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Infectious Pneumonias of Early Infancy

Infectious Pneumonias of Early Infancy Abstract The use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents has appreciably lowered the mortality from bacterial infections, including pneumonia. Comparison of the figures on pneumonia mortality in the United States in 1936-1938 with the 1951-1953 statistics shows an over-all decrease in mortality in all age groups, as high as 89%.1 During this same period, the decrease in deaths among infants below one year of age was only 62%. Two recent statistical reports reveal that in the United States 19% of all deaths from pneumonia occurred in children less than one year old,2 and 29% of the infants affected were in the neonatal group.3 Arey and Arey4 estimated that pneumonia is the primary cause of death in 10% of infants dying in the neonatal period and is a contributory factor in an additional 25%. Autopsies performed on 76 stillborn and newborn infants revealed pulmonary inflammation of some degree in References 1. Epidemiological and Vital Statistics Report , Vol. 9, No. (9) , Geneva, WHO, 1956, pp. 510-532. 2. Annual Epidemiological and Vital Statistics , Geneva, WHO, 1955, p. 82. 3. Epidemiological and Vital Statistics Report , Vol. 13, No. (2) -3, Geneva, WHO, 1960, pp. 76-77. 4. Arey, H., and Arey, J.: Respiratory Disorders of Newborn Infants , Pediat. Clin. N. Amer. 4:53, 1957. 5. Schaffer, A. J.; Markowitz, M., and Perlman, A.: Pneumonia in Newborn Infants , J.A.M.A. 159:663, 1955.Crossref 6. Dykes, R. M.; Grundy, F., and Lewis-Faning, E.: Illness During the First 5 Years of Life: Results of an Inquiry in the Borough of Luton , Brit. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 7:31, 1953. 7. Becker, H., and Kerr, E.: Pneumonia in Harper Hospital, 1942-1958 , Amer. Practit. 10: 1701, 1959. 8. Cook, C. D.; Barrie, H., and Avery, M. E.: Respiration and Respiratory Problems of the Newborn Infant , Advance Pediat . 11:56, 1960. 9. Beaven, D. W., and Burry, A. F.: Staphy-lococcal Pneumonia in the Newborn: An epidemic with 8 Fatal Cases , Lancet 2:211, 1956.Crossref 10. Hendren, W. H., III, and Haggerty, R. J.: Staphylococcic Pneumonia in Infancy and Childhood , J.A.M.A. 168:6, 1958.Crossref 11. Koch, R.; Carson, M. J., and Donnell, G.: Staphylococcal Pneumonia in Children , J. Pediat. 55:473, 1959.Crossref 12. Meyers, H., and Jacobson, G.: Staphylococcal Pneumonia in Children and Adults , Radiology 72:665, 1959. 13. Pryles, C. V.: Staphylococcal Pneumonia in Infancy and Childhood , Pediatrics 21:609, 1958. 14. Schwab, P. J., II, and Daeschner, C. W., Jr.: Staphylococcal Pneumonia in Infants and Children , Texas J. Med. 54:304, 1958. 15. Cunliffe, A. C.: Incidence of Staphylococcus Aureus in the Anterior Nares of Healthy Children , Lancet 2:411, 1949.Crossref 16. Edmunds, P. N.; Elias-Jones, T. F.; Forfar, J. O., and Balf, C. L.: Pathogenic Staphylococci in the Environment of the Newborn Infant , Brit. Med. J. 1:990, 1955.Crossref 17. Smith, M. H. D.: Bacterial Pathogens of the Respiratory Tract of the Newborn Infant , Pediat. Clin. N. Amer. 4:69, 1957. 18. Baldwin, J. N.; Rheins, M. S.; Sylvester, R. F., and Shaffer, T. E.: Staphylococcal Infections in Newborn Infants: III. Colonization of Newborn Infants by Staphylococcus Pyogenes , A.M.A.J. Dis. Child. 94:107, 1957.Crossref 19. Eichenwald, H., and Shinefield, H. R.: The Problem of Staphylococcal Infection in Newborn Infants , J. Pediat. 56:665, 1960.Crossref 20. Bryce, L. M., and Burnet, F. M.: Natural Immunity to Staphylococcal Toxin , J. Path. Bact. 35:183, 1932.Crossref 21. Shaffer, T. E.; Baldwin, J. N.; Rheins, M. S., and Sylvester, R. F.: Staphylococcal Infection in Newborn Infants: I. Study of an Epidemic Among Infants and Nursing Mothers , Pediatrics 18:750, 1956. 22. Wilson, J. F.; Cross, G., and Garza, B. L.: Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia: Report of a Case and Review of the Recent Literature , Pediatrics 25:468, 1960. 23. McKay, E., and Richardson, J.: Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia Associated with Hypogammaglobulinemia , Lancet 2:713, 1959.Crossref 24. Russell, J. G. B.: Pneumocystis Pneumonia Associated with Agammaglobulinemia , Arch. Dis. Child. 34:338, 1959.Crossref 25. Gajdusek, D. C.: Pneumocystis Carinii—Etiologic Agent of Interstitial Plasma Cell Pneumonia of Premature and Young Infants , Pediatrics 19:543, 1957. 26. Berdnikoff, G.: Fourteen Personal Cases of Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia , Canad. Med. Ass. J. 80:1, 1959. 27. Sheldon, W. H.: Subclinical Pneumocystis Pneumonitis , A.M.A.J. Dis. Child. 97:287, 1959. 28. Adams, J. M.: Primary Virus Pneumonitis with Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies: Study of an Epidemic Involving 32 Infants, with 9 Deaths , J.A.M.A. 116:925, 1941.Crossref 29. Adams, J. M.; Imagawa, D. T.; Yoshimori, M., and Huntington, R. W.: Giant-Cell Pneumonia Clinicopathologic and Experimental Studies , Pediatrics 18:888, 1956. 30. Pinkerton, H.; Smiley, W. L., and Anderson, W. A. D.: Giant-Cell Pneumonia with Inclusions , Amer. J. Path. 21:1, 1954. 31. Wainwright, J.: Giant-Cell Pneumonia of Infancy , S. Afr. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 4:64, 1958. 32. Adams, J. M., and Imagawa, D. T.: The Relationship of Canine Distemper to Human Respiratory Disease , Pediat. Clin. N. Amer. 4: 193, 1957. 33. Enders, J. F.; McCarthy, K.; Mitus, A., and Cheatham, W. J.: The Isolation of Measles Virus at Autopsy in Cases of Giant-Cell Pneumonia Without Rash , New Engl. J. Med. 261:875, 1959.Crossref 34. Namiki, H.: Giant-Cell Pneumonia , J. Okla. Med. Ass. 52:311, 1959. 35. Mitus, A.; Enders, J. F.; Craig, J. M., and Holloway, A.: Persistence of Measles Virus and Depression of Antibody Formation in Patients with Giant-Cell Pneumonia After Measles , New Engl. J. Med. 26:882, 1959.Crossref 36. Chany, C.; Lepine, P.; Delong, M.; Le-Tan-Vink, S., and Virat, J.: Severe and Fatal Pneumonia in Infants and Young Children Associated with Adenovirus Infections , Amer. J. Hyg. 67: 367, 1958. 37. Kawai, K.: Pathology and Pathologic Anatomy of Adenovirus Infection Based on 3 Autopsy Cases of Infantile Pneumonia , Jap. J. Exp. Med. 29:359, 1959. 38. Kusane, N.; Kawai, K., and Asyama, V.: Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies in Fatal Infantile Pneumonia Due to Adenovirus , Jap. J. Exp. Med. 28:301, 1958. 39. Maturnoto, M.; Uchida, S., and Hoshika, T.: Isolation of an Intermediate Type of Adenovirus from a Fatal Case of Infantile Pneumonia , Jap. J. Exp. Med. 28:305, 1958. 40. Ninomiya, S.: A Fatal Case of Infantile Pneumonia Due to Adenovirus: Pathological Findings , Jap. J. Exp. Med. 28:297, 1958. 41. Osada, R., and Hanayama, R.: A Fatal Case of Infantile Pneumonia Due to Adenovirus: Clinical Findings , Jap. J. Exp. Med. 28:293, 1958. 42. Deinhardt, F.; May, R. D.; Calhoun, H., and Sullivan, H. E.: The Isolation of Adenovirus Type I from a Fatal Case of Viral Pneu-monitis , A.M.A. Arch. Intern. Med. 102:816, 1958.Crossref 43. Oseasohn, R.; Adelson, L., and Koji, M.: Clinicopathologic Study of 33 Fatal Cases of Asian Influenza , New Engl. J. Med. 260:509, 1959.Crossref 44. Sano, T.; Niitsu, I.; Nakagawa, I., and Avdo, T.: Newborn Virus Pneumonitis (Type Sendai) I: Report; Clinical Observation of a New Virus Pneumonitis of the Newborn , Yoka-hama Med. Bull. 4:199, 1953. 45. Matsuyama, T.; Hara, K.; Ishibashi, C., and Zen-Yoja, H.: The Isolation of a Virus from an Epidemic of Fatal Suckling Pneumonitis , Gunma J. Med. Sci. 6:1, 1957. 46. Kuroya, M.; Ishida, N., and Shiratori, T.: Newborn Virus Pneumonitis (Type Sendai) II: Report; The Isolation of a New Virus Possessive of Hemagglutinating Activity , Yokahama Med. Bull. 4:217, 1953. 47. Cook, M. K.; Chanock, R. M.; Parrott, R. H., and Huebner, R. J.: Role of PAP (Eaton-Liu) Virus in Childhood Respiratory Disease , abstracted in A.M.A.J. Dis. Child. 98:575, 1959. 48. Javett, S. N.; Heymann, S.; Mundel, B.: Pepler, W. J.; Lurie, H. I.; Gear, J.; Measroch, V., and Kirsch, Z.: Myocarditis in the Newborn Infant , J. Pediat. 48:1, 1956.Crossref 49. Sode, J., and Baker, W. J.: Acute Benign Pericarditis and Pneumonitis , A.M.A. Arch. Intern. Med. 104:313, 1959.Crossref 50. Shwachman, H.: Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas , Pediatrics 25:155, 1960. 51. Gold, E.; Carter, D.; Heineberg, H., and Adelson, L.: Viral Infection: A Possible Cause of Sudden Unexpected Death in Infants , abstracted in A.M.A. J. Dis. Child. 98:591, 1959. 52. Adams, J. M.: Sudden Death in Infants Due to Pneumonia , J. Pediat. 23:189, 1943.Crossref 53. Gruenwald, P., and Jacobi, M.: Mononuclear Pneumonia in Sudden Death or Rapidly Fatal Illness in Infants , J. Pediat. 39:650, 1951.Crossref 54. Bowden, K. M., and French, E. L.: Unexpected Death in Infants and Young Children: Second Series , Med. J. Aust. 1:925, 1951. 55. Adelson, L., and Kinney, E. R.: Sudden and Unexpected Death in Infancy and Childhood , Pediatrics 17:663, 1956. 56. Stowens, D.: Sudden, Unexpected Death in Infancy , Postgrad. Med. 23:A52, 1958. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png American Journal of Diseases of Children American Medical Association

Infectious Pneumonias of Early Infancy

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References (62)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1961 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0002-922X
DOI
10.1001/archpedi.1961.02080010125020
Publisher site
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Abstract

Abstract The use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents has appreciably lowered the mortality from bacterial infections, including pneumonia. Comparison of the figures on pneumonia mortality in the United States in 1936-1938 with the 1951-1953 statistics shows an over-all decrease in mortality in all age groups, as high as 89%.1 During this same period, the decrease in deaths among infants below one year of age was only 62%. Two recent statistical reports reveal that in the United States 19% of all deaths from pneumonia occurred in children less than one year old,2 and 29% of the infants affected were in the neonatal group.3 Arey and Arey4 estimated that pneumonia is the primary cause of death in 10% of infants dying in the neonatal period and is a contributory factor in an additional 25%. Autopsies performed on 76 stillborn and newborn infants revealed pulmonary inflammation of some degree in References 1. Epidemiological and Vital Statistics Report , Vol. 9, No. (9) , Geneva, WHO, 1956, pp. 510-532. 2. Annual Epidemiological and Vital Statistics , Geneva, WHO, 1955, p. 82. 3. Epidemiological and Vital Statistics Report , Vol. 13, No. (2) -3, Geneva, WHO, 1960, pp. 76-77. 4. Arey, H., and Arey, J.: Respiratory Disorders of Newborn Infants , Pediat. Clin. N. Amer. 4:53, 1957. 5. Schaffer, A. J.; Markowitz, M., and Perlman, A.: Pneumonia in Newborn Infants , J.A.M.A. 159:663, 1955.Crossref 6. Dykes, R. M.; Grundy, F., and Lewis-Faning, E.: Illness During the First 5 Years of Life: Results of an Inquiry in the Borough of Luton , Brit. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 7:31, 1953. 7. Becker, H., and Kerr, E.: Pneumonia in Harper Hospital, 1942-1958 , Amer. Practit. 10: 1701, 1959. 8. Cook, C. D.; Barrie, H., and Avery, M. E.: Respiration and Respiratory Problems of the Newborn Infant , Advance Pediat . 11:56, 1960. 9. Beaven, D. W., and Burry, A. F.: Staphy-lococcal Pneumonia in the Newborn: An epidemic with 8 Fatal Cases , Lancet 2:211, 1956.Crossref 10. Hendren, W. H., III, and Haggerty, R. J.: Staphylococcic Pneumonia in Infancy and Childhood , J.A.M.A. 168:6, 1958.Crossref 11. Koch, R.; Carson, M. J., and Donnell, G.: Staphylococcal Pneumonia in Children , J. Pediat. 55:473, 1959.Crossref 12. Meyers, H., and Jacobson, G.: Staphylococcal Pneumonia in Children and Adults , Radiology 72:665, 1959. 13. Pryles, C. V.: Staphylococcal Pneumonia in Infancy and Childhood , Pediatrics 21:609, 1958. 14. Schwab, P. J., II, and Daeschner, C. W., Jr.: Staphylococcal Pneumonia in Infants and Children , Texas J. Med. 54:304, 1958. 15. Cunliffe, A. C.: Incidence of Staphylococcus Aureus in the Anterior Nares of Healthy Children , Lancet 2:411, 1949.Crossref 16. Edmunds, P. N.; Elias-Jones, T. F.; Forfar, J. O., and Balf, C. L.: Pathogenic Staphylococci in the Environment of the Newborn Infant , Brit. Med. J. 1:990, 1955.Crossref 17. Smith, M. H. D.: Bacterial Pathogens of the Respiratory Tract of the Newborn Infant , Pediat. Clin. N. Amer. 4:69, 1957. 18. Baldwin, J. N.; Rheins, M. S.; Sylvester, R. F., and Shaffer, T. E.: Staphylococcal Infections in Newborn Infants: III. Colonization of Newborn Infants by Staphylococcus Pyogenes , A.M.A.J. Dis. Child. 94:107, 1957.Crossref 19. Eichenwald, H., and Shinefield, H. R.: The Problem of Staphylococcal Infection in Newborn Infants , J. Pediat. 56:665, 1960.Crossref 20. Bryce, L. M., and Burnet, F. M.: Natural Immunity to Staphylococcal Toxin , J. Path. Bact. 35:183, 1932.Crossref 21. Shaffer, T. E.; Baldwin, J. N.; Rheins, M. S., and Sylvester, R. F.: Staphylococcal Infection in Newborn Infants: I. Study of an Epidemic Among Infants and Nursing Mothers , Pediatrics 18:750, 1956. 22. Wilson, J. F.; Cross, G., and Garza, B. L.: Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia: Report of a Case and Review of the Recent Literature , Pediatrics 25:468, 1960. 23. McKay, E., and Richardson, J.: Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia Associated with Hypogammaglobulinemia , Lancet 2:713, 1959.Crossref 24. Russell, J. G. B.: Pneumocystis Pneumonia Associated with Agammaglobulinemia , Arch. Dis. Child. 34:338, 1959.Crossref 25. Gajdusek, D. C.: Pneumocystis Carinii—Etiologic Agent of Interstitial Plasma Cell Pneumonia of Premature and Young Infants , Pediatrics 19:543, 1957. 26. Berdnikoff, G.: Fourteen Personal Cases of Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia , Canad. Med. Ass. J. 80:1, 1959. 27. Sheldon, W. H.: Subclinical Pneumocystis Pneumonitis , A.M.A.J. Dis. Child. 97:287, 1959. 28. Adams, J. M.: Primary Virus Pneumonitis with Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies: Study of an Epidemic Involving 32 Infants, with 9 Deaths , J.A.M.A. 116:925, 1941.Crossref 29. Adams, J. M.; Imagawa, D. T.; Yoshimori, M., and Huntington, R. W.: Giant-Cell Pneumonia Clinicopathologic and Experimental Studies , Pediatrics 18:888, 1956. 30. Pinkerton, H.; Smiley, W. L., and Anderson, W. A. D.: Giant-Cell Pneumonia with Inclusions , Amer. J. Path. 21:1, 1954. 31. Wainwright, J.: Giant-Cell Pneumonia of Infancy , S. Afr. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 4:64, 1958. 32. Adams, J. M., and Imagawa, D. T.: The Relationship of Canine Distemper to Human Respiratory Disease , Pediat. Clin. N. Amer. 4: 193, 1957. 33. Enders, J. F.; McCarthy, K.; Mitus, A., and Cheatham, W. J.: The Isolation of Measles Virus at Autopsy in Cases of Giant-Cell Pneumonia Without Rash , New Engl. J. Med. 261:875, 1959.Crossref 34. Namiki, H.: Giant-Cell Pneumonia , J. Okla. Med. Ass. 52:311, 1959. 35. Mitus, A.; Enders, J. F.; Craig, J. M., and Holloway, A.: Persistence of Measles Virus and Depression of Antibody Formation in Patients with Giant-Cell Pneumonia After Measles , New Engl. J. Med. 26:882, 1959.Crossref 36. Chany, C.; Lepine, P.; Delong, M.; Le-Tan-Vink, S., and Virat, J.: Severe and Fatal Pneumonia in Infants and Young Children Associated with Adenovirus Infections , Amer. J. Hyg. 67: 367, 1958. 37. Kawai, K.: Pathology and Pathologic Anatomy of Adenovirus Infection Based on 3 Autopsy Cases of Infantile Pneumonia , Jap. J. Exp. Med. 29:359, 1959. 38. Kusane, N.; Kawai, K., and Asyama, V.: Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies in Fatal Infantile Pneumonia Due to Adenovirus , Jap. J. Exp. Med. 28:301, 1958. 39. Maturnoto, M.; Uchida, S., and Hoshika, T.: Isolation of an Intermediate Type of Adenovirus from a Fatal Case of Infantile Pneumonia , Jap. J. Exp. Med. 28:305, 1958. 40. Ninomiya, S.: A Fatal Case of Infantile Pneumonia Due to Adenovirus: Pathological Findings , Jap. J. Exp. Med. 28:297, 1958. 41. Osada, R., and Hanayama, R.: A Fatal Case of Infantile Pneumonia Due to Adenovirus: Clinical Findings , Jap. J. Exp. Med. 28:293, 1958. 42. Deinhardt, F.; May, R. D.; Calhoun, H., and Sullivan, H. E.: The Isolation of Adenovirus Type I from a Fatal Case of Viral Pneu-monitis , A.M.A. Arch. Intern. Med. 102:816, 1958.Crossref 43. Oseasohn, R.; Adelson, L., and Koji, M.: Clinicopathologic Study of 33 Fatal Cases of Asian Influenza , New Engl. J. Med. 260:509, 1959.Crossref 44. Sano, T.; Niitsu, I.; Nakagawa, I., and Avdo, T.: Newborn Virus Pneumonitis (Type Sendai) I: Report; Clinical Observation of a New Virus Pneumonitis of the Newborn , Yoka-hama Med. Bull. 4:199, 1953. 45. Matsuyama, T.; Hara, K.; Ishibashi, C., and Zen-Yoja, H.: The Isolation of a Virus from an Epidemic of Fatal Suckling Pneumonitis , Gunma J. Med. Sci. 6:1, 1957. 46. Kuroya, M.; Ishida, N., and Shiratori, T.: Newborn Virus Pneumonitis (Type Sendai) II: Report; The Isolation of a New Virus Possessive of Hemagglutinating Activity , Yokahama Med. Bull. 4:217, 1953. 47. Cook, M. K.; Chanock, R. M.; Parrott, R. H., and Huebner, R. J.: Role of PAP (Eaton-Liu) Virus in Childhood Respiratory Disease , abstracted in A.M.A.J. Dis. Child. 98:575, 1959. 48. Javett, S. N.; Heymann, S.; Mundel, B.: Pepler, W. J.; Lurie, H. I.; Gear, J.; Measroch, V., and Kirsch, Z.: Myocarditis in the Newborn Infant , J. Pediat. 48:1, 1956.Crossref 49. Sode, J., and Baker, W. J.: Acute Benign Pericarditis and Pneumonitis , A.M.A. Arch. Intern. Med. 104:313, 1959.Crossref 50. Shwachman, H.: Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas , Pediatrics 25:155, 1960. 51. Gold, E.; Carter, D.; Heineberg, H., and Adelson, L.: Viral Infection: A Possible Cause of Sudden Unexpected Death in Infants , abstracted in A.M.A. J. Dis. Child. 98:591, 1959. 52. Adams, J. M.: Sudden Death in Infants Due to Pneumonia , J. Pediat. 23:189, 1943.Crossref 53. Gruenwald, P., and Jacobi, M.: Mononuclear Pneumonia in Sudden Death or Rapidly Fatal Illness in Infants , J. Pediat. 39:650, 1951.Crossref 54. Bowden, K. M., and French, E. L.: Unexpected Death in Infants and Young Children: Second Series , Med. J. Aust. 1:925, 1951. 55. Adelson, L., and Kinney, E. R.: Sudden and Unexpected Death in Infancy and Childhood , Pediatrics 17:663, 1956. 56. Stowens, D.: Sudden, Unexpected Death in Infancy , Postgrad. Med. 23:A52, 1958.

Journal

American Journal of Diseases of Children – American Medical Association

Published: Jul 1, 1961

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