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J. Kreiss, D. Koech, F. Plummer, K. Holmes, M. Lightfoote, P. Piot, A. Ronald, J. Ndinya-Achola, L. D'costa, P. Roberts, E. Ngugi, T. Quinn (1986)
AIDS virus infection in Nairobi prostitutes. Spread of the epidemic to East Africa.The New England journal of medicine, 314 7
Jacobs B Whittington WL
Program and abstracts of the Fifth International Conference on AIDS
J. Bwayo, A. Mutere, M. Omari, J. Kreiss, W. Jaoko, C. Sekkade-Kigondu, F. Plummer (1991)
Long distance truck drivers. 2: Knowledge and attitudes concerning sexually transmitted diseases and sexual behaviour.East African medical journal, 68 9
J. Simonsen, Cameron Dw, Cameron Dw, Cameron Dw, Gakinya Mn, Gakinya Mn, Gakinya Mn, J. Ndinya‐Achola, J. Ndinya‐Achola, J. Ndinya‐Achola, L. D'costa, L. D'costa, L. D'costa, P. Karasira, P. Karasira, P. Karasira, M. Cheang, M. Cheang, M. Cheang, A. Ronald, A. Ronald, A. Ronald, P. Piot, P. Piot, P. Piot, F. Plummer, F. Plummer, F. Plummer (1988)
Human immunodeficiency virus infection among men with sexually transmitted diseases. Experience from a center in Africa.The New England journal of medicine, 319 5
Elizabeth Ngugi, J. Simonsen, M. Bosire, Allan Ronald, FRANCIS Plummer, Cameron Dw, Peter Waiyaki, J. Ndinya‐Achola (1988)
PREVENTION OF TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS IN AFRICA: EFFECTIVENESS OF CONDOM PROMOTION AND HEALTH EDUCATION AMONG PROSTITUTESThe Lancet, 332
F. Plummer, N. Nagelkerke, S. Moses, J. Ndinya-Achola, J. Bwayo, E. Ngugi (1991)
The importance of core groups in the epidemiology and control of HIV-1 infection.AIDS, 5 Suppl 1
J. Carswell, Graham Lloyd, Julian Howells (1989)
Prevalence of HIV-1 in east African lorry drivers.AIDS, 3 11
J. Yorke, H. Hethcote, A. Nold (1978)
Dynamics and Control of the Transmission of GonorrheaSexually Transmitted Diseases, 5
Omari AM Bwayo JJ (1991)
Long distance truck-drivers, I: prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)East Afr Med J., 68
R. Greenblatt, S. Lukehart, F. Plummer, T. Quinn, C. Critchlow, R. Ashley, Lourdes DʼCosta, J. Ndinya-Achola, Lawrence Corey, A. Ronald, K. Holmes (1988)
Genital ulceration as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection.AIDS, 2 1
P. Taylor, P. Rodin (1975)
Herpes genitalis and circumcision.The British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 51
Richard Hooper, G. Reynolds, O. Jones, A. Zaidi, P. Wiesner, K. Latimer, A. Lester, A. Campbell, W. Harrison, W. Karney, King Holmes (1978)
Cohort study of venereal disease. I: the risk of gonorrhea transmission from infected women to men.American journal of epidemiology, 108 2
F. Plummer, J. Simonsen, D. Cameron, J. Ndinya-Achola, J. Kreiss, MichaelN Gakinya, P. Waiyaki, M. Cheang, P. Piot, A. Ronald, E. Ngugi (1991)
Cofactors in male-female sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.The Journal of infectious diseases, 163 2
G. Smith, R. Greenup, E. Takafuji (1987)
Circumcision as a risk factor for urethritis in racial groups.American journal of public health, 77 4
Rothman KJ (1986)
Modern Epidemiology.
Parker Sw, Stewart Aj, Wren Mn, Gollow Mm, Straton Ja (1983)
Circumcision and sexually transmissible disease.The Medical Journal of Australia, 2
M. Laga, A. Manoka, M. Kivuvu, B. Malele, M. Tuliza, N. Nzila, J. Goeman, F. Behets, V. Batter, M. Alary (1993)
Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study.AIDS, 7 1
D.William Cameron, L. D'costa, G. Maitha, M. Cheang, P. Piot, J. Simonsen, AllanR Ronald, MichaelN Gakinya, J. Ndinya-Achola, RobertC Brunham, F. Plummer (1989)
FEMALE TO MALE TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1: RISK FACTORS FOR SEROCONVERSION IN MENThe Lancet, 334
R. Anderson, R. May, M. Boily, G. Garnett, J. Rowley (1991)
The spread of HIV-1 in Africa: sexual contact patterns and the predicted demographic impact of AIDSNature, 352
Abstract Background: A cross-sectional survey was performed to determine the seroprevalence and correlates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among long-distance truck drivers in Kenya. Methods: Truck drivers along the Mombasa-Nairobi highway were enrolled at a roadside research clinic. A standardized interview and serologic evaluation for HIV and syphilis were conducted. Results: We enrolled 970 truck drivers and their assistants of whom 257 (27%) had HIV antibodies. In univariate analysis, HIV infection was correlated with older age, non-Kenyan nationality, Christian religion, longer duration of truck driving, travel outside of Kenya, less frequent visits to wives, and more frequent visits to prostitutes. Uncircumcised status, history of genital ulcer disease or urethritis during the previous 5 years, and a positive Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay for syphilis were each associated with positive HIV serostatus. Univariate correlates of uncircumcised status included younger age, non-Kenyan nationality, Christian religion, travel outside of Kenya, and less frequent visits to prostitutes. There was a significant association between uncircumcised status and 5-year history of genital ulcer disease or serologic evidence of syphilis, but not with 5-year history of urethritis. In multivariate analysis, HIV infection was independently associated with uncircumcised status (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8 to 8.4), history of genital ulcer disease (adjusted OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.5 to 4.1), history of urethritis (adjusted OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.9), more frequent sex with prostitutes (more than once per month; adjusted OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.8), and positive T pallidum hemagglutination assay (adjusted OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.4). The attributable risk percentage for the association between HIV and uncircumcised status was 70%, and the population attributable risk was 25%. Conclusions: Truck drivers in east Africa are at high risk of HIV infection. The strongest correlates of HIV sero-positivity were uncircumcised status and history of both ulcerative and nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases.(Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1391-1396) References 1. Kreiss JK, Koech D, Plummer FA, et al. AIDS virus infection in Nairobi prostitutes: spread of the epidemic to East Africa . N Engl J Med. 1986;314:414-418.Crossref 2. Ngugi EN, Plummer FA, Simonsen JN, et al. Prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Africa: effectiveness of condom promotion and health education among prostitutes . Lancet. 1988;2:887-890.Crossref 3. Carswell JW, Lloyd G, Howells J. Prevalence of HIV-1 in east African lorry drivers . AIDS. 1989;3:759-761.Crossref 4. Bwayo JJ, Omari AM, Mutere AN, et al. Long distance truck-drivers, I: prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) . East Afr Med J. 1991;68:425429. 5. Bwayo JJ, Mutere AN, Omari MA, et al. Long distance truck-drivers, II: knowledge and attitudes concerning sexually transmitted diseases and sexual behavior . East Afr Med J. 1991;68:714-719. 6. Greenblatt R, Lukehart SL, Plummer FA, et al. Genital ulceration as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection . AIDS. 1988;2:47-50.Crossref 7. Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, D'Costa LJ, et al. Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 risk factors for seroconversion in men . Lancet. 1989;2:403-407.Crossref 8. Simonsen JN, Cameron DW, Gakinya MN, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection among men with sexually transmitted diseases: experience from a center in Africa . N Engl J Med. 1988;319:274-278.Crossref 9. Rothman KJ. Modern Epidemiology. Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co; 1986: 38-39. 10. Anderson RM, May RM, Boily MD, Garnett GP, Rowley JT. The spread of HIV-1 in Africa: sexual contact patterns and the predicted demographic impact of AIDS . Nature. 1991;352:581-589.Crossref 11. Yorke AY, Hethcote HW, Nold A. Dynamics and control of the transmission of gonorrhea . Sex Transm Dis. 1987;5:51-56.Crossref 12. Plummer FA, Nagelkerke NJD, Moses S, Ndinya-Achola JO, Bwayo J, Ngugi E. The importance of core groups in the epidemiology and control of HIV-1 infection . AIDS. 1991;5( (suppl 1) ):S169-S176.Crossref 13. Plummer FA, Simonsen JN, Cameron DW, et al. Cofactors in male-female sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 . J Infect Dis. 1991; 163:233-239.Crossref 14. Laga M, Manoka AT, Kivuvu M, et al. Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study . AIDS. 1993;7:95-102.Crossref 15. Whittington WL, Jacobs B, Lewis J, Lee F, Edwards T, Nahmias A. HIV-1 in patients with genital lesions attending a North American STD clinic: assessment of risk factors . In: Program and abstracts of the Fifth International Conference on AIDS; June 4-9, 1989 ; Montreal, Quebec. Abstract T.A.P. 118. 16. Parker SW, Stewart AJ, Wren MN, Gollow MM, Straton JAY. Circumcision and sexually transmissible disease . Med J Aust. 1983;2:288-290. 17. Taylor PK, Rodin P. Herpes genitalis and circumcision . Br J Venereal Dis. 1975; 51:274-277. 18. Hooper RR, Reynolds GN, Jones OG, et al. Cohort study of venereal disease, I: the risk of gonorrhea transmission from infected women to men . Am J Epidemiol. 1978;108:136-144. 19. Smith GL, Greenup R, Takafuji ET. Circumcision as a risk factor for urethritis in racial groups . Am J Public Health. 1987;77:452-454.Crossref
Archives of Internal Medicine – American Medical Association
Published: Jun 27, 1994
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