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Premorbid Functioning and Outcome in Schizophrenics and Nonschizophrenics

Premorbid Functioning and Outcome in Schizophrenics and Nonschizophrenics Abstract The relationship between premorbid and morbid factors relevant to the process-reactive distinction in schizophrenia and measures of posthospital adjustment were investigated in 33 schizophrenic and 44 nonschizophrenic patients. The data support the hypothesis that these premorbid and morbid factors are predictive of outcome for schizophrenics, although the correlations between the predictors and outcome indexes were not as uniformly high as theories based on the process-reactive distinction have proposed. For the nonschizophrenics the correlations between the predictors and outcome indexes did not show consistent associations. The premorbid factors employed were differentially related to the various outcome measures. The results provide some support for the hypothesis that different factors predict outcome for schizophrenic vs nonschizophrenic patients, and question the hypothesis that all mental illnesses form a continuum with the difference between them primarily being one of severity. References 1. Chapman L, Day D, Burstein A: The process-reactive distinction and prognosis in schizophrenia . J Nerv Ment Dis 133:383-391, 1961.Crossref 2. Farina A, et al: Premorbid behavior and prognosis in female schizophrenic patients . J Consult Psychol 26:56-60, 1962.Crossref 3. Garfield S, Sundland D: Prognostic scales in schizophrenia . J Consult Psychol 30:18-24, 1966.Crossref 4. Garmezy N, Rodnick E: Premorbid adjustment and performance in schizophrenia: Implications for interpreting heterogeneity in schizophrenia . J Nerv Ment Dis 129:450-466, 1959.Crossref 5. Harrow M, Tucker G, Bromet E: Short-term prognosis of schizophrenic patients . Arch Gen Psychiatry 21:195-202, 1969.Crossref 6. Kantor R, Wallner J, Winder C: Process and reactive schizophrenia . J Consult Psychol 17:157-162, 1953.Crossref 7. Phillips L: Case history data and prognosis in schizophrenia . J Nerv Ment Dis 117:515-525, 1953.Crossref 8. Stephens J, Astrup C: Prognosis in "process" and "non-process" schizophrenia . Am J Psychiatry 119:945-953, 1963. 9. Stephens JH, Astrup C, Mangrum J: Prognostic factors in recovered and deteriorated schizophrenics . Am J Psychiatry 122:1116-1121, 1966. 10. Bromet E, Harrow M, Tucker G: Factors related to short-term prognosis in schizophrenia and depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 25:148-154, 1971.Crossref 11. Farina A, Garmezy N, Barry H: Relationship of marital status to incidence and prognosis of schizophrenia . J Abnorm Soc Psychol 67:624-630, 1963.Crossref 12. Klein RG, Klein D: Premorbid asocial adjustment and prognosis in schizophrenia . J Psychiatr Res 7:35-53, 1969.Crossref 13. Phillips L, Broverman I, Zigler E: Social competence and psychiatric diagnosis . J Abnorm Psychol 71:209-214, 1966.Crossref 14. Rosen B, et al: Social competence and posthospital outcome . Arch Gen Psychiatry 19:165-170, 1968.Crossref 15. Sanes J, Zigler E: Premorbid social competence in schizophrenia . J Abnorm Psychol 78:140-144, 1971.Crossref 16. Turner J, Zabo L: Social competence and schizophrenic outcome: An investigation and critique . J Health Soc Behav 9:41-51, 1968.Crossref 17. Zigler E, Phillips L: Social competence and outcome in psychiatric disorder . J Abnorm Soc Psychol 63:264-271, 1961.Crossref 18. Rosen B, et al: Social competence and posthospital outcome among schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients . J Abnorm Psychol 74:401-404, 1969.Crossref 19. Higgins J, Peterson J: Concept of process-reactive schizophrenia: A critique . Psychol Bull 66:201-206, 1966.Crossref 20. Almond R: The therapeutic community . Sci Am 224:34-42, 1971.Crossref 21. Detre T, et al: An experimental approach to the treatment of the acutely ill psychiatric patient in the general hospital . Conn Med 25:613-619, 1961. 22. Bromet E, Harrow M: Behavioral overinclusion as a prognostic index in schizophrenic disorders . J Abnorm Psychol 82:345-349, 1973.Crossref 23. Harrow M, Bromet E, Quinlan D: Predictors of posthospital adjustment in schizophrenia: Thought disorders and schizophrenic diagnosis . J Nerv Ment Dis , to be published. 24. Astrachan BM, et al: A checklist for the diagnosis of schizophrenia . Br J Psychiatry 121:529-539, 1972.Crossref 25. Wechsler D: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Manual . New York, Psychological Corp, 1955. 26. Levenstein S, Klein D, Pollack M: Follow-up study of formerly hospitalized voluntary psychiatric patients: The first two years . Am J Psychiatry 122:1102-1109, 1966. 27. Bromet E: Thought Disorder and Psycho-Social Factors in the Posthospital Adjustment of Psychiatric Patients, unpublished doctoral dissertation. Yale University, New Haven, Conn, 1971. 28. Evans JR, Goldstein MJ, Rodnick EH: Premorbid adjustment, paranoid diagnosis, and remission: Acute schizophrenics treated in a community mental health center . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:666-672, 1973.Crossref 29. Evans JR, et al: Premorbid adjustment, phenothiazine treatment, and remission in acute schizophrenics . Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:486-490, 1972.Crossref 30. Lorei T, Gurel L: Use of a biographical inventory to predict schizophrenics' posthospital employment and readmission . J Consult Psychol 38:238-243, 1972.Crossref 31. Freeman H, Simmons O: The Mental Patient Comes Home . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1963. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of General Psychiatry American Medical Association

Premorbid Functioning and Outcome in Schizophrenics and Nonschizophrenics

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References (32)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1974 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-990X
eISSN
1598-3636
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760080061010
Publisher site
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Abstract

Abstract The relationship between premorbid and morbid factors relevant to the process-reactive distinction in schizophrenia and measures of posthospital adjustment were investigated in 33 schizophrenic and 44 nonschizophrenic patients. The data support the hypothesis that these premorbid and morbid factors are predictive of outcome for schizophrenics, although the correlations between the predictors and outcome indexes were not as uniformly high as theories based on the process-reactive distinction have proposed. For the nonschizophrenics the correlations between the predictors and outcome indexes did not show consistent associations. The premorbid factors employed were differentially related to the various outcome measures. The results provide some support for the hypothesis that different factors predict outcome for schizophrenic vs nonschizophrenic patients, and question the hypothesis that all mental illnesses form a continuum with the difference between them primarily being one of severity. References 1. Chapman L, Day D, Burstein A: The process-reactive distinction and prognosis in schizophrenia . J Nerv Ment Dis 133:383-391, 1961.Crossref 2. Farina A, et al: Premorbid behavior and prognosis in female schizophrenic patients . J Consult Psychol 26:56-60, 1962.Crossref 3. Garfield S, Sundland D: Prognostic scales in schizophrenia . J Consult Psychol 30:18-24, 1966.Crossref 4. Garmezy N, Rodnick E: Premorbid adjustment and performance in schizophrenia: Implications for interpreting heterogeneity in schizophrenia . J Nerv Ment Dis 129:450-466, 1959.Crossref 5. Harrow M, Tucker G, Bromet E: Short-term prognosis of schizophrenic patients . Arch Gen Psychiatry 21:195-202, 1969.Crossref 6. Kantor R, Wallner J, Winder C: Process and reactive schizophrenia . J Consult Psychol 17:157-162, 1953.Crossref 7. Phillips L: Case history data and prognosis in schizophrenia . J Nerv Ment Dis 117:515-525, 1953.Crossref 8. Stephens J, Astrup C: Prognosis in "process" and "non-process" schizophrenia . Am J Psychiatry 119:945-953, 1963. 9. Stephens JH, Astrup C, Mangrum J: Prognostic factors in recovered and deteriorated schizophrenics . Am J Psychiatry 122:1116-1121, 1966. 10. Bromet E, Harrow M, Tucker G: Factors related to short-term prognosis in schizophrenia and depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 25:148-154, 1971.Crossref 11. Farina A, Garmezy N, Barry H: Relationship of marital status to incidence and prognosis of schizophrenia . J Abnorm Soc Psychol 67:624-630, 1963.Crossref 12. Klein RG, Klein D: Premorbid asocial adjustment and prognosis in schizophrenia . J Psychiatr Res 7:35-53, 1969.Crossref 13. Phillips L, Broverman I, Zigler E: Social competence and psychiatric diagnosis . J Abnorm Psychol 71:209-214, 1966.Crossref 14. Rosen B, et al: Social competence and posthospital outcome . Arch Gen Psychiatry 19:165-170, 1968.Crossref 15. Sanes J, Zigler E: Premorbid social competence in schizophrenia . J Abnorm Psychol 78:140-144, 1971.Crossref 16. Turner J, Zabo L: Social competence and schizophrenic outcome: An investigation and critique . J Health Soc Behav 9:41-51, 1968.Crossref 17. Zigler E, Phillips L: Social competence and outcome in psychiatric disorder . J Abnorm Soc Psychol 63:264-271, 1961.Crossref 18. Rosen B, et al: Social competence and posthospital outcome among schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients . J Abnorm Psychol 74:401-404, 1969.Crossref 19. Higgins J, Peterson J: Concept of process-reactive schizophrenia: A critique . Psychol Bull 66:201-206, 1966.Crossref 20. Almond R: The therapeutic community . Sci Am 224:34-42, 1971.Crossref 21. Detre T, et al: An experimental approach to the treatment of the acutely ill psychiatric patient in the general hospital . Conn Med 25:613-619, 1961. 22. Bromet E, Harrow M: Behavioral overinclusion as a prognostic index in schizophrenic disorders . J Abnorm Psychol 82:345-349, 1973.Crossref 23. Harrow M, Bromet E, Quinlan D: Predictors of posthospital adjustment in schizophrenia: Thought disorders and schizophrenic diagnosis . J Nerv Ment Dis , to be published. 24. Astrachan BM, et al: A checklist for the diagnosis of schizophrenia . Br J Psychiatry 121:529-539, 1972.Crossref 25. Wechsler D: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Manual . New York, Psychological Corp, 1955. 26. Levenstein S, Klein D, Pollack M: Follow-up study of formerly hospitalized voluntary psychiatric patients: The first two years . Am J Psychiatry 122:1102-1109, 1966. 27. Bromet E: Thought Disorder and Psycho-Social Factors in the Posthospital Adjustment of Psychiatric Patients, unpublished doctoral dissertation. Yale University, New Haven, Conn, 1971. 28. Evans JR, Goldstein MJ, Rodnick EH: Premorbid adjustment, paranoid diagnosis, and remission: Acute schizophrenics treated in a community mental health center . Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:666-672, 1973.Crossref 29. Evans JR, et al: Premorbid adjustment, phenothiazine treatment, and remission in acute schizophrenics . Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:486-490, 1972.Crossref 30. Lorei T, Gurel L: Use of a biographical inventory to predict schizophrenics' posthospital employment and readmission . J Consult Psychol 38:238-243, 1972.Crossref 31. Freeman H, Simmons O: The Mental Patient Comes Home . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1963.

Journal

Archives of General Psychiatry – American Medical Association

Published: Feb 1, 1974

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