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E. Friedman (1991)
The uninsured. From dilemma to crisis.JAMA, 265 19
Boyce T Adler NE (1993)
Socioeconomic inequalities in healthJAMA., 269
J. Hurowitz (1993)
Toward a social policy for health.The New England journal of medicine, 329 2
D. Vågerö (1991)
Inequality in health--some theoretical and empirical problems.Social science & medicine, 32 4
P. Franks, C. Clancy, M. Gold, P. Nutting (1993)
Health insurance and subjective health status: data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure survey.American journal of public health, 83 9
B. Williams, L. Demitrack, B. Fries (1992)
The accuracy of the National Death Index when personal identifiers other than Social Security number are used.American journal of public health, 82 8
World Health Organization (1977)
International Classification of Diseases: Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death, Ninth Revision
Clancy CM Franks P (1993)
Health insurance and mortalityJAMA., 270
O. Clarke, J. Glasson, Allison August, C. Epps, Victoria Ruff, C. Kliger, C. Plows, G. Wilkins, J. Cosgriff, Kirk Johnson, D. Orentlicher, R. Conley (1993)
Caring for the PoorJAMA, 269
W. Winkelstein (1993)
Medical care is not health care.JAMA, 269 19
H. Burstin, S. Lipsitz, T. Brennan (1992)
Socioeconomic status and risk for substandard medical care.JAMA, 268 17
N. Adler, W. Boyce, M. Chesney, S. Folkman, S. Syme (1993)
Socioeconomic inequalities in health. No easy solution.JAMA, 269 24
M. Stampfer, M. Stampfer, W. Willett, W. Willett, F. Speizer, David Dysert, R. Lipnick, R. Lipnick, B. Rosner, B. Rosner, C. Hennekens (1984)
Test of the National Death Index.American journal of epidemiology, 119 5
D. Patrick, C. Madden, P. Diehr, D. Martin, A. Cheadle, S. Skillman (1992)
Health status and use of services among families with and without health insurance.Medical care, 30 10
N. Lurie, N. Ward, M. Shapiro, C. Gallego, R. Vaghaiwalla, R. Brook (1986)
Termination of Medi-Cal BenefitsThe New England Journal of Medicine, 314
Sorlie PD Rogot E (1988)
A Mortality Study of One Million Persons by Demographic, Social, and Economic Factors: 1979-1981 Follow-up
Ries PW (1987)
Data From the National Health Survey
Peter Franks, Carolyn Clancy, Marthe Gold, Marthe Gold (1993)
Health Insurance and Mortality: Evidence From a National CohortJAMA, 270
Elisa Lee (1994)
Statistical Methods for Survival Data AnalysisIEEE Transactions on Reliability, 35
P. Ries (1987)
Health care coverage by sociodemographic and health characteristics.Vital and health statistics. Series 10, Data from the National Health Survey, 162
Ward NB Lurie N (1986)
Termination of Medi-Cal benefits: a follow-up study one year laterN Engl J Med., 314
K. Kim, P. Moody (1992)
More resources better health? A cross-national perspective.Social science & medicine, 34 8
National Center for Health Statistics (1990)
National Death Index Users Manual
E. Ginzberg, M. Ostow (1991)
Beyond universal health insurance to effective health care.JAMA, 265 19
J. Haas, Udvarhelyi Is, C. Morris, Arnold Epstein (1993)
The effect of providing health coverage to poor uninsured pregnant women in Massachusetts.JAMA, 269 1
J. Weissman, C. Gatsonis, Arnold Epstein (1992)
Rates of avoidable hospitalization by insurance status in Massachusetts and Maryland.JAMA, 268 17
US Bureau of the Census (1978)
The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology
Wilkinson RG (1992)
Income distribution and life expectancyBMJ., 304
Rymer MP Burwell BO (1987)
Trends in Medicaid eligibility, 1975-1985Health Affairs., 6
Kurt Ulm (1990)
A simple method to calculate the confidence interval of a standardized mortality ratio (SMR)American journal of epidemiology, 131 2
M. Moyer (1989)
A revised look at the number of uninsured Americans.Health affairs, 8 2
Wayne Rasmussen (1983)
An evaluation of the Social Security Administration master beneficiary record file and the National Death Index in the ascertainment of vital status.American journal of public health, 73 11
E. Calle, Diane Terrell (1993)
Utility of the National Death Index for ascertainment of mortality among cancer prevention study II participants.American journal of epidemiology, 137 2
R. Wilkinson (1992)
Income distribution and life expectancy.British Medical Journal, 304
Jonathan Feinstein (1993)
The relationship between socioeconomic status and health: a review of the literature.The Milbank quarterly, 71 2
Abstract Objective: To compare mortality in persons with employer-provided health insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, military health benefits, other private health insurance, and no health insurance, before and after adjustment for income and employment status. Design: Cohort study using national survey data containing information on social, economic, and demographic factors and health insurance, with deaths identified through matching to the National Death Index resulting in a mortality follow-up period of 5 years. Setting: Noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Participants: Approximately 150 000 respondents to national surveys conducted by the US Bureau of the Census (Current Population Surveys), aged 25 to 64 years. Results: After adjustment for age and income, persons with Medicare and Medicaid had the highest mortality in comparison with those with employer-provided insurance, with relative risks generally greater than 2. With adjustment for age and income, persons without insurance had higher mortality than those with employer-provided insurance, with relative risks of 1.2 for white men and 1.5 for white women. These relationships held after adjustment for employment status, with the working uninsured showing mortality between 1.2 and 1.3 times higher than that of the working insured. Mortality was higher in those with lower incomes after adjustment for insurance status. Those with annual income of $10 000 or less per year had mortality about two times that of persons with incomes greater than $25 000 per year. Conclusion: Mortality was lowest in employed persons with employer-provided health insurance. The higher mortality in those with public insurance or with no insurance reflects an indeterminate mix of selection on existing health status and access to medical care.(Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:2409-2416) References 1. Winkelstein W. Medical care is not health care . JAMA. 1993;269:2504.Crossref 2. Hurowitz JC. Toward a social policy for health . N Engl J Med. 1993;329:130-133.Crossref 3. Adler NE, Boyce T, Chesney MA, Folkman S, Syme L. Socioeconomic inequalities in health . JAMA. 1993;269:3140-3145.Crossref 4. Rogot E, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, Glover CS, Treasure D. A Mortality Study of One Million Persons by Demographic, Social, and Economic Factors: 1979-1981 Follow-up . Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 1988. NIH publication 88-2896. 5. Rogot E, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, Schmitt C. A Mortality Study of 1.3 Million Persons by Demographic, Social, and Economic Factors: 1979-1985 Follow-up . Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 1992. NIH publication 92-3297. 6. US Bureau of the Census. The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology . Washington, DC: Dept of Commerce; 1978. Technical paper 40. 7. Moyer ME. A revised look at the number of uninsured Americans . Health Affairs. 1989;8:102-110.Crossref 8. National Center for Health Statistics. National Death Index Users Manual . Hyattsville, Md: Dept of Health and Human Services; 1990. DHHS publication (PHS) 90-1148. 9. Wentworth DN, Neaton JD, Rasmussen WL. An evaluation of the Social Security Administration Master Beneficiary Record file and the National Death Index in the ascertainment of vital status . Am J Public Health. 1983;73:1270-1274.Crossref 10. Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Speizer FE. Test of the National Death Index . Am J Epidemiol. 1984;119:837-839. 11. Williams BC, Demitrack LB, Fries BE. The accuracy of the National Death Index when personal identifiers other than Social Security number are used . Am J Public Health. 1992;82:1145-1147.Crossref 12. Calle EE, Terrell DT. Utility of the National Death Index for ascertainment of mortality among Cancer Prevention Study II participants . Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 137:235-241. 13. World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases: Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death, Ninth Revision . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1977. 14. Ulm K. A simple method to calculate the confidence interval of a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) . Am J Epidemiol. 1990;131:373-375. 15. Lee ET. Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis . 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1992. 16. Friedman E. The uninsured: from dilemma to crisis . JAMA. 1991;265:2491-2495.Crossref 17. Burwell BO, Rymer MP. Trends in Medicaid eligibility, 1975-1985 . Health Affairs. 1987;6:30-45.Crossref 18. Ries PW. Health care coverage by sociodemographic and health characteristics, United States, 1984 . In: Data From the National Health Survey , Series 10, No. 162. Hyattsville, Md: Dept of Health and Human Services; 1987:1-69. DHHS publication (PHS) 87-1590. 19. Franks P, Clancy CM, Gold MR. Health insurance and mortality . JAMA. 1993; 270:737-741.Crossref 20. Lurie N, Ward NB, Shapiro MF, Gallego C, Vaghaiwalla R, Brook RH. Termination of Medi-Cal benefits: a follow-up study one year later . N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1266-1268.Crossref 21. Patrick DL, Madden CW, Diehr P, Martin DP, Cheadle A, Skillman SM. Health status and use of services among families with and without health insurance . Med Care. 1992;30:941-949.Crossref 22. Weissman JS, Gatsonis C, Epstein AM. Rates of avoidable hospitalization by insurance status in Massachusetts and Maryland . JAMA . 1992;268:2388-2394.Crossref 23. Burstin HR, Lipsitz SR, Brennan TA. Socioeconomic status and risk for substandard medical care . JAMA. 1992;268:2383-2387.Crossref 24. Franks P, Clancy CM, Gold MR, Nutting PA. Health insurance and subjective health status: data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey . Am J Public Health. 1993;83:1295-1299.Crossref 25. Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. Caring for the poor . JAMA . 1993;269: 2533-2537.Crossref 26. Ginzberg E, Ostow M. Beyond universal health insurance to effective health care . JAMA. 1991;265:2559-2562.Crossref 27. Feinstein JS. The relationship between socioeconomic status and health: a review of the literature . Milbank Q. 1993;71:279-321.Crossref 28. Haas JS, Udvarhelyi IS, Morris CN, Epstein AM. The effect of providing health coverage to poor uninsured pregnant women in Massachusetts . JAMA. 1993; 269:87-91.Crossref 29. Kim K, Moody PM. More resources: better health? a cross-national perspective . Soc Sci Med. 1992;34:837-842.Crossref 30. Vagero D. Inequality in health: some theoretical and empirical problems . Soc Sci Med. 1991;32:367-371.Crossref 31. Wilkinson RG. Income distribution and life expectancy . BMJ. 1992;304:165-168.Crossref
Archives of Internal Medicine – American Medical Association
Published: Nov 14, 1994
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