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P. Wise, M. Kotelchuck, M. Wilson, M. Mills (1985)
Racial and socioeconomic disparities in childhood mortality in Boston.The New England journal of medicine, 313 6
Tarlov AR (1996)
Health and Social Organizations
P. West, S. Macintyre, E. Annandale, K. Hunt (1990)
Social class and health in youth: findings from the west of Scotland twenty-07 study.Social science & medicine, 30 6
M. Rosenberg, L. Pearlin (1978)
Social Class and Self-Esteem Among Children and AdultsAmerican Journal of Sociology, 84
X. Ren, B. Amick (1996)
Race and self assessed health status: the role of socioeconomic factors in the USA.Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 50
M. Sherer, J. Maddux, Blaise Mercandante, S. Prentice-Dunn, Beth Jacobs, R. Rogers (1982)
The Self-Efficacy Scale: Construction and ValidationPsychological Reports, 51
B. Amick (1995)
Society and health
H. Sweeting, P. West (1995)
Family life and health in adolescence: a role for culture in the health inequalities debate?Social science & medicine, 40 2
Nancy Adler, Thomas Boyce, Margaret Chesney, Sheldon Cohen, S. Folkman, Robert Kahn, S. Syme (1994)
Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient.American Psychologist, 49
M. Norusis (1992)
SPSS for Windows Base System User''s Guide
R. Mare (1982)
Socioeconomic effects on child mortality in the United States.American journal of public health, 72 6
Snow KS Ware JE (1993)
SF-36 Manual and Interpretation Guide
S. Macintyre, K. Hunt, H. Sweeting (1996)
Gender differences in health: are things really as simple as they seem?Social science & medicine, 42 4
T. Evans, R. Evans, M. Barer, T. Marmor (1995)
Why Are Some People Healthy and Others Not? The Determinants of Health of PopulationsHealth and Human Rights, 1
M. Scheier, C. Carver (2009)
Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 4 3
L. Pearlin, E. Menaghan, M. Lieberman, J. Mullan (1981)
The stress process.Journal of health and social behavior, 22 4
G. Pappas, S. Queen, W. Hadden, G. Fisher (1993)
The increasing disparity in mortality between socioeconomic groups in the United States, 1960 and 1986.The New England journal of medicine, 329 2
Sherbourne C Ware J (1992)
The MOS 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), I: conceptual framework and item selectionMed Care, 30
R. Lowry, L. Kann, J. Collins, L. Kolbe (1996)
The effect of socioeconomic status on chronic disease risk behaviors among US adolescents.JAMA, 276 10
N. Krieger (1990)
Social class and the black/white crossover in the age-specific incidence of breast cancer: a study linking census-derived data to population-based registry records.American journal of epidemiology, 131 5
P. West (1988)
Inequalities? Social class differentials in health in British youth.Social science & medicine, 27 4
GK Singh, S. Yu. (1996)
US childhood mortality, 1950 through 1993: Trends and socioeconomic diffferentials.American journal of public health, 86 4
Amick BC Ren XS (1996)
Race and self assessed health status: the role of socioeconomic factors in the United StatesJ Epidemiol Commun Health, 50
S. Macintyre, P. West (1991)
Lack of class variation in health in adolescence: an artefact of an occupational measure of social class?Social science & medicine, 32 4
J. Ware, C. Sherbourne (1992)
The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36)
A. Glendinning, J. Love, L. Hendry, J. Shucksmith (1992)
Adolescence and health inequalities: extensions to Macintyre and West.Social science & medicine, 35 5
M. Marmot, M. Bobák, G. Smith (1995)
Explanations for social inequalities in health
Abstract Objective: To explore how gender and social class affect perceptions of health status among 16-year-old adolescents. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: University psychology laboratory. Participants: Fifty upper-middle-class and 48 working-class adolescents stratified by gender. Main Outcome Measures: The general health perceptions (GHP) scale of the Medical Outcomes Survey 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). The other self-reported health status domains and 3 measures of different aspects of psychological well-being were included as covariates in analysis of variance models. Results: Upper-middle-class females reported the lowest and upper-middle-class males the highest GHP (76.7 vs 88.4, P=.003). A multivariate regression model (adjusted R2=0.08) revealed significant gender (P=.03) differences in GHP, but not a social class effect, and an interaction effect between gender and class (P=.01). With addition of psychological well-being covariates (P<.001), gender remained significant (P=.04) and a significant portion of the interaction effect (P=.13) was explained. When the self-reported physical health status scales (P<.001) were added to the model (adjusted R2=0.51), gender remained significant (P=.03) and the interaction effect was partially explained (P=.07). Conclusions: Gender is a crucial factor in understanding the complex relationships between sociostructural inequalities and health differentials. These data suggest that psychological well-being and self-reported physical health status mediate the effects of gender and the gender and social class interaction in explaining variation in GHP. Contrary to the social class gradient hypothesis, upper-middle-class females reported the lowest GHP. These results suggest that the paradigms applicable to early childhood and adulthood may not be appropriate to understand the complex dynamics of adolescence.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:899-904 References 1. Amick BC, Levine S, Tarlov AR, Chapman Walsh DC, eds. Society and Health . New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1995. 2. Evans RG, Barer ML, Marmor TR. Why Are Some People Healthy and Others Not? The Determinants of Health of Populations . New York, NY: Aldine De Gruyter; 1994. 3. Pappas G, Queen S, Hadden W, Fisher G. The increasing disparity in mortality between socioeconomic groups in the united states, 1960 and 1980 . New Engl J Med . 1993;329:103-109.Crossref 4. Marmot M, Bobak M, Smith GD. Explanations for social inequalities in health . In: Amick BC, Levine S, Tarlov AR. Chapman Walsh DC, eds. Society and Health . New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1995:172-210. 5. Adler NE, Boyce T, Chesney MA, et al. 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Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine – American Medical Association
Published: Sep 1, 1997
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