsky, C.; Humphries, O., and Evarts, E. V.: Comparison of Psychological Effects of Certain Centrally Acting Drugs in Man , A. M. A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 77:318-324, 1957. 14. Leary, R. W.: Analysis of Serial-Discrimination Learning by Monkeys , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 51:82-86, 1958. 15. Leary, R. W.: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reward of Monkeys , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 51:706-710, 1958. 16. Leary, R. W.: The Temporal Factor in Reward and Nonreward of Monkeys , J. Exper. Psychol. 56:294-296, 1958. 17. Leary, R. W., and Ruch, T. C.: Activity, Manipulation Drive, and Strength in Monkeys Subjected to Low-Level Irradiation , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 48:336-342, 1955. 18. Meyer, D. R.: Food Deprivation and Discrimination Reversal by Monkeys , J. Exper. Psychol. 41:10-16, 1951. 19. Miller, N. E.: Objective Techniques for Studying Motivational Effects of Drugs on Animals, in Psychotropic Drugs,1 pp. 83-103. 20. Miller, R. E., and Murphy, J. V.: Social Interactions of Rhesus Monkeys , J. Social Psychol. 44:249-255, 1956. 21. Norton, S.: Behavioral Patterns as a Technique for Studying Psychotropic Drugs, in Psychotropic Drugs,1 pp. 73-82. 22. Norton, S., and De Beer, E. J.: Effects of Drugs on the Behavior Patterns of Cats , Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 65:249-257, 1956. 23. Pfeiffer, C. C.; Riopelle, A. J.; Smith, R. P.; Jenney, E. H., and Williams, H. L.: Comparative Study of the Effect of Meprobamate on the Conditioned Response on Strychnine and Pentylenetetrazol Thresholds, on the Normal Electroencephalogram, and on Polysynaptic Reflexes , Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 67:734-743, 1957. 24. Primac, D. W.; Mirsky, A. F., and Rosvold, H. E.: Effects of Centrally Acting Drugs on Two Tests of Brain Damage , A. M. A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 77:328-332, 1957. 25. Riopelle, A. J., and Pfeiffer, C. C.: Effects of Acute and Chronic Administration of Reserpine on Test Performance , A. M. A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 79:352-358, 1958. 26. Schmidt, H., Jr., and Van Meter, W. G.: Chlorpromazine Depression of Food Intake in the Albino Rat , J. Comp. & Physiol. Psychol. 51:29-31, 1958. 27. Warren, J. M., and Maroney, R. J.: Competitive Social Interaction Between Monkeys , J. Social Psychol. 48:223-233, 1958. 28. Ziegler, H. P.: Electrical Stimulation of the Brain and the Psychophysiology of Learning and Motivation , Psychol. Bull. 54:363-382, 1957.

Journal

A.M.A. Archives of General Psychiatry – American Medical Association

Published: Nov 1, 1959

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