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The Structure of Biological Membranes: Current Status

The Structure of Biological Membranes: Current Status Abstract In this report I review the origins of the unit membrane theory in detail, including certain relevant descriptions of peripheral nerve structure. Discussion of the chemical composition of membranes particularly emphasizes nerve myelin and frog retinal rod outer segments. Additional discussion focuses on recent biophysical studies of myelin and of retinal rod outer segments leading to accurate high resolution electron density plots, the general problem of lipid and protein interactions in model systems and in membranes, and finally, special macromolecular arrays in certain membranes. I have considered the general problem of membranes models from the standpoint of current knowledge of the chemical composition of membranes, and have described future directions of research in the field. Treatment of the subject is mainly based on information derived from electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction techniques. References 1. Robertson JD: Molecular structure of biological membranes , in Lima-de-Faria A (ed): Handbook of Molecular Cytology . London, North-Holland Publishing Co, 1969, pp 1403-1443. 2. Robertson JD: Origin of the unit membrane concept , in Bolis L, Capraro V, Porter JR, et al (eds): Symposium on Biophysics and Physiolo Springer-Verlaglogical Transport . New York, Springer-Verlag New York Inc, 1967, pp 218-245. 3. Robertson JD: Granulo-fibrillar and globular substructure in unit membranes. Ann NY Acad Sci 137:421-440, 1966.Crossref 4. Robertson JD: Design principles of the unit membrane , in Wolstenholme GEW, O'Connor M (eds): Ciba Foundation Symposium on Principles of Biomolecular Organizations . London, J & A Churchill Ltd, 1966, pp 357-408. 5. Robertson JD: Unit membranes: A review with recent new studies of experimental alterations and a new subunit structure in synaptic membranes , in Locke M (ed): Proceedings of the XXII Symposium of the Society for the Study of Development and Growth . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1963, pp 1-81. 6. Robertson JD: The molecular structure and contact relationships of cell membranes , in Katz B, Butler JAV (eds): Progress in Biophysics . New York, Pergamon Press Inc, 1960, pp 343-418. 7. Robertson JD: The ultrastructure of cell membranes and their derivatives. Biochem Soc Symp 16:3-43, 1959. 8. Stoeckneius W, Engelman DM: Current models for the structure of biological membranes. J Cell Biol 42:613-646, 1969.Crossref 9. Sjöstrand FS: Morphological aspects of lipoprotein structures , in Tria E, Scann AM (eds): Structural and Functional Aspects of Lipoprotein in Living Systems . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1969, pp 73-139. 10. Hendler RW: Evolution of past and current information relating to biological membrane ultrastructure. Physiol Rev , to be published. 11. Korn ED: Structure of biological membranes: Science 153:1491-1498, 1966.Crossref 12. Overton E: Über die osmotischen Eigenshafter der Lebenden Pflanzen und tierzelle. Vjschr Naturf Ges Zurich 40:159-201, 1895. 13. Gorter E, Grendel R: On biomolecular layers of lipoid on the chromocytes of the blood. J Exp Med 41:439-443, 1925.Crossref 14. Cole KC: Surface forces of the arbacia egg. J Cell Comp Physiol 1:1-9,1932.Crossref 15. Harvey EN, Shapiro H: The tension between oil and protoplasm within living cells. J Cell Comp Physiol 5:255-268, 1934.Crossref 16. Danielli JF, Harvey EN: The tension at the surface of mackerel egg oil with remarks on the nature of the cell surface. J Cell Comp Physiol 5:483-494, 1935.Crossref 17. Danielli JF, Davson HA: A constribution to the theory of permeability of thin films. J Cell Comp Physiol 9:89-92, 1936.Crossref 18. Waugh DF, Schmitt FO: Investigations of the thickness and ultrastructure of cellular membranes by the analytical leptoscope. Cold Spr Harb Symp Quant Biol 8:233-241, 1940.Crossref 19. Schmitt FO, Bear RS, Ponder E: Optical properties of the red cell membrane. J Cell Comp Physiol 9:89-92, 1966.Crossref 20. Schmitt FO, Bear RS, Ponder E: The red cell envelope considered as a wiener mixed body. J Cell Comp Physiol 11:309-313, 1938.Crossref 21. Seeman P: Transient holes in the erythrocyte membrane during hypotonic hemolysis and stable holes in the membrane after lysis by saponin and lysolecithin. J Cell Biol 32:55-70, 1967.Crossref 22. Maddy AH, Malcolm BR: Protein conformations in the plasma membrane. Science 150:1616-1617, 1965.Crossref 23. Ways P, Hanahan DJ: Characterization and quantification of red cell lipids in normal man. J Lip Res 5:318-328, 1964. 24. Van Deenen LLM: Phospholipids and biomembranes , Progr Chem Fats 8:1-127, 1965.Crossref 25. Green DE, Fleischer S: Role of lipid in mitochondrial function , in Dawson RMC, Rhodes DM (eds): Metabolism and Physiological Significance of Lipids . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1964, pp 580-618. 26. Eichberg J, Hess HH: The lipid composition of frog retinal rod outer segments. Experientia 23:993-994, 1967.Crossref 27. Autilio LA, Norton WT, Terry RD: The preparation and some properties of purified myelin from the central nervous system. J Neurochem 11:17-27, 1964.Crossref 28. Trayer H, Nozaki Y, Reynolds J, et al: Polypeptide chains from human red blood cells: Biochemistry , to be published. 29. Laico MT, Ruoslahti EI, Papermaster DS, et al: Isolation of the fundamental branes.tide subunits of biological membranes. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 67:120-127, 1970.Crossref 30. Steinemann A, Läuger P: Interaction of cytochrome C with phospholipid monolayers and bilayer membranes. J Memb Biol 4:74-86, 1971.Crossref 31. Gulik-Krzywicki T, Schacter E, Luzzati V: Interactions of proteins and lipids: Structure and polymorphism of protein-lipid-water phases. Nature 223:1116-1121, 1969.Crossref 32. Matthews BW: Solvent content of protein crystals. J Molec Biol 33:491-497, 1968.Crossref 33. Dickerson RE, Geis I: The Structure and Action of Proteins . New York, Harper & Row, Publishers Inc, 1969, p 63. 34. O'Brien JS, Sampson EL: Lipid composition of the normal human brain: Gray matter, white matter and myelin. J Lip Res 6:537-544, 1965. 35. Folch J, Lees M: Proteolipids, a new type of tissue Lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 191:807-817, 1951. 36. LeBaron FN, Folch J: Structure of brain tissue lipids. Physiol Rev 37:539-561, 1957. 37. LeBaron FN: The lipid-protein complexes of myelin , in Tria E, Scanu AM (eds): Structural and Functional Aspects of Lipoproteins in Living Systems . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1969, pp 201-226. 38. Tenebaum D, Folch-Pi J: The preparation and characterization of water-soluble proteolipid protein from bovine brain white matter. Biochem Biophys Acta 115:141-147, 1966.Crossref 39. Sherman G, Folch-Pi J: Rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism of brain "proteolipid" protein. J Neurochem 17:597-605, 1970.Crossref 40. Dickinson JP, Jones KM, Aparicio SR, et al: Localization of encephalitogenic basic protein in the intraperiod line of lamellar myelin. Nature 227:1133-1134,1970.Crossref 41. Eylar EH: Amino acid sequence of the basic protein of the myelin membrane. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 67:1425-1431,1970.Crossref 42. Eylar EH, Salk J, Beveridge GC, et al: Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an encephalitogenic basic protein from bovine myelin. Arch Biochem Biophys 132:34-38, 1969.Crossref 43. Baldwin GS, Carnegie PR: Specific enzymic methylation of an arginine in the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis protein from human myelin. Science 171:579-581, 1971.Crossref 44. Wolfgram F: A new proteolipid fraction of the nervous system: I. Isolation and amino acid analyses. J Neurochem 13:461-470, 1966.Crossref 45. Green DE, Oda T: On the unit of mitochondrial structure and function. J Biochem 49:742-757, 1961. 46. Karman EF, dePury G, Asai J, et al: On the structure arising from the interaction of phospholipid miscelles with he-stalk sections detached from the mitochondrial cristal membranes. Biochemistry 9:1318-1326, 1970.Crossref 47. Green DE, Tzagoloff A: Role of lipids in the structure and function of biological membranes: J Lip Res 7:587-602, 1966. 48. Green DE, Perdue JF: Membranes as expressions of repeating units. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 55:1295-1302, 1966.Crossref 49. Green DE, Tisdale HD, Criddle RS, et al: Isolation and properties of the structural protein of mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 5:109-114, 1961.Crossref 50. Criddle RS, Willemot J: Mitochondrial structural lipoprotein , in Tria E, Scanu AM (eds): Structural and Functional Aspects of Lipoproteins in Living Systems . London and New York Academic Press Inc, 1969, pp 173-199. 51. Senior AE, MacLennan DH: Mitochondrial "structural protein," a reassessment. J Biol Chem 245:5086-5095, 1970. 52. Schatz G, Saltzgaber J: Identification of denatured mitochondrial AT-Pase in "structural protein" from beef heart mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Acta 180:186-189, 1969. 53. Kauzman W: Some factors in the interpretation of protein denaturation. Adv Prot Chem 14:1-63, 1959. 54. Salem L: Attractive forces between long-saturated chains at short distances. J Chem Phys 37:2100-2113, 1962.Crossref 55. Tanford C: Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules . New York, London, and Sydney, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1961, p 130. 56. Reynolds JA, Tanford C: Binding of dodecyl sulfate to proteins at high binding ratios: Possible implications for the state of proteins in biological membranes. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 66:1002-1007, 1970.Crossref 57. Reynolds JA, Tanford C: The gross conformation of protein-sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes. J Biol Chem 245:5161-5165, 1970. 58. Vanderkooi G, Green DE: Biological membrane structure: I. The protein crystal model for membranes. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 66:615-621, 1970.Crossref 59. Vanderkooi G, Sundaralingum M: Biological membrane structure: II. A detailed model for the retinal rod outer segment membrane: Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 67:233-238, 1970.Crossref 60. Braun PE, Radin NS: Interactions of lipids with a membrane structural protein from myelin. Biochemistry 8:4310-4318, 1969.Crossref 61. Shidlovsky G: Contrast in multilayer systems after various fixations. Lab Invest 14:1213-1233, 1965. 62. Gasser HS: Properties of doral root unmedullated fibers on the two sides of the ganglion. J Gen Physiol 38:709-728, 1955.Crossref 63. Gasser HS: Olfactory nerve fibers. J Gen Physiol 39:473-496, 1956.Crossref 64. Geren BB: The formation from the Schwann cell surface of myelin in the peripheral nerves of chick embryos. Exp Cell Res 7:558-562, 1954.Crossref 65. Robertson JD: The ultrastructure of adult vertebrate peripheral myelinated fibers in relation to myelinogenesis. J Biophys Biochem Cyt 1:271-278, 1955.Crossref 66. Luft JH: Permanganate: A new fixative for electron microscopy. J Biophys Biochem Cyt 2:799-801, 1956.Crossref 67. Glauert AM, Rogers GE, Glauert RH: A new embedding medium for electron microscopy. Nature 178:803, 1956.Crossref 68. Robertson JD: New observations on the ultrastructure of the membranes of frog peripheral nerve fibers. J Biophys Biochem Cyt 3:1043-1048, 1957.Crossref 69. Valentine G: Die Huteronchung der Pflanzen: Und der Thiergemche in Polarizienten Lichte. Leipsig, 1861. 70. Schmidt WJ: Doppelbrechung und Feinbau der Markscheide der Nervenfasern. Z Zellforsch Mikr Anat 23:657-676, 1936.Crossref 71. Schmitt FP, Bear RS, Clark GL: X-ray diffraction studies on nerve. Radiology 25:131-151, 1935.Crossref 72. Schmitt FO, Bear RS, Palmer KJ: X-ray diffraction studies on the structure of the nerve myelin sheath. J Cell Comp Physiol 18:31-42, 1941.Crossref 73. Bear RS, Palmer KJ, Schmitt FO: X-ray diffraction studies on nerve lipids. J Cell Comp Physiol 17:355-367, 1941.Crossref 74. Finean JB: Proceedings, 2nd International Conference, University of Ghent . London, Butterworths, 1955, p 129. 75. Bruns RR, Palade GE: Studies on blood capillaries: I. General organization of mouse capillaries. J Cell Biol 37:244;276, 1968.Crossref 76. Bahr GF: Osmium tetroxide and ruthenium tetroxide and their reactions with biologically important substances: Electron stains III. Exp Cell Res 7:457-479, 1954.Crossref 77. Stoeckenius W: Some electron microscopical observations on lipid-cyrstalline phases in liquid-water systems. J Cell Biol 12:221, 1962.Crossref 78. Stoeckenius W: An electron microscope study of myeline figures. J Biophys Biochem Cyt 5:491-500, 1959.Crossref 79. Luzzati V, Husson R: The structure of the liquid-crystalline phases of lipid water systems. J Cell Biol 12:207, 1962.Crossref 80. Moody M: X-ray diffraction patterns of nerve myelin: A method for determining the phases. Science 142:1173, 1963.Crossref 81. Finean JB, Burge RE: The determination of the fourier transformation of the myelin layer from a study of swelling phenomena. J Molec Biol 7:672-682, 1962.Crossref 82. Worthington CR, Blaurock AE: A structural analysis of nerve myelin. Biophys J 9:970-990, 1969.Crossref 83. Worthington CR, Blaurock AE: A low-angle x-ray diffraction study of the swelling behavior of peripheral nerve myelin. Biochem Biophys Acta 173:427-435, 1969.Crossref 84. Akers CC, Parsons DF: X-ray diffraction of myelin membrane: II. Determination of the phase angles of the frog sciatic nerve by heavy atom labeling and calculation of the electron density distribution of the membrane. Biophys J 10:116-136, 1970.Crossref 85. Worthington CR: On the interpretation of x-ray diffraction intensities from chemically treated frog sciatic nerve. Biophys J 10:675-677, 1970.Crossref 86. Caspar DLD, Kirschner DA: Myelin membrane structure at 10 A resolution. Nature , 1971, to be published. 87. Finean JB, Sjöstrand FS, Steinmann E: Submicroscopic organization of some layered lipoprotein structures: Nerve myelin, retinal rods, and chloroplasts. Exp Cell Res 5:557-559, 1953.Crossref 88. Blaisie FK, Dewey MM, Blaurock AE, et al: Electron microscope and low angle x-ray diffraction studies on outer segment membranes. J Molec Biol 14:143-152, 1965.Crossref 89. Robertson JD: Addendum to summary of NRP work session on cell membranes, including certain new x-ray diffraction findings on retinal rod outer segment membranes. Neurosci Res Progr Bull 2:75-80, 1964. 90. Robertson JD: Current problems in unit membrane structure and contact relationships , in Rodahl K (ed): Nerv as a Tissue . New York, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, 1966. 91. Corless JM, Longley W: The structure of retinal photoreceptor membranes. Anat Rec 166:293, 1970. 92. Corless JM: X-ray diffraction analysis of the lamellar structure of bleached and unbleached photoreceptor membranes. Biophys J 11:248a, 1971. 93. Corless JM: The lamellar structure of bleached and unbleached rod photoreceptor membranes: Nature , 1971, to be published. 94. Blaurock AE, Wilkins MHF: Structure of frog photoreceptor membranes. Nature 223:906-909, 1969.Crossref 95. Gras WJ, Worthington CR: X-ray analysis of retinal photoreceptors. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 63:233-238, 1969.Crossref 96. Gras WJ, Worthington CR: Membrane and lipid structure. Biophys J 10:52a, 1970. 97. Kreutz W: Uber die Strukter der Lipoproteinlamellan in Chloroplasten lebender Zellen. Ber Bunsen-Ges 68:820-821, 1964. 98. Menke W: The molecular structure of photosynthetic lamellar systems. Brookhaven SymÜber Biol 19:328-340, 1966. 99. Kreutz W: Über die Tertiarstruktur des Proteins den Chloroplastenlamellen. Ber Deutsch Ges 79:34-43, 1966. 100. Kreutz W: Röntegenographische Strukturuntersuchungen der Photosyntese-Membran. Habilitationsshrift D83:1-138, 1963. 101. Kreutz W: Röntegenographische Strukturuntersuchungen in der Photo-syntheseforschung (X-ray structural analyses in photosynthetic research). Umschau Wiss Technik 24:806-813, 1966. 102. Branton D, Park RB: Subunits in chloroplast lamellae. J Ultrastruct Res 19:283-303, 1967.Crossref 103. Finean JB: Biophysical contributions to membrane structure. Quant Rev Biophys 2:1-23, 1969.Crossref 104. Finean JB, Coleman R, Green WG, et al: Low angle x-ray diffraction and electron microscope studies of isolated cell membranes. J Cell Sci 1:287-296, 1966. 105. Finean JB, Coleman R, Knutton S, et al: Structural studies of cell membrane preparations. J Gen Physiol 51:19s-25s, 1968. 106. Limbrick AR, Finean JB: X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic studies of the brush border membrane of guinea pig intestinal epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 7:373-386, 1970. 107. Engelman DM: Lipid bilayer structure in the membrane of Mycoplasma laidlawii. J Molec Biol 55, 1971, to be published. 108. Stoeckenius W, Rowen R: A Morphological study of Halobacterium halobium and its lysis in media of low salt concentration. J Cell Biol 34:365-393, 1967.Crossref 109. 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Hubbell WL, McConnell HM: Spin-label studies of the excitable membranes of nerve and muscle. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 61:12-16, 1968.Crossref 136. Hubbell WL, McConnell HM: Motion of steroid spin labels in membranes. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 63:16-22, 1969.Crossref 137. McConnell HM: Molecular motion in biological membranes , in Schmitt FO (ed): The Neurosciences . New York, Rockefeller University Press, 1970, pp 697-714. 138. Fischer S, Cellino M, Zambrano F, et al: The molecular organization of nerve membranes: I. Isolation and characterization of plasma membranes from the retinal axons of the squid: An axolemmarich preparation. Arch Biochem Biophys 138:1-15, 1970.Crossref 139. Coleman R, Finean JB, Knutton S, et al: A structural study of the modification of erythrocyte ghosts by phospholipase C. Biochem Biophys Acta 219:81-92, 1970.Crossref 140. Steim JM, Tourtellottee ME, Reinert JC, et al: Calorimetric evidence for the liquid crystalline state of lipids in a biomembrane. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 63:104-109, 1969.Crossref 141. Chapman D, Urbina H: Phase transitions and bilayer structure of Mycoplasma laidlawii B. FEBS Letters 12:169-172, 1971.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Internal Medicine American Medical Association

The Structure of Biological Membranes: Current Status

Archives of Internal Medicine , Volume 129 (2) – Feb 1, 1972

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References (170)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1972 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9926
eISSN
1538-3679
DOI
10.1001/archinte.1972.00320020046004
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Abstract

Abstract In this report I review the origins of the unit membrane theory in detail, including certain relevant descriptions of peripheral nerve structure. Discussion of the chemical composition of membranes particularly emphasizes nerve myelin and frog retinal rod outer segments. Additional discussion focuses on recent biophysical studies of myelin and of retinal rod outer segments leading to accurate high resolution electron density plots, the general problem of lipid and protein interactions in model systems and in membranes, and finally, special macromolecular arrays in certain membranes. I have considered the general problem of membranes models from the standpoint of current knowledge of the chemical composition of membranes, and have described future directions of research in the field. Treatment of the subject is mainly based on information derived from electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction techniques. References 1. Robertson JD: Molecular structure of biological membranes , in Lima-de-Faria A (ed): Handbook of Molecular Cytology . London, North-Holland Publishing Co, 1969, pp 1403-1443. 2. Robertson JD: Origin of the unit membrane concept , in Bolis L, Capraro V, Porter JR, et al (eds): Symposium on Biophysics and Physiolo Springer-Verlaglogical Transport . New York, Springer-Verlag New York Inc, 1967, pp 218-245. 3. Robertson JD: Granulo-fibrillar and globular substructure in unit membranes. Ann NY Acad Sci 137:421-440, 1966.Crossref 4. Robertson JD: Design principles of the unit membrane , in Wolstenholme GEW, O'Connor M (eds): Ciba Foundation Symposium on Principles of Biomolecular Organizations . London, J & A Churchill Ltd, 1966, pp 357-408. 5. Robertson JD: Unit membranes: A review with recent new studies of experimental alterations and a new subunit structure in synaptic membranes , in Locke M (ed): Proceedings of the XXII Symposium of the Society for the Study of Development and Growth . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1963, pp 1-81. 6. Robertson JD: The molecular structure and contact relationships of cell membranes , in Katz B, Butler JAV (eds): Progress in Biophysics . New York, Pergamon Press Inc, 1960, pp 343-418. 7. Robertson JD: The ultrastructure of cell membranes and their derivatives. Biochem Soc Symp 16:3-43, 1959. 8. Stoeckneius W, Engelman DM: Current models for the structure of biological membranes. J Cell Biol 42:613-646, 1969.Crossref 9. Sjöstrand FS: Morphological aspects of lipoprotein structures , in Tria E, Scann AM (eds): Structural and Functional Aspects of Lipoprotein in Living Systems . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1969, pp 73-139. 10. Hendler RW: Evolution of past and current information relating to biological membrane ultrastructure. Physiol Rev , to be published. 11. Korn ED: Structure of biological membranes: Science 153:1491-1498, 1966.Crossref 12. Overton E: Über die osmotischen Eigenshafter der Lebenden Pflanzen und tierzelle. Vjschr Naturf Ges Zurich 40:159-201, 1895. 13. Gorter E, Grendel R: On biomolecular layers of lipoid on the chromocytes of the blood. J Exp Med 41:439-443, 1925.Crossref 14. Cole KC: Surface forces of the arbacia egg. J Cell Comp Physiol 1:1-9,1932.Crossref 15. Harvey EN, Shapiro H: The tension between oil and protoplasm within living cells. J Cell Comp Physiol 5:255-268, 1934.Crossref 16. Danielli JF, Harvey EN: The tension at the surface of mackerel egg oil with remarks on the nature of the cell surface. J Cell Comp Physiol 5:483-494, 1935.Crossref 17. Danielli JF, Davson HA: A constribution to the theory of permeability of thin films. J Cell Comp Physiol 9:89-92, 1936.Crossref 18. Waugh DF, Schmitt FO: Investigations of the thickness and ultrastructure of cellular membranes by the analytical leptoscope. Cold Spr Harb Symp Quant Biol 8:233-241, 1940.Crossref 19. Schmitt FO, Bear RS, Ponder E: Optical properties of the red cell membrane. J Cell Comp Physiol 9:89-92, 1966.Crossref 20. Schmitt FO, Bear RS, Ponder E: The red cell envelope considered as a wiener mixed body. J Cell Comp Physiol 11:309-313, 1938.Crossref 21. Seeman P: Transient holes in the erythrocyte membrane during hypotonic hemolysis and stable holes in the membrane after lysis by saponin and lysolecithin. J Cell Biol 32:55-70, 1967.Crossref 22. Maddy AH, Malcolm BR: Protein conformations in the plasma membrane. Science 150:1616-1617, 1965.Crossref 23. Ways P, Hanahan DJ: Characterization and quantification of red cell lipids in normal man. J Lip Res 5:318-328, 1964. 24. Van Deenen LLM: Phospholipids and biomembranes , Progr Chem Fats 8:1-127, 1965.Crossref 25. Green DE, Fleischer S: Role of lipid in mitochondrial function , in Dawson RMC, Rhodes DM (eds): Metabolism and Physiological Significance of Lipids . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1964, pp 580-618. 26. Eichberg J, Hess HH: The lipid composition of frog retinal rod outer segments. Experientia 23:993-994, 1967.Crossref 27. Autilio LA, Norton WT, Terry RD: The preparation and some properties of purified myelin from the central nervous system. J Neurochem 11:17-27, 1964.Crossref 28. Trayer H, Nozaki Y, Reynolds J, et al: Polypeptide chains from human red blood cells: Biochemistry , to be published. 29. Laico MT, Ruoslahti EI, Papermaster DS, et al: Isolation of the fundamental branes.tide subunits of biological membranes. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 67:120-127, 1970.Crossref 30. Steinemann A, Läuger P: Interaction of cytochrome C with phospholipid monolayers and bilayer membranes. J Memb Biol 4:74-86, 1971.Crossref 31. Gulik-Krzywicki T, Schacter E, Luzzati V: Interactions of proteins and lipids: Structure and polymorphism of protein-lipid-water phases. Nature 223:1116-1121, 1969.Crossref 32. Matthews BW: Solvent content of protein crystals. J Molec Biol 33:491-497, 1968.Crossref 33. Dickerson RE, Geis I: The Structure and Action of Proteins . New York, Harper & Row, Publishers Inc, 1969, p 63. 34. 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Nature 227:1133-1134,1970.Crossref 41. Eylar EH: Amino acid sequence of the basic protein of the myelin membrane. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 67:1425-1431,1970.Crossref 42. Eylar EH, Salk J, Beveridge GC, et al: Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an encephalitogenic basic protein from bovine myelin. Arch Biochem Biophys 132:34-38, 1969.Crossref 43. Baldwin GS, Carnegie PR: Specific enzymic methylation of an arginine in the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis protein from human myelin. Science 171:579-581, 1971.Crossref 44. Wolfgram F: A new proteolipid fraction of the nervous system: I. Isolation and amino acid analyses. J Neurochem 13:461-470, 1966.Crossref 45. Green DE, Oda T: On the unit of mitochondrial structure and function. J Biochem 49:742-757, 1961. 46. Karman EF, dePury G, Asai J, et al: On the structure arising from the interaction of phospholipid miscelles with he-stalk sections detached from the mitochondrial cristal membranes. 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Archives of Internal MedicineAmerican Medical Association

Published: Feb 1, 1972

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