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Elevated Blood Lead Levels and the in Situ Analysis of Wall Paint by X-Ray Fluorescence

Elevated Blood Lead Levels and the in Situ Analysis of Wall Paint by X-Ray Fluorescence Abstract In January and February of 1971, a total of 81 children in two Cincinnati central city communities were screened for elevated blood lead levels. Seventeen of these children had blood lead levels over 40μg/100 gm of whole blood analyzed by the dithizone method. The absence of symptoms or signs of hematologic and radiographic changes emphasized that dependence on these is insufficient in identifying children with increased lead burdens. Lead was identified by an x-ray fluorescence analyzer in all the houses in which the screened children lived. Exterior surfaces had higher lead content than interior doors and doorways, which in turn had more lead content than other interior surfaces. References 1. Sachs HK, et al: Ambulatory treatment of lead poisoning: Report of 1,155 cases . Pediatrics 46:389-396, 1970. 2. Blanksma LA, et al: Incidence of high blood lead levels in Chicago children . Pediatrics 44( (pt 1) ):661-667, 1969. 3. Lin-Fu JS: Childhood lead poisoning: An eradicable disease . Children 17:2-9, 1970. 4. Statement of American Academy of Pediatrics . Pediatrics 44:291-298, 1969. 5. Chisolm JJ Jr: The use of chelating agents in the treatment of acute and chronic lead intoxication in childhood . J Pediatr 73:1-38, 1968.Crossref 6. Lin-Fu JS: Lead poisoning in children . Children's Bureau publication 452-1967, Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare. 7. Hardy L: Symposium on Environmental Lead Contamination, Public Health Service publication 1440. Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1965. 8. Oberle MW: Lead poisoning: A preventable childhood disease of the slums . Science 165:991-992, 1969.Crossref 9. Christian JB, Celewycy BS, Andelman SL: A three-year study of lead poisoning in Chicago . Am J Public Health 54:1241-1251, 1964.Crossref 10. Lead paint poisoning in children. Baltimore City Health Department, 1968. 11. Jacobziner H: Lead poisoning in childhood: Epidemiology, manifestations, and prevention . Clin Pediatr 5:277-286, 1966.Crossref 12. Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, Maternal and Child Health Information bulletin 11, Feb 1971. 13. Smith HD: Pediatric lead poisoning . Arch Environ Health 8:256-261, 1964.Crossref 14. Smith HD, et al: The sequelae of pica with and without lead poisoning . Am J Dis Child 105:609-616, 1963.Crossref 15. Byers RK, Lord EE: Late effects of lead poisoning on mental development . Am J Dis Child 66:471-494, 1943. 16. Medical aspects of childhood lead poisoning: Statement approved by the surgeon general, Public Health Service . Pediatrics 48:464-468, 1971. 17. King BG: Maximum daily intake of lead without excessive body lead-burden in children . Am J Dis Child 122:337-340, 1971. 18. Cholak J: Analytical methods for determinations of lead . Arch Environ Health 8:222-231, 1964.Crossref 19. Tepper LB, Pfitzer EA: Clinical and biochemical approaches to the study of lead at low levels . University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 1970. 20. Laurer GR, et al: X-ray fluorescence detection of lead in wall paint . Science 172:466-468, 1971.Crossref 21. Watson RJ, Decker E, Lichtman HE: Hematologic studies of children with lead poisoning . Pediatrics 21:40-46, 1958. 22. Chisolm JJ Jr: Disturbances in the biosynthesis of heme in lead intoxication . J Pediatr 64:174-187, 1964.Crossref 23. Chisolm JJ Jr, Harrison HE: The exposure of children to lead . Pediatrics 18:943-948, 1956. 24. Keith L, Brown E, Rosenberg G: Pica: The unfinished story . Perspect Biol Med 13:626-632, 1970. 25. Neumann HH: Pica-symptom or vestigial instinct? Pediatrics 46:441-444, 1970. 26. Lourie RS, Layman EM, Millican FK: Why children eat things that are not food . Children 10:143-146, 1963. 27. Patterson CC: Contaminated and natural lead environments of man . Arch Environ Health 11:344-360, 1965.Crossref 28. Klein M, et al: Earthenware containers as a source of fatal lead poisoning . N Engl J Med 283:669-672, 1970.Crossref 29. Travers E, Rendel-Short J, Harvey CC: The Rotherham lead poisoning outbreak . Lancet 2:113-116, 1956.Crossref 30. Goldsmith JR, Hexter AC: Respiratory exposure to lead: Epidemiological and experimental dose-response relationships . Science 158:132-134, 1967.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png American Journal of Diseases of Children American Medical Association

Elevated Blood Lead Levels and the in Situ Analysis of Wall Paint by X-Ray Fluorescence

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References (33)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1972 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0002-922X
DOI
10.1001/archpedi.1972.02110160038003
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Abstract In January and February of 1971, a total of 81 children in two Cincinnati central city communities were screened for elevated blood lead levels. Seventeen of these children had blood lead levels over 40μg/100 gm of whole blood analyzed by the dithizone method. The absence of symptoms or signs of hematologic and radiographic changes emphasized that dependence on these is insufficient in identifying children with increased lead burdens. Lead was identified by an x-ray fluorescence analyzer in all the houses in which the screened children lived. Exterior surfaces had higher lead content than interior doors and doorways, which in turn had more lead content than other interior surfaces. References 1. Sachs HK, et al: Ambulatory treatment of lead poisoning: Report of 1,155 cases . Pediatrics 46:389-396, 1970. 2. Blanksma LA, et al: Incidence of high blood lead levels in Chicago children . Pediatrics 44( (pt 1) ):661-667, 1969. 3. Lin-Fu JS: Childhood lead poisoning: An eradicable disease . Children 17:2-9, 1970. 4. Statement of American Academy of Pediatrics . Pediatrics 44:291-298, 1969. 5. Chisolm JJ Jr: The use of chelating agents in the treatment of acute and chronic lead intoxication in childhood . J Pediatr 73:1-38, 1968.Crossref 6. Lin-Fu JS: Lead poisoning in children . Children's Bureau publication 452-1967, Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare. 7. Hardy L: Symposium on Environmental Lead Contamination, Public Health Service publication 1440. Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1965. 8. Oberle MW: Lead poisoning: A preventable childhood disease of the slums . Science 165:991-992, 1969.Crossref 9. Christian JB, Celewycy BS, Andelman SL: A three-year study of lead poisoning in Chicago . Am J Public Health 54:1241-1251, 1964.Crossref 10. Lead paint poisoning in children. Baltimore City Health Department, 1968. 11. Jacobziner H: Lead poisoning in childhood: Epidemiology, manifestations, and prevention . Clin Pediatr 5:277-286, 1966.Crossref 12. Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, Maternal and Child Health Information bulletin 11, Feb 1971. 13. Smith HD: Pediatric lead poisoning . Arch Environ Health 8:256-261, 1964.Crossref 14. Smith HD, et al: The sequelae of pica with and without lead poisoning . Am J Dis Child 105:609-616, 1963.Crossref 15. Byers RK, Lord EE: Late effects of lead poisoning on mental development . Am J Dis Child 66:471-494, 1943. 16. Medical aspects of childhood lead poisoning: Statement approved by the surgeon general, Public Health Service . Pediatrics 48:464-468, 1971. 17. King BG: Maximum daily intake of lead without excessive body lead-burden in children . Am J Dis Child 122:337-340, 1971. 18. Cholak J: Analytical methods for determinations of lead . Arch Environ Health 8:222-231, 1964.Crossref 19. Tepper LB, Pfitzer EA: Clinical and biochemical approaches to the study of lead at low levels . University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 1970. 20. Laurer GR, et al: X-ray fluorescence detection of lead in wall paint . Science 172:466-468, 1971.Crossref 21. Watson RJ, Decker E, Lichtman HE: Hematologic studies of children with lead poisoning . Pediatrics 21:40-46, 1958. 22. Chisolm JJ Jr: Disturbances in the biosynthesis of heme in lead intoxication . J Pediatr 64:174-187, 1964.Crossref 23. Chisolm JJ Jr, Harrison HE: The exposure of children to lead . Pediatrics 18:943-948, 1956. 24. Keith L, Brown E, Rosenberg G: Pica: The unfinished story . Perspect Biol Med 13:626-632, 1970. 25. Neumann HH: Pica-symptom or vestigial instinct? Pediatrics 46:441-444, 1970. 26. Lourie RS, Layman EM, Millican FK: Why children eat things that are not food . Children 10:143-146, 1963. 27. Patterson CC: Contaminated and natural lead environments of man . Arch Environ Health 11:344-360, 1965.Crossref 28. Klein M, et al: Earthenware containers as a source of fatal lead poisoning . N Engl J Med 283:669-672, 1970.Crossref 29. Travers E, Rendel-Short J, Harvey CC: The Rotherham lead poisoning outbreak . Lancet 2:113-116, 1956.Crossref 30. Goldsmith JR, Hexter AC: Respiratory exposure to lead: Epidemiological and experimental dose-response relationships . Science 158:132-134, 1967.Crossref

Journal

American Journal of Diseases of ChildrenAmerican Medical Association

Published: Oct 1, 1972

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