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L. Schneiderman, R. Pearlman, Robert Kaplan, John Anderson, Esther Rosenberg (1992)
Relationship of general advance directive instructions to specific life-sustaining treatment preferences in patients with serious illness.Archives of internal medicine, 152 10
Reilly Bm, Magnussen Cr, James Ross, Jeffrey Ash, L. Papa, Michael Wagner (1994)
Can we talk? Inpatient discussions about advance directives in a community hospital. Attending physicians' attitudes, their inpatients' wishes, and reported experience.Archives of internal medicine, 154 20
Linda Emanuel (1989)
Does the DNR order need life-sustaining intervention? Time for comprehensive advance directives.The American journal of medicine, 86 1
T. Malloy, R. Wigton, Jessica Meeske, T. Tape (1992)
The Influence of Treatment Descriptions on Advance Medical Directive DecisionsJournal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40
P. Greco, Kevin Schulman, R. Lavizzo-Mourey, J. Hansen-Flaschen (1991)
The Patient Self-Determination Act and the future of advance directives.Annals of internal medicine, 115 8
Linda Emanuel, M. Barry, J. Stoeckle, L. Ettelson, E. Emanuel (1991)
Advance directives for medical care--a case for greater use.The New England journal of medicine, 324 13
Haller K Sulmasy DP (1994)
More talk, less paper.Am J Med, 96
C. Chambers, J. Diamond, R. Perkel, L. Lasch (1994)
Relationship of advance directives to hospital charges in a Medicare population.Archives of internal medicine, 154 5
Hakim RB Teno JM (1995)
Preferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitation.J Gen Intern Med, 10
E. Emanuel, Linda Emanuel (1994)
The economics of dying. The illusion of cost savings at the end of life.The New England journal of medicine, 330 8
D. Miller, M. Gorbien, L. Simbartl, D. Jahnigen (1993)
Factors influencing physicians in recommending in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Archives of internal medicine, 153 17
K. Davidson, C. Hackler, Delbra Caradine, R. McCord (1989)
Physicians' attitudes on advance directives.JAMA, 262 17
Emanuel LL Emanuel EJ (1994)
The economics of dying.N Engl J Med, 330
Delbanco TL Bedell S (1984)
Choices about cardiopulmonary resuscitation: when do physicians talk to patients?N Engl J Med, 310
Burrows D Murphy DJ (1994)
The influence of the probability of survival on patients' preferences regarding CPR.N Engl J Med, 330
R. Stephens (1986)
'Do Not Resuscitate' Orders: Ensuring the Patient's ParticipationJAMA, 255
Jiska Cohen-Mansfield, J. Droge, N. Billig (1991)
The Utilization of the Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care among Hospitalized Elderly PatientsJournal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39
J. Haas, J. Weissman, P. Cleary, Joan Goldberg, C. Gatsonis, G. Seage, F. Fowler, M. Massagli, H. Makadon, Arnold Epstein (1993)
Discussion of preferences for life-sustaining care by persons with AIDS. Predictors of failure in patient-physician communication.Archives of internal medicine, 153 10
Morrison EW Morrison RS (1994)
Physician reluctance to discuss advance directives.J Gen Intern Med, 9
Hesse K Gillick MR (1993)
Medical technology at the end of life.Arch Intern Med, 153
L. Schneiderman, R. Kaplan, R. Pearlman, H. Teetzel (1993)
Do Physicians’ Own Preferences for Life-Sustaining Treatment Influence Their Perceptions of Patients’ Preferences?The Journal of Clinical Ethics, 4
S. Bedell, T. Delbanco (1984)
Choices about cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the hospital. When do physicians talk with patients?The New England journal of medicine, 310 17
Finucane TE Murphy DJ (1993)
New DNR policies.Arch Intern Med, 153
H. Silverman, P. Tuma, M. Schaeffer, B. Singh (1995)
Implementation of the patient self-determination act in a hospital setting. An initial evaluation.Archives of internal medicine, 155 5
Linda Emanuel, E. Emanuel (1989)
The Medical Directive. A new comprehensive advance care document.JAMA, 261 22
Stocking CB Sachs GA (1992)
Empowerment of the older patient?J Am Geriatr Soc, 40
Alfred Maksoud, D. Jahnigen, C. Skibinski (1993)
Do not resuscitate orders and the cost of death.Archives of internal medicine, 153 10
Weinberg DS Emanuel EJ (1993)
How well is the Patient Self-Determination Act working?Am J Med, 95
Carrion VG Cammer-Paris BE (1993)
Roadblocks to DNR orders.Arch Intern Med, 153
Brennan TA (1988)
Ethics committees and decisions to limit care.JAMA, 260
D. Murphy, David Burrows, S. Santilli, Anne Kemp, S. Tenner, B. Kreling, J. Teno (1994)
The influence of the probability of survival on patients' preferences regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation.The New England journal of medicine, 330 8
Tuma P Silverman HJ (1995)
Implementation of the Patient Self-Determination Act in a hospital setting.Arch Intern Med, 155
L. Emanuel, E. Emanuel, J. Stoeckle, L. Hummel, M. Barry (1994)
Advance Directives: Stability of Patients' Treatment ChoicesJAMA Internal Medicine, 154
L. Schneiderman, R. Kronick, Robert Kaplan, John Anderson, R. Langer (1992)
Effects of Offering Advance Directives on Medical Treatments and CostsAnnals of Internal Medicine, 117
Goh Lg (1995)
The do-not-resuscitate order.Singapore medical journal, 36 3
Allan Brett (1991)
Limitations of listing specific medical interventions in advance directives.JAMA, 266 6
Sachs GA (1992)
Caring for older cancer patients.Oncology, 6
Emanuel EJ Emanuel LL (1994)
Advance directives: stability of patients' treatment choices.Arch Intern Med, 154
Carperos SD Brunetti LJ (1991)
Physicians' attitudes toward living wills and CPR.J Gen Intern Med, 6
Gorbien MJ Miller DL (1993)
Factors influencing physicians in recommending in-hospital CPR.Arch Intern Med, 153
Magnussen CR Reilly BM (1994)
Can we talk? inpatient discussions about advance directives in a community hospital.Arch Intern Med, 154
Shumway JM Finucane TE (1988)
Planning with elderly outpatients for contingencies of severe illness: a survey and clinical trial.J Gen Intern Med, 3
Gorenflo DW Donkas DJ (1993)
Analyzing the values history.J Clin Ethics, 4
E. Emanuel, David Weinberg, René Gonin, L. Hummel, Linda Emanuel (1993)
How well is the Patient Self-Determination Act working?: an early assessment.The American journal of medicine, 95 6
R. Steinbrook, B. Lo, J. Moulton, G. Saika, H. Hollander, P. Volberding (1986)
Preferences of homosexual men with AIDS for life-sustaining treatment.The New England journal of medicine, 314 7
M. Ebell, David Doukas, Mindy Smith (1991)
The do-not-resuscitate order: a comparison of physician and patient preferences and decision-making.The American journal of medicine, 91 3
Stephens RL (1986)
'DNR' orders.JAMA, 255
Jiska Cohen-Mansfield, J. Droge, N. Billig (1992)
Factors influencing hospital patients' preferences in the utilization of life-sustaining treatments.The Gerontologist, 32 1
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Right to die: Public balks at deciding for othersDimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 6
B. Lo, A. Jonsen (1980)
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B. Lo, G. McLeod, G. Saika (1986)
Patient attitudes to discussing life-sustaining treatment.Archives of internal medicine, 146 8
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Advance directives.Arch Intern Med, 153
Smith MA Ebell MH (1990)
The do-not-resuscitate order: outpatient preferences and decision-making.J Earn Pract, 31
E. Emanuel, A. Brett (1993)
Managed competition and the patient-physician relationship.The New England journal of medicine, 329 12
Anita Broadwell, E. Boisaubin, J. Dunn, H. Engelhardt (1993)
Advance Directives on Hospital Admission: A Survey of Patient AttitudesSouthern Medical Journal, 86
Zensky MF Wenger NS (1994)
Readmission resuscitation status after hospitalization with a do-not-resuscitate order.J Gen Intern Med, 9
D. Sulmasy, K. Haller, Peter Terry (1994)
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D. Murphy, T. Finucane (1993)
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David Frankl, R. Oye, P. Bellamy (1989)
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Do Formal Advance Directives Affect Resuscitation Decisions and the Use of Resources for Seriously Ill Patients?The Journal of Clinical Ethics, 5
J. Mittelberger, Bernard Lo, D. Martín, R. Uhlmann (1993)
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W. Mower, L. Baraff (1993)
Advance directives. Effect of type of directive on physicians' therapeutic decisions.Archives of internal medicine, 153 3
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Outpatients' attitudes regarding advance directives.J Earn Pract, 35
Chesney MA Tulsky JA (1994)
'See one, do one, teach one' fails in discussion about resuscitation.J Gen Intern Med, 9
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J. Lynn, J. Teno (1993)
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W. Edinger, D. Smucker (1992)
Outpatients' attitudes regarding advance directives.The Journal of family practice, 35 6
T. Brennan (1988)
Ethics committees and decisions to limit care. The experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital.JAMA, 260 6
Steiber SR (1987)
Right to die: public balks at deciding for others.Hospitals, 61
Doukas DJ Ebell M (1991)
The do-not-resuscitate order.Am J Med, 91
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Advance directives for medical careThe New England Journal of Medicine, 325
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Abstract Background: Hospitalization presents an opportunity for physicians to discuss advance directives with patients and to encourage completion of health care proxies. Objective: To prospectively promote discussion and documentation of treatment-specific directives about life-sustaining interventions (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, admission to critical care units, mechanical ventilation, electrical cardioversion, and vasopressor therapy) among unselected medical inpatients in a community teaching hospital. Methods: We conducted a time-series intervention trial from January 1,1991, through June 30 1993, divided into three phases. During the education phase, we provided reminders, education, and feedback to attending physicians; during the intervention phase, we promoted a new documentation form for directives to be used by attending physicians; during the control phase, no interventions occurred. We studied consecutive patients (N=1780) admitted to the hospital acute medical service in each of the following 10 periods: three in the education phase (n=598), three in the intervention phase (n=826), and four in the control phase (n=356). The primary outcome measures were the frequency and content of directives documented by attending physicians in their patients' hospital charts. Secondary outcome measures included physicians' and patients' attitudes about directives, surveyed repeatedly. Results: The proportion of inpatients with directives increased significantly during the intervention phase (62.5% vs 23.6% during the education phase and 25.3% during the control period, P<.001, Pearson χ2 test). During the final intervention phase, 227 (83.2%) of 273 inpatients had directives documented in the hospital chart. Increases in clinically important ("impact") directives usually involved intensive care, not do-not-resuscitate status. Overall, 366 (86.7%) of 422 physician-attested directives agreed with the treatment preferences of interviewed patients (κ ranges, 0.53 to 0.79). Physicians' attitudes about and interest in directives improved. Conclusions: Institutional interventions can facilitate attending physicians' documentation of treatment-specific directives about life-sustaining care for most medical inpatients. More research is needed to confirm the effect of these efforts on quality and cost of hospital care, patients' autonomy, and their eventual execution of durable directives and proxies.(Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:2317-2323) References 1. Emanuel LL, Barry MJ, Stoeckle JD, Ettelson LM, Emanuel EJ. Advance directives for medical care. N Engl J Med . 1991;324:889-895.Crossref 2. Haas JS, Weissman JS, Cleary PD, et al. Discussion of preferences for life-sustaining care by persons with AIDS. Arch Intern Med . 1993;153:1241-1248.Crossref 3. Holley JL, Nespor S, Rault R. Chronic in-center hemodialysis patients' attitudes, knowledge and behavior toward advance directives. J Am Soc Nephrol . 1993;3:1405-1408. 4. Steinbrook R, Lo B, Moulton J, Saika G, Hollander H, Volberding PA. Preferences of homosexual men with AIDS for life-sustaining treatment. N Engl J Med . 1986;314:457-460.Crossref 5. Owen C, Tennant C, Levi J, Jones M. Resuscitation: patient and staff attitudes in the context of cancer. Gen Hosp Psychiatry . 1992;14:327-333.Crossref 6. Sachs GA. Caring for older cancer patients. Oncology . 1992;6( (suppl) ):131-135. 7. Broadwell AW, Boisaubin EV, Dunn JK, Engelhardt HT Jr. Advance directives on hospital admission: a survey of patient attitudes. South Med J . 1993;86:165-168.Crossref 8. Frankl D, Oye RK, Bellamy PE. Attitudes of hospitalized patients toward life support. Am J Med . 1989;86:645-648.Crossref 9. Reilly BM, Magnussen CR, Ross J, Ash J, Papa L, Wagner M. 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Archives of Internal Medicine – American Medical Association
Published: Nov 27, 1995
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