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J. Callaghan, W. Bigelow (1951)
AN ELECTRICAL ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER FOR STANDSTILL OF THE HEARTAnnals of Surgery, 134
E. Sowton, J. Davies (1964)
Investigation of Failure of Artificial PacingBritish Medical Journal, 1
N. Solomon, D. Escher (1963)
A RAPID METHOD FOR INSERTION OF THE PACEMAKER CATHETER ELECTRODE.American heart journal, 66
I. Zucker, V. Parsonnet, L. Gilbert, M. Asa (1963)
Dipolar electrode in heart block.JAMA, 184
C. Starmer, R. Whalen, H. Mcintosh (1964)
HAZARDS OF ELECTRIC SHOCK IN CARDIOLOGY.The American journal of cardiology, 14
The bipolar catheter pacemaker was used as a temporary measure in 58 patients with complete heart block. The external jugular veins were the preferred sites of passage, and a fluoroscopic image intensifier was almost a necessity. Complications were frequent including two deaths during catheterization and two later deaths. Failure to pace was usually caused by malposition or breakage of the catheter, poor electrical connections, or run-down batteries. Investigation of such failure should include a survey of the pacemaker artifact in the standard electrocardiogram and the recording of endocardial leads from the catheter, in addition to x-ray studies.
JAMA – American Medical Association
Published: Sep 27, 1965
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