TY - JOUR
AU - Ellis, S., G.
AB - Footnotes 1 E.g. H. M. Cam, ‘The decline and fall of English feudalism’ , History , xxv ( 1940 –1), 220 – 1 , 225 –6 OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Close ; G. R. Elton, England under the Tudors (2nd edn., 1974), pp. 14–16; R. L. Storey, The north of Englanď in Fifteenth-century England, 1399–1509, ed. S. B. Chrimes, C. D. Ross and R. A. Griffiths (Manchester, 1972), p. 142. 2 E.g. S. B. Chrimes, Henry VII (1972), pp. 245–57; Cam. PP- 225 227–8; R- A. Griffiths, ‘Wales and the Marches’, Fifteenth-century England, pp. 159–65. 3 The Tudor Constitution: Documents and Commentary, comp. G. R. Elton (Cambridge, 1960), p. 32; M. E. James, Family, Lineage and Civil Society: a Study of Society, Politics and Mentality in the Durham region, 1500–1640 (Oxford, 1974), p. 42; R. R. Reid, The King's Council in the North (1921), pp. 7–12. 4 I. D. Thornley, ‘The destruction of sanctuary’, Tudor Studies, ed. R. W. Seton-Watson (1924), pp. 182–207; Cam, pp. 225–8; Tudor Constitution, p. 32. 5 Tudor Constitution, pp. 32–3, 37–8, 320; G. R. Elon, Reform and Reformation: England, 1509–58 (1977), pp. 201–5. 6 A. J. Otway-Ruthven, A History of Medieval Ireland (1968), pp. 182–4. Cf. Cam, pp. 222, 230; Griffiths, p. 163. 7 Otway-Ruthven, Medieval Ireland, p. 174; J. F. Lydon, The Lordship of Ireland in the Middle Ages (Dublin, 1972), ch. vii; Cam, pp. 220–2. 8 See especially H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles, The Irish Parliament in the Middle Ages (2nd edn., Philadelphia, 1964), p. 162; C. A. Empey, ‘The Butler lordship’ in Jour. Butler Soc , i ( 1970 –1), 174 – 87 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Close 9 Otway-Ruthven, Medieval Ireland, pp. 377, 389, 392–3; Handbook of British Chronology, ed. F. M. Powicke and E. B. Fryde (and edn., 1961), p. 449. 10 National Library of Ireland, D. 1793 (Irish MSS. Comm., Calendar of Ormond Deeds, ed. E. Curtis (6 vols., Dublin, 1932–43), iii, no. 224); Ormond Deeds, iii, nos. 211, 229; Empey, pp. 183–4; C. A. Empeyand K. Simms, ‘The ordinances of the White Earl and the problem of coign in the later middle ages’ , Proc. Royal Irish Acad. , lxxv ( 1975 ), section C, pp. 166 , 173 – 4 ; OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Close A. Cosgrove, ‘The execution of the earl of Desmond, 1468’ , Jour. Kerry Archaeol. Soc. , viii ( 1975 ), 15 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Close 11 Cosgrove, pp. 11–27; Otway-Ruthven, Medieval Ireland, pp. 392–3; Handbook of British Chronology, p. 460. 12 Parliament roll, 7 & 8 Edw. IV c. 51 (Statute Rolls of the Parliament of Ireland, Edward IV (2 vols., Dublin, 1914–39), i. 574–6); D. B. Quinn, ‘Anglo-Irish Ulster in the early 16th century’ in Proc. Belfast Natural Hist, and Phil. Soc. (1934), 56–7; K. W. Nicholls, Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland in the Middle Ages (Dublin, 1972), p. 135. 13 Oiway-Ruthven, Medieval Ireland, p. 393. 14 Rotulorum Patentium et Clausorum Cancellariae Hibemiae Calendarium, ed. E. Tresham (Dublin, 1828), p. 270 no. 4; Calendar of Patent Rolls 1467–76, p. 395; Richardson and Sayles, pp. 264–5. 15 Parliament roll, 15 & 16 Edw. IV c. 57 (Stat. Ire., Edw. IV, ii. 384–6). 16 Parliament roll, 19 & 20 Edw. IV c. 33 (ibid., ii. 756–60). 17 D. B. Quinn, ‘Anglo-Irish local government, 1485–1534’ , Irish Hist. Studies , i ( 1938 –9), 375 – 7 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Close 18 Coram Regeroll, I Edw. IV (Trinity College, Dublin, MS. 1731 p. 6); Repts. from the Commissioners … Public Records of Ireland (3 vols., Dublin, 1819–29), ii. 112; 28th Rept. of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records of Ireland (1896), p. 43; Public Record Office of Ireland, EX 3/2 (ultra-violet photographs of) Controlment roll (?) of sheriff's green-wax book for co. Meath, 3–8 Edw. IV (EX 3/1) mm. 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 2od, 23d, 25. 19 Parliament roll, 7 & 8 Edw. IV c. 18B (Stat. Ire., Edw. IV, i. 466). 20 Parliament roll, 11 & 12 Edw. IV c. 27 (ibid., i. 764). 21 Parliament roll, 12 & 13 Edw. IV cc. 4, 5, 28 (ibid., ii. 2–8, 56). 22 Parliament roll, 12 & 13 Edw. IV c. 43 (ibid., ii. 94–6). 23 Parliament roll, 18 Edw. IV (III) c. 13 (ibid., ii. 666–70); see the table of chief governors in A New History of Ireland, ix, ed. T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin and F.J. Byrne (Oxford, 1981), forthcoming. The abolition occurred sometime after 18 March 1474 (Parliament roll, 14 Edw. IV c. 3 (Stat. Ire., Edw. IV, ii. 190)). 24 Parliament roll, 19 & Edw. IV c. 22 (Stat. Ire., Edw. IV, ii. 730–2). 25 The restoration of the liberty was first noted by Quinn, ‘Anglo-Irish local government’, pp. 377–81. A. j. Otway-Ruthven, ‘The medieval county of Kildare’, Irish Hist. Studies, xi (1958–9, 199 denied this (cf. eadem, Medieval Ireland, p. 174), and her view has been accepted by younger historians (C. J. Hand, English Law in Ireland, 1290–1324 (Cambridge, 1967), p. 123 n. 3; R. F. Frame, ‘Power and society in the lordship of Ireland, 1272–1377’ , Past and Present , lxxvi ( 1977 ), 17 n. 71 OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Close ; Empey, p. 181 n. 53). N. P. Canny, The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland: a Pattern established,1565–76 (Hassocks, 1976). p. 23, however, followed Quinn's views. 26 Cf. Parliament roll, 18 Edw. IV (III) c. 13 (Stat. Ire., Edw. IV, ii. 666–70), confirming letters patent under the great seal of England, dated 3 March 1478 and enrolled in the Irish chancery. Neither the original patent nor enrolments on the English or Irish rolls survive. 27 The bills and statutes of the Irish parliaments of Henry VII and Henry VIII, ed. D. B. Quinn, Analecta Hibernica, x (1941), 100, 108–9, 113–15; Irish MSS. Comm., The Red Book of the Earls of Kildare, ed. G. Mac Niocaill (Dublin, 1964), no. 193. 28 Otway-Ruthven, Medieval Ireland, p. 386 n. 16.1 hope to discuss this question further elsewhere. Cf. S. G. Ellis, ‘The administration of the lordship of Ireland under the early Tudors’ (unpublished Queen's University, Belfast, Ph.D. thesis, 1979), pp. 274–7. 29 Red Book of Kildare, pp. 178–85; D. B. Quinn, ‘Henry VIII and Ireland, 1509–34’ , Irish Hist. Studies , xii ( 1960 –1), p. 321 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Close 30 When the earĽs cartulary, or Red Book, was being compiled in 1503, the 1317 charter had been mislaid (it later came to hand and a copy was entered), but the existence of three separate enrolments on the rolls of the central courts, 1317–44, was appropriately noted (Red Book of Kildare, pp. v–vi, 1, 131–4). 31 State Papers, Henry VIII, ii. 185–6. Cf. Otway-Ruthven, ‘Medieval co. Kildare’, p. 195. In 1527–8, the earl had [he creation patent of the earldom (dated 1316!, including the liberty but excepting the office of sheriff, enrolled (Memoranda roll, 19 Hen. VIII mm. 2–3 (F.R.O. Ireland, Ferguson collection, iv fo. 120; repertory, iv, 108; W. Lynch, A View of the Legal Institutions… established in Ireland (1830), p. 178); Red Book of Kildare, pp. 131–2). 32 Otway-Ruthven, Medieval Ireland, pp. 174, 263; eadem, ‘Medieval co. Kildare’, p. 199. 33 Exch. inq. co. Kildare (P.R.O. Ireland, RC 9/6, i, 205–17); H. F. Berry, ‘Sheriffs of the county Cork’ , Jour. Royal Soc. Antiquaries of Ireland , xxxv ( 1905 ), 46 OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Close (citing memoranda rolls since destroyed); Memoranda roll, 8 & 9 Hen. VIII m. 1 (P.R.O. Ireland, Ferguson coll., iv fo. 38). The latest date found for the survival of a royal sheriff for the county is June 1509 (Memoranda roll, 1 Hen. VIII m. 3 (P.R.O. Ireland, Ferguson coll., iv fos. 6–7)). 34 Repts. Comm. Public Records of Ireland, ii. 112; 28th Rept. of the Deputy Keeper, p. 47; T.C.D., MS. 1731 p. 60. 35 Nat. Libr. Ireland, D. 2096 (Ormond Deeds, iv, no. 93). 36 S. P. Hen. VIII, ii. 113–14. Cf. Archbishop Alen's remarks in the ‘Liber niger Alani’ fo. 63V (on loan to T.C.D.; Calendar of Archbishop Alen's Register, ed. C. McNeill (Dublin, 1950), p. 115), showing that he considered Kildare's franchise inferior to his own liberty of St. Sepulchre. 37 Memoranda roll, 15 Hen. VIII mm. 1, 16d, 29d (P.R.O. Ireland, Ferguson coll., iv fos. 67, 72; ibid., iii fo. 222). Quinn, ‘Anglo-Irish local government’, pp. 379–80 prints (somewhat inaccurately) the seneschaĽs patent. The lands of the church geographically situated in the liberty of Kildare were not, however, part of the liberty, being reserved to the Crown. By 1530 at least, a separate royal sheriff of the cross of Kildare had been appointed, as in the case of Wexford, Tipperary and Kerry (Memoranda roll, 22 Hen. VIII mm. 1, 12 (P.R.O. Ireland, Ferguson coll., ivfb. 136)). Likewise, the liberty was subject to general taxation–the parliamentary subsidy and scutages–collected by the exchequer through royal officials (e.g. Memoranda rolls, 15 Hen. VIII m. 17d, 23 Hen. VIII m. 29, 25 Hen. VIII m. 26d (P.R.O. Ireland, Ferguson coll., iv fos. 73, 161, 179); Public Record Office, E 101/248/21, SP 65//2; cf. Otway-Ruthven, Medieval Ireland, pp. 175, 182–3). 38 S.P. Hen. VIII, ii. 185–6; The Social State of the Southern and Eastern Counties of Ireland in the 16th Century, ed. H. F. Horeand J. Graves (Dublin, 1870), pp. 162–3. 39 Even this charter, however, had not expressly conferred cognizance of pleas by Kildare's own writs, which he claimed to have (Otway-Ruthven, Medieval Ireland, p. 263). 40 S.P. Hen. VIII, ii. 185–6. 41 I hope to discuss Kildare expansion in more detail elsewhere. Cf. A New History of Ireland, iii, ed. T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin and F. J. Byrne (Oxford, 1976), pp. 6, 7, 16, 18, 19, 20; S. G. Ellis, ‘Thomas Cromwell and Ireland, 1532–40’ , Historical Jour. , xxiii ( 1980 ), 518 n. 124 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Close 42 E.g. M. Blatcher, The Court of King's Bench, 1450–1550 (1978), ch. i and, pp. 167–71. 43 T.C.D., MS. 1731 p. 60; Nicholis, p. 175. Cf. New Hut. of Ireland, iii. 6. 44 For differing views of the significance of this policy as it affected Ireland, see B. Bradshaw, ‘Cromwellian reform and the origins of the Kildare rebellion, 1533–4’ in Trans. Royal Hist. Soc. , 5th ser., xxvii ( 1977 ), 69 – 93 OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Close ; idem, The huh Constitutional Revolution of the 16th Century (Cambridge, 1979), pt. ii; Ellis, Cromwell and Irelanď, pp. 497–519; Elton, Reform and Reformation, pp. 206–11. 45 Above, n. 31; Ellis, Cromwell and Irelanď, p. 502; idem, ‘Tudor policy and the Kildare ascendancy in the lordship of Ireland, 1496–1534’, huh Hut. Studies, xx (1976–7), 235–71. 46 S.P.Hen. VIII, ii. 163, 184, 185–6; Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vi, no. 299 (iv); Cam, p. 228. 47 S.P. Hen. VIII, ii. 210; Ellis, Cromwell and Irelanď, p. 502. 48 S.P. Hen. VIII, ii. 163, 183–6, 188–9. Cf. Cam, p. 228; Reid, p. 117. 49 L. & P., x, no. 1032 (ii), xi, no. 200; P.R.O. Ireland, CH 1/1, Statute roll, 28–9 Hen. VIII cc. 3, 24. 50 Canny, pp. 22–3, 49–50, 55, 98, 117; Otway-Ruthven, Medieval Ireland, p. 175; Court book of the Liberty of Saint Sepulchre, ed. H. Wood (Dublin, 1930), pp. vii-xiii. 51 See especially Frame, pp. 3–33. 52 Richardson and Sayles, pp. 80, 82, 150–3, 227–9; Ellis, Cromwell and Irelanď, pp. 507–8, 510, 514–17. 53 Cam, pp. 221–2, 232. 54 Reid, pp. 162–3; D- M. Loades, Politics and the Nation, 1430–1660 (1974), pp. 52, 140–1, 175–7. 55 Reid, pp. 113–65; M. L. Bush, ‘The problem of the far north: a study of the crisis of 1537 and its consequences’ , Northern Hist. , vi ( 1971 ), 40 – 63 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Close In any case, a bishop of Durham who was ‘no feudal potentate, but a civil servant’ and barely able to control his own tenants, was not much better than an absentee lord in defence of a March, if indeed co. Durham was by the 1530s truly part of the March at all (James, p. 42). 56 See, in general, Ellis, Cromwell and Irelanď, pp. 511–14, 516, for this paragraph. 57 Between 1536 and 1541, lands to the value of c.$6,250 Irish per annum by extent ($1 Irish was worth one mark sterling) remained or passed into the hands of the Crown, although a small amount was regranted and rather more yielded little or no rent. Of this $6,250, however, less than $1,500 was accounted for by lands beyond the Pale. Calculated from P.R.O., SC 11/934, SP 65/1/2 (L & P., xii. ii, no. 1310); Irish MSS. Cornm., Extents of Irish Monastic Possessions, 1540–1, ed. N. B. White (Dublin, 1943). P-376. 58 For the councils of Munster and Connaught, see especially Canny, ch. v. 59 Storey, p. 142. 60 In the late 1530s, for example, the councils in the Marches of Wales, in the North and the government of Ireland cost the king respectively $761 135 4d, c.$1,350 and c.$4,400 Irish per annum (P. Williams, The Council in the Marches of Wales under Elizabeth I (Cardiff, 1958), p. 31; Reid, pp. 150–6; Ellis, Cromwell and Irelanď, p. 515). 61 Storey, pp. 139–41; Griffiths, p. 159. 62 R. L. Storey, The Reign of Henry 77/(1968), pp. 149–50; Griffiths, pp. 163–5. 63 Elton, Tudors, p. 175; idem, Reform and Reformation, p. 201. Article PDF first page preview Close This content is only available as a PDF. © The Author(s) 1981. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Institute of Historical Research. All rights reserved. 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TI - The Destruction of the Liberties: some Further Evidence
JF - Historical Research
DO - 10.1111/j.1468-2281.1981.tb01224.x
DA - 1981-11-01
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SP - 150
EP - 161
VL - 54
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DP - DeepDyve
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