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Abstract The regions of the frontal lobe which lie rostral to the excitable motor areas are generally associated with the so-called higher integrative processes of the cerebral cortex. In man structural alteration in these regions results in changes such as loss of immediate memory and alterations in personality and behavior. In the monkey extirpation of these areas (fields 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of Brodmann;1 fig. 1) is followed by similar behavioral changes, without motor paresis. Thus, Ferrier2a (pages 231-232) noted that such animals instead of, as before, being actively interested in their surroundings, and curiously prying into all that came within the field of their observation, remained apathetic, or dull, or dozed off to sleep, responding only to the sensations or impressions of the moment, or varying their listlessness with restless and purposeless wanderings to and fro. While not actually deprived of intelligence, they had lost, to References 1. Brodmann, K.: Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues , Leipzig, J. A. Barth, 1909; reprinted, 1925. 2. Ferrier, D.: (a) The Functions of the Brain , London, Smith, Elder & Co., 1876 3. Experiments on the Brains of Monkeys , Proc. Roy. Soc., London 23: 409, 1875. 4. Hitzig, E.: Physiologische und klinische Untersuchungen über das Gehirn: Alte und neue Untersuchungen über das Gehirn , Berlin, A. Hirschwald, 1904, pt. 2. 5. Goltz, F.: Ueber die Verrichtungen des Grosshirns , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 34:450, 1884.Crossref 6. Bianchi, L.: The Mechanism of the Brain and the Function of the Frontal Lobe , translated by J. H. MacDonald, New York, William Wood & Company, 1922. 7. Minkowski, M.: Zur Physiologie der Sehsphäre , Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 141:171, 1911.Crossref 8. Bianchi, L.: The Functions of the Frontal Lobes , Brain 18:497, 1895.Crossref 9. Fulton, J. F., and Keller, A. D.: The Sign of Babinski: A Study of the Evolution of Cortical Dominance in Primates , Springfield, Ill., Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1932. 10. Kennard, M. A., and Ectors, L.: Forced Circling in Monkeys Following Lesions of the Frontal Lobes , J. Neurophysiol. 1:45 ( (Jan.) ) 1938. 11. Leyton, A. S. F., and Sherrington, C. S.: Observations on the Excitable Cortex of the Chimpanzee, Orang-Utan and Gorilla , Quart. J. Exper. Physiol. 11:135 ( (July) ) 1917. 12. Levinsohn, G.: Ueber die Beziehung der Grosshirnrinde beim Affen zu den Bewegungen des Augens , Arch. f. Ophth. 71:313, 1909. 13. Bianchi (footnotes 5 and 7). 14. Hitzig, E.: Untersuchungen über das Gehirn , Berlin, A. Hirschwald, 1874; footnote 3. 15. Bard, L.: De l'origine sensorielle de la déviation conjugée des yeux avec rotation de la tête chez les hemiplégiques , Semaine méd. 24:9, 1904.
Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry – American Medical Association
Published: Jun 1, 1939
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