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P. Holinger (1964)
ENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF ZENKER'S DIVERTICULUM.Bulletin of gastrointestinal endoscopy, 11
J. Kirchner (1958)
The motor activity of the cricopharyngeus muscleThe Laryngoscope, 68
H.D. Sutherland (1962)
Cricopharyngeal AchalasiaJ Thorac Cardiov Surg, 43
N.V. Davis , B.F. Mitchel, M. and Adams (1966)
Cricopharyngeal Achalasia: Variant of Hypopharyngeal Diverticulum SyndromeTexas Med J, 62
C. Wilson (1962)
Pharyngeal Diverticula, their Cause and TreatmentThe Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 76
M. Victor , R. Hayes, R.D. and Adams (1962)
Oculopharyngeal Muscular DystrophyNew Eng J Med, 267
M. Atkinson, P. Kramer, S. Wyman, F. Ingelfinger (1957)
The dynamics of swallowing. I. Normal pharyngeal mechanisms.The Journal of clinical investigation, 36 4
C. Code (1958)
An Atlas Of Esophageal Motility In Health And Disease
G. Ardran, F. Kemp (1961)
The Radiography of the Lower Lateral Food ChannelsThe Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 75
W.S. Lund (1965)
A Study of the Cricopharyneal Sphincter in Man and in the DogAnn Roy Coll Surg, 37
Kinley Ce (1966)
The management of hypopharyngeal diverticulum.Canadian Journal of Surgery, 9
L. Rogers (1935)
The treatment of spasmodic dysphagia by sympathetic denervationBritish Journal of Surgery, 22
G.A.G. Mitchell (1954)
The Autonomic Nerve Supply of the Throat, Nose, and EarJ Laryng, 68
G. Ramsey, J. Watson, R. Gramiak, S. Weinberg (1955)
Cinefluorographic analysis of the mechanism of swallowing.Radiology, 64 4
P. Kramer (1957)
The Dynamics of Swalloing: I. Normal Pharyngeal Swallowing MechanismsJ Clin Invest, 36
O. Batson (1955)
VIII The Cricopharyngeus MuscleAnnals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, 64
S. Kaplan (1957)
Paralysis of the Swallowing Mechanism Following Bulbar PoliomyelitisArch Otolaryng, 65
D.L.C. Bingham (1963)
Cricopharyngeal AchalasiaCanad Med Assoc J, 89
I. Lewis (1966)
Late-onset muscle dystrophy: oculopharyngoesophageal variety.Canadian Medical Association journal, 95 4
W. Leach (1962)
Generalized Muscular Diseases Presenting as Pharyngeal DysphagiaThe Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 76
F. Cross, G. Johnson, A. Gerein (1961)
Esophageal diverticula. Associated neuromuscular changes in the esophagus.Archives of surgery, 83
T. Crichlow (1956)
II. The Cricopharyngeus in Radiography and CineradiographyBritish Journal of Radiology, 29
F. Templeton, Richard Kredel (1943)
The cricopharyngeal sphincter—a roentgenologic studyThe Laryngoscope, 53
P. Kramer, M. Atkinson, S. Wyman, F. Ingelfinger (1957)
The dynamics of swallowing. II. Neuromuscular dysphagia of pharynx.The Journal of clinical investigation, 36 4
A.B. Kelly (1919)
Spasm at the Entrance to the EsophagusJ Laryng Rhinol Otol, 34
J. Terracol (1958)
Diseases of the Esophagus
V.E. Negus (1950)
Pharyngeal DiverticulaBrit J Surg, 38
J. Conley (1960)
Swallowing dysfunctions associated with radical surgery of the head and neck.Archives of surgery, 80
O.V. Batson (1955)
The Cricopharyngeus MuscleAnn Otol, 64
The Journal of Laryngology and Otology THE AUTONOMIC NERVE SUPPLY OF THE THROAT, NOSE AND EAR*
M. Davis, B. Mitchel, M. Adam (1966)
Cricopharyngeal achalasia: variant of hypopharyngeal diverticulum syndrome.Texas medicine, 62 2
O. Clagett (1963)
PHARYNGO-ESOPHAGEAL DIVERTICULA.The Surgical clinics of North America, 43
R. Belsey (1963)
Functional Disease of the ŒsophagusPostgraduate Medical Journal, 39
N. Asherson (1962)
The Vagaries of DysphagiaProc Roy Soc Med, 55
N. Asherson (1950)
Achalasia of the Cricopharyngeal SphincterJ Laryng, 64
N. Asherson (1953)
Achalasia of the cricopharyngeal sphincter.The Journal of the International College of Surgeons, 20 5
C. Jackson, T. Shallow (1926)
DIVERTICULA OF THE SOPHAGUS, PULSION, TRACTION, MALIGNANT AND CONGENITALAnnals of Surgery, 83
A. Peterman, G. Lillington, R. Jamplis, P. Alto (1964)
PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY WITH PTOSIS AND DYSPHAGIA.Archives of neurology, 10
B. Higgs, F. Kerr, F. Ellis (1965)
The experimental production of esophageal achalasia by electrolytic lesions in the medulla.The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 50 5
S. Wilkins (1964)
INDICATIONS FOR SECTION OF THE CRICOPHARYNGEUS MUSCLE.American journal of surgery, 108
Negus Ve (1957)
The etiology of pharyngeal diverticula.Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 101
D.P. Boyd (1964)
Esophageal DiverticulumSurg Clin N Amer, 44
N. Asherson (1962)
The Vagaries of DysphagiaJournal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 55
S. Kaplan (1951)
Paralysis of deglutition, a post-poliomyelitis complication treated by section of the cricopharyngeus muscle.Annals of surgery, 133 4
K. Warren (1960)
Some technical considerations in the management of pharyngo-esophageal diverticulum.The Surgical clinics of North America, 40
V. Negus (1950)
Pharyngeal diverticula . Observations on their evolution and treatmentBritish Journal of Surgery, 38
G. Dohlman (1960)
The Endoscopic Operation for Hypopharyngeal DiverticulaArch Otolaryng, 71
M. Victor, R. Hayes, R. Adams (1962)
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. A familial disease of late life characterized by dysphagia and progressive ptosis of the evelids.The New England journal of medicine, 267
R. Fischer, G. Ellison, W. Thayer, H. Spiro, G. Glaser (1965)
ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY IN NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS.Annals of internal medicine, 63
Abstract EFFICIENT and effortless swallowing at the upper end of the esophagus requires, among other events, coordinated and powerful contraction of the pharyngeal constrictors coupled with relaxation of the cricopharyngeus muscle, or upper esophageal sphincter, at the precise moment of arrival of the bolus from above. This highly coordinated sequence of events in normal persons has been demonstrated by a number of investigators using pressure recording,1,2 routine radiographic,3,4 and cineradiographic techniques.5-8 The peristaltic wave begun by the pharyngeal constrictors is propagated into the esophagus proper but first must traverse the zone of increased pressure at the level of the cricopharyngeal sphincter. Code and his associates have shown in normal swallowing that there is a precisely timed and pronounced relaxation of the sphincter beginning immediately prior to pharyngeal contraction, "ensuring that the doorway to the esophagus is open as the swallowed material is forced toward it" (Fig 1). The References 1. Reference 6, 8-10, 12, 13, 19, 22, 30-32, 34, 36, 39. 2. Code, C.F., et al: An Atlas of Esophageal Motility in Health and Disease , Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 1958. 3. Kramer, P., et al: The Dynamics of Swalloing: I. Normal Pharyngeal Swallowing Mechanisms J Clin Invest 36:581-588, 1957.Crossref 4. Asherson, N.: Achalasia of the Cricopharyngeal Sphincter , J Laryng 64:747-758, 1950.Crossref 5. Templeton, F.E., and Kredel, R.A.: The Cricopharyngeal Sphincter—A Roentgenologic Study , Laryngoscope 53:1-12, 1943.Crossref 6. Crichlow, T.V.L.: The Cricopharyngeus in Radiography and Cineradiography , Brit J Radiol 29:546-556, 1956.Crossref 7. Ardran, G.M., and Kemp, F.H.: The Radiography of the Lower Lateral Food Channels , J Laryng 75:358-370, 1961.Crossref 8. Ramsey, G.H., et al: Cinefluorographic Analysis of the Mechanism of Swallowing , Radiology 64:498-518, 1955.Crossref 9. Cross, F.S.; Johnson, G.F.; and Gerein, A.N.: Esophageal Diverticula: Associated Neuromuscular Changes in the Esophagus , Arch Surg 83:525-533 ( (Oct) ) 1961.Crossref 10. Sutherland, H.D.: Cricopharyngeal Achalasia , J Thorac Cardiov Surg 43:114-126, 1962. 11. Negus, V.E.: Etiology of Pharyngeal Diverticula , Bull Hopkins Hosp 101:209-223, 1957. 12. Peterman, A.F.; Lillington, G.A.; and Jamplis, R.W.: Progressive Muscular Dystrophy With Ptosis and Dysphagia , Arch Neurol 10:38-41, 1964.Crossref 13. Belsey, R.: Functional Disease of the Oesophagus , Postgrad Med J 39:290-298, 1963.Crossref 14. Wilkins, S.A., Jr.: Indications for Section of the Cricopharyngeus Muscle , Amer J Surg 108:533-538, 1964.Crossref 15. Kramer, P., et al: The Dynamics of Swallowing: II. Neuromuscular Dysphagia of Pharynx , J Clin Invest 36:589-595, 1957.Crossref 16. Leach, W.: Generalized Muscular Diseases Presenting as Pharyngeal Dysphagia , J Laryng 76:237-240, 1962.Crossref 17. Lund, W.S.; A Study of the Cricopharyneal Sphincter in Man and in the Dog , Ann Roy Coll Surg 37:225-246, 1965. 18. Kaplan, S.: Paralysis of Deglutition, a Postpoliomyelitis Complication Treated by Section of the Cricopharyngeus Muscle , Ann Surg 133:572-573, 1951.Crossref 19. Kaplan, S.: Paralysis of the Swallowing Mechanism Following Bulbar Poliomyelitis , Arch Otolaryng 65:495-498, 1957.Crossref 20. Davis, N.V.; Mitchel, B.F.; and Adams, M.: Cricopharyngeal Achalasia: Variant of Hypopharyngeal Diverticulum Syndrome , Texas Med J 62:47-49, 1966. 21. Rogers, L.: The Treatment of Spasmodic Dysphagia by Sympathetic Denervation , Brit J Surg 22:829-832, 1935.Crossref 22. Kelly, A.B.: Spasm at the Entrance to the Esophagus , J Laryng Rhinol Otol 34:285-289, 1919.Crossref 23. Negus, V.E.: Pharyngeal Diverticula , Brit J Surg 38:129-146 1950.Crossref 24. Batson, O.V.: The Cricopharyngeus Muscle , Ann Otol 64:47-54, 1955. 25. Terracol, J., and Sweet, R.H.: Diseases of the Esophagus , Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1958. 26. Mitchell, G.A.G.: The Autonomic Nerve Supply of the Throat, Nose, and Ear , J Laryng 68:495-516, 1954.Crossref 27. Kirchner, J.A.: The Motor Activity of the Cricopharyngeus Muscle , Laryngoscope 68:1119-1159, 1958.Crossref 28. Conley, J.J.: Swallowing Dysfunctions Associated with Radical Surgery of the Head and Neck , Arch Surg 80:602-612 ( (April) ) 1960.Crossref 29. Fischer, R.A., et al: Esophageal Motility in Neuromuscular Disorders , Ann Intern Med 63:229-248, 1965.Crossref 30. Higgs, B.; Kerr, F.W.L.; and Ellis, F.H., Jr.: The Experimental Production of Esophageal Achalasia by Electrolytic Lesions in the Medulla , J Thorac Cardiov Surg 50:613-625, 1965. 31. Dohlman, G., and Mattsson, O.: The Endoscopic Operation for Hypopharyngeal Diverticula , Arch Otolaryng 71:744-752, 1960.Crossref 32. Holinger, P.H.: Endoscopic Management of Zenker's Diverticulum , Bull Gastroint Endosc 11:10-11, 1964. 33. Jackson, C., and Shallow, T.A.: Diverticula of the Esophagus Pulsion, Traction, Malignant, and Congenital , Ann Surg 83:1-19, 1926. 34. Asherson, N.: The Vagaries of Dysphagia , Proc Roy Soc Med 55:117-124, 1962. 35. Wilson, C.P.: Pharyngeal Diverticula, Their Cause and Treatment , J Laryngol 76:151-180, 1962.Crossref 36. Bingham, D.L.C.: Cricopharyngeal Achalasia , Canad Med Assoc J 89:1071-1073, 1963. 37. Kinley, C.E.: The Management of Hypopharyngeal Diverticulum , Canad J Surg 9:27-32, 1966. 38. Victor, M.; Hayes, R.; and Adams, R.D.: Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy , New Eng J Med 267:1267-1272, 1962.Crossref 39. Lewis, I.: Late Onset Muscle Dystrophy: Oculopharyngoesophageal Variety , Canad Med Assoc J 95:146-150, 1966. 40. Warren, K.W.: Some Technical Considerations in the Management of Pharyngo-esophageal Diverticulum , Surg Clin N Amer 40:633-643, 1960. 41. Clagett, O.T.: Pharyngo-esophageal Diverticula , Surg Clin N Amer 43:1165-1169, 1963. 42. Boyd, D.P.: Esophageal Diverticulum , Surg Clin N Amer 44:589-595, 1964.
Archives of Surgery – American Medical Association
Published: May 1, 1968
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