Abstract HISTORICAL Specific gravity is one of the first fundamental principles of hydrostatics, and its discovery is ascribed to Archimedes (287 B. C.). The incentive to his discovery and the method of his reasoning is described in the following story which carries with it the flavor of the East:King Hiero ordered his silversmith to make for him a crown of pure gold. When the crown was brought before him he suspected the honesty of the silversmith, and desired to know if Archimedes could devise a way of testing the question without injuring the crown. The philosopher pondered the problem for a long time without succeeding, but one day as he stepped into a bath his attention was attracted by the overflow of water. A new train of ideas was started in his ever receptive brain. Wild with enthusiasm he sprang from the bath, and forgetting his robe, References 1. Cajori: History of Physics, 1899, p. 4. 2. Works of Archimedes , edited by T. L. Heath. Cambridge University Press. 3. See bibliography, Specific Gravity of Separate Parts of the Human Body, at end of article. 4. Davy, John: Trans. Med. Soc., Edinburgh , 1829, iii, 436 5. Researches, Physiological and Anatomical , London, 1839, ii, 253. 6. See bibliography Specific Gravity of the Human Body at end of article. 7. Robertson, John: Philosophical Transactions, 1, Art. 5. 8. Hutton's Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary , London, 1815. 9. Herman: Quoted by Buhl in Mitt. a. d. Pathol. Inst. z. München. , 1878, p. 4. 10. Rossetti, Poggendorff's Ann. d. Physik u. Chemie. , 1871, v, 268 11. See table, author's observations. 12. Livi's Tables of Ponderal Index in Montessori's Anthropology. 13. Virchow's Arch. f. path. anat. , 1896, cxlvi, p. 456. 14. Meeh: Ztschr. f. Biol. , 1879, xv, 425. 15. München. med. Wchnschr. , 1903, i, 1454. 16. Baumgartner, A.: Die Mechanik in ihre Anwendung auf Künste und Gewerbe , Wien., 1834, p. 94 17. Dalton: Frorieps Notizen für Natur- und Heilkunde , Erfurt, 1832, xxxiv, 236 18. Dapper : Ueber den Stoffwechsel bei Entfettungskuren, Beitraege zur Lehre vom Stoffwechsel des gesunden und kranken Menschen von Prof. v. Noorden , Berlin, 1904, part (2) , A. Hirschwald. 19. Herman: Quoted by Buhl in Mitt. a. d. pathol. Inst. z. München. , 1878, p. 4. 20. Huschke: Soemmering Lehre von die Eingeweiden und den Sinnesorganen des menschlichen Körpers . Umbearbeit und geendigt von G. Huschke, Leipzig. 1844, pp. 10, 11. 21. Jamin, F., and Muller, E.: Ueber das spezifische Gewicht des lebenden Menschen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung eines für klinische Zwecke brauchbaren spez. Aequivalentgewichts , München. med. Wchnschr. , 1903, 1, 1454-1457. 22. Krause: Handbuch der menschlichen Anatomie. , 1879, Ed. 3, p. 12. 23. Lahman : Physiatrische Blättern. , Leipzig, 1893, Ed. 2 24. Meeh, K.: Oberflächemessungen des menschlichen Körpers , Ztschr. f. Biol. , 1879, xv, 425. 25. Meeh : Volumenmessungen des menschlichen Körpers und seine einzelnen Theile in den verschiedenen Alterstuffen , Ztschr. f. Biol. , 1894, new series, xiii, 125. 26. Mishnewsky, V.: Kopredieleniu udelnaho viesa tiela chelovieka , San. Dielo, St. Petersburg, 1892, iii, 3. 27. Mies: Virchow's Arch. f. path. Anat. , 157, 1899, clvii, 98. 28. Mies: Ueber die Höhe und die Höhenzahl des Gewichts und des Volumens von Menschen und Tieren , Virchows Arch. f. path. Anat. , 1891, cxxiii, 188.Crossref 29. Muller, E., and Seidelmann, W.: Ueber das Verhalten des spezifischen Körpergewichtes bei gesunden Mannschaften , Med. Klin., Berl. , 1906, xi, 213-215. 30. Langer, C.: Ueber Form und Massverhältniss des menschlichen Körper , Wien. med. Wchnschr. , 1880, xxx, 1357. 31. Packard, John C.: Specific Gravity of the Human Body , Scientific Am. Supplement , 1910, xlix, 20382. 32. Platt, Julia B.: On the Specific Gravity of Spirostomia, and the Tadpole , Am. Naturalist , 1909, xxxiii, 38. 33. De Parville, H.: La densité de l'homme , Nature , 1896-7, xxv, Part (1) , p. 283. 34. Rubner, M.: Beiträge zur Ernährung im Knabenalter mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Fettsucht , Berlin, 1902, A. Hirschwald. 35. Quetelet: Anthropométrie, 1870. 36. Robertson, John: Philosophical Transaction, 1, Art. 5 37. Hutton's Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary , London, 1815 38. Suelzer : Verhandl. d. Cong. f. inn. Med., Third Congress , 1844, p. 370. 39. Valentin, G. : Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen , Braunschweig, 1851, i. 40. Vierordt, H.: Anatomische Physiologische und physicalischer Tabellen , Jena, G. Fischer, 1896, Ed. 3. 41. Wengler, J.: Ein Versuch, das specifische Körpergewicht am lebenden Menschen zu bestimmen , Wien. med. Wchnschr. , 1902, lii, 1739 ; 1799. 42. Wengler, J.: Bestimmung des spezifischen Körpergewichtes am lebenden Februar, 1902 , Deutsch. med. Wchnschr. , 1902 43. Soc. Proc., p. 119. 44. Wengler, J.: Bestimmung des spezifischen Korpergewichtes am lebenden Menschen , München. med. Wchnschr. , 1903, i, 2094. 45. Wengler, J.: Das Volumen and spezifische Gewicht des menschlichen Körpers, insoweit er aus festen Stoffen bestehet, also unter Ausschluss der variablen Köperluft , Pfluger's Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. , 1906, xcv, 612.Crossref 46. Williams, Stephen: The Specific Gravity of Some Fresh Water Animals in Relation to their Habits, Development and Composition , Am. Naturalist , 1909, xxxiv, 9. 47. Ziegelroth : Das spezifische Gewicht des menschlichen Körpers und Blutes, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Krasenlehre , Virchows Arch. f. path. Anat. , 1896, cxlvi, Part (3) , p. 453.Crossref 48. Zuntz, N.: Eind Methode zur Schätzung des Eiweiss- und Fettgehaltes im lebenden Tierkörper, Vertrag in der physiologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin vom 17 Nov., 1912 , Deutsch. med. Wchnschr. , 1902 49. Soc. Proc. p. 338. 50. Baistrocchi : Riv. sper. di fren. e di med. leg. , 1884, p. 193. 51. Bischoff : Sitzungsb. der K. bayer, Akad. d. Wissensch. zu München , 1864, xi, 347. 52. Chenevix: Tr. Am. Pharm. Soc. , 1803, p. 195. 53. Danielewsky: Centralbl. f. d. med. Wissensch. , xviii, 1880, p. 241. 54. Davy: Tr. Med.-chir. Soc., Edinburgh , 1829, iii, 436. 55. Davy: On the Specific Gravity of the Human Body, Researches Physiological and Anatomical , London, 1839, ii, 253. 56. Fricke: Versuche über den spezifischen Gewicht des menschlichen Körpers , Freiburg, 1832. 57. Giacosa: Arch. p. le sc. med. , 1882, vi, 29. 58. Harless: Wagner's Handwörterbuch der Physiologie , 1853, iv, 512. 59. Huschke: Soemmering's Lehre von den Eingeweiden und Sinnersorganen umgearbeit von Huschke , 1844, v, 310. 60. Kapff: Untersuchungen über das specifische Gewicht thierischer Substanzen, Tübingen Dissertation, 1832. 61. Krause: Handbuch der menschlichen Anatomie , 1879, Ed. 3, p. 950. 62. Krause and Fischer: Ztschr. f. ration, Med. , 1866, Series 3, xxvi, 306. 63. Lyons: Report on the Pathology of the Diseases of the Army in the East, 1856. 64. Michel and Wagner: Arch. f. Ophth. , xxxii, Bd., 1886, Suppl. 2, xxxii, 155. 65. Nunnelly: Quart. Jour. Microscop. Sc. , 1858, p. 138. 66. Obersteiner : Anleitung zum Studium des Baues der nervösen Centralorgane im gesunden und kranken Zustande , 1892, Ed. 2, p. 134. 67. Schatz: Arch. der Heilk. , 1876, xvii, 529. 68. Smidt, H.: Ueber das spezifische Gewicht der Leber und der Milz , Virchow's Arch. f. path. Anat. , 1880, lxxxii, 1.Crossref 69. Toldt: Studien über die Anatomie der menschlichen Brustgegend, 1875, p. 66.
Archives of Internal Medicine – American Medical Association
Published: Apr 1, 1915
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