TY - JOUR
AU - Nazila, Akbarianrad,
AB - Abstract Due to environmental problems related to using fossil fuels and limitations in the sources of these types of fuels, renewable energies have sharply developed in recent decades. Renewable energy systems are applicable in various fields to provide clean energy. In the current study, medical and dental applications of renewable energies are reviewed. Based on the literature review, technologies based on renewable energy sources can be utilized in medical buildings and instruments. For instance, solar-based technologies can be applied in heating and cooling of hospitals and other healthcare facilities. In addition, the thermal energy of the sun is applicable in autoclaves and medical dryers. Although utilizing renewable energy systems for these applications requires more investment cost and probably more complicated structures, it would result in lower carbon dioxide emission which leads to sustainable development. 1 INTRODUCTION Fossil fuels are the main source of energy for various technologies utilized for different applications [1, 2]. The main issues related to fossil fuels is the possibility of their depletion in near future and their unfavorable environmental impacts [3, 4]. Due to development in industrial activities and growth in world population, greenhouse gases emission have increased in recent years. Figure 1 shows the amount of world CO2 emission between 1990 and 2016. In order to overcome these problems, renewable energy sources are appropriate alternatives for fossil fuels. In addition to developing renewable energies, enhancing the efficiency of energy systems by optimizing their working conditions, hybridization and waste heat recovery are other approaches to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [5–7]. The majority of the studies related to decreasing carbon dioxide emission of energy technologies, have focused on evolving renewable energies and optimizing the energy systems [8–10]. Figure 1. View largeDownload slide CO2 emission of the world [11]. Figure 1. View largeDownload slide CO2 emission of the world [11]. Renewable energies have been growing in recent decades due to their advantages such as lower greenhouse gases emissions compared with fossil fuels. Based on International Renewable Energy Agency report, by the end of 2017 the global capacity of renewable energy generation reached 2179 GW all over the world [12]. The trend of renewable energy capacity of the world in recent years is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. View largeDownload slide World renewable energy capacity [13]. Figure 2. View largeDownload slide World renewable energy capacity [13]. There are various renewable energy sources including solar, geothermal and wind [14–16]. These sources of energy can be applied to generate electricity or be used for other purposes such as heating systems and desalination units [17–19]. Photovoltaic (PV) modules directly convert the energy of solar irradiation into electricity [20]. Moreover, thermal energy of the sun can be applied to run thermal power plants and produce electricity indirectly. Integrating thermal power plants with solar energy will improve their efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emission. In addition to electricity generation, solar energy can be used for other applications. Based on a study conducted by Compain [21], the thermal energy of various desalination systems can be provided by solar energy [21]. Other types of renewable energy source can be used for electricity generation both directly and indirectly. For instance, wind turbines are utilized to convert wind kinetic energy into electricity by using a generator. The heat extracted from geothermal sources can be used in power plants and heating purposes such as ground-source heat pumps [22]. Hydropower energy is another kind of renewable energy which convert energy of falling water into electricity. Several industries and sectors use renewable energy technologies to become more environmentally-friendly [23, 24]. In the current study, various applications of renewable energy in medical and dental aspects are reviewed. A comprehensive literature review is performed and their key results are represented here. 2 RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN HOSPITAL AND CLINICS Studies have shown that the share of hospitals in energy consumption of building sector is ~6% [25]. Hospitals and clinics have several facilities to provide required energy for heating, cooling and hot water preparation and etc [26, 27]. Figure 3 shows energy balance in hospital. Reduction in energy consumption of hospitals gained importance to achieve green hospitals [28]. Various solutions including regular maintenance of filters utilized in Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, using isolating materials, applying aquifer systems and improving air conditioning systems are represented to reduce energy consumption in hospitals [25, 29, 30]. Figure 3. View largeDownload slide Energy balance in hospitals [31]. Figure 3. View largeDownload slide Energy balance in hospitals [31]. Proper energy management in healthcare centers can lead to energy saving up to 8.660 kWh/m2 per year for buildings which are <5000 m2 (without bed) [32]. This value decrease to 6.88 kWh/m2 per year for the buildings larger than 5000 m2 which have beds [32]. In addition to mentioned solutions, using appropriate technologies can significantly decrease energy and enhance the performance of air conditioning system [25, 33–37]. For instance, Renedo et al. [26] investigated various cogeneration systems working with gas turbine and diesel engine. It was observed that the size of systems and utilized control system have significant impact on the economic aspect. Since the electricity generation plays key role in the system economy, it was concluded that diesel engine is preferred. In another study [38], heat pipe heat exchanger was utilized in air condition system of a hospital located in Malaysia. The schematic of the existing and proposed air conditioning systems are represented in Figures 4 and 5. It was concluded that using heat pipe heat exchanger resulted in enhancement in the performance of the air conditioning system. In addition, results indicated that applying these types of heat exchanger can lead to save a total energy of 455 MWh in the scale of the case study. Figure 4. View largeDownload slide Schematic of existing air conditioning system [38] (with permission from Elsevier). Figure 4. View largeDownload slide Schematic of existing air conditioning system [38] (with permission from Elsevier). Figure 5. View largeDownload slide Schematic of air conditioning system with heat pipe heat exchanger [38] (with permission from Elsevier). Figure 5. View largeDownload slide Schematic of air conditioning system with heat pipe heat exchanger [38] (with permission from Elsevier). Renewable energy sources can be used in energy supply systems of healthcare centers to obtain cleaner and more appropriate systems in term of economy [39, 40]. In a study conducted by Tsoutsos et al. [41], utilizing solar absorption cooling technology in a Greek hospital was investigated. The most important aim of the study was designing a zero-emission system in order to decrease both cost and carbon dioxide emission. In the first step of the study, meteorological data were collected which contained solar irradiation, wind speed, relative humidity, etc. Afterwards, the highest, mean and lowest required cooling and heating load of the building were obtained to design the technical specifications of the system. Subsequently, the solar cooling technology was selected, which was solar air conditioning (SAC), depending on building parameters including geometry, material utilized in construction, etc. Afterwards, the study focused on the sizing of the system. In the next step, a study was conducted on changing technical specifications in order to achieve optimal solution. Finally, the optimal solution was evaluated economically. Four scenarios were investigated in the study. Based on a scenario (which had solar fraction for cooling and heating equal to 74.23% and 70.78%, respectively), the utilized SAC system had 70 kW absorption chiller. In the conditions, the chiller was not able to provide needed cooling load, 50 kW compression chiller was applied in addition to the absorption chiller. It was concluded that the suggested system had environmental gain due to lower carbon dioxide emission. In addition, based on the performed economic analysis on this scenario, payback time was 11.5 years without funding subsidies; however, payback time can be reduced to 6.9 years by allocating the funding of 40% [41]. Utilizing ground-source heat pumps is another idea to reduce carbon dioxide emission in air conditioning systems [22]. In a study conducted by Vanhoudt et al. [42], an aquifer thermal energy storage with ground-source heat pump was applied for cooling and heating ventilation air of a Belgian hospital. The performance of this system was compared with reference facility which worked with gas-fired boilers. The flow of ground water and temperature were monitored in the proposed model. Results indicated that using the system which contained ground-source heat pump resulted in 71% lower energy consumption in comparison with the reference system. In addition, it was observed that carbon dioxide emission was reduced by 1280 ton over the investigated period (3 years). Based on economic analysis, the payback period for the proposed system was 8.4 years in the case of excluding the subsidies. Isa et al. [43] performed a techno-economic evaluation of combined heat and power PV/fuel cell/battery energy system utilized in a hospital. The cogeneration system had grid-connected PV, battery, fuel cell, convertor, diesel generator and reformer. The diesel generator was utilized as back-up power module. The reformer was applied to generate hydrogen by reforming the hydrocarbons. Five configurations were investigated in the study. The configurations were stand-alone diesel generator, grid-connected PV system, grid-connected PV/battery, grid-connected PV/ fuel cell and grid-connected PV/ fuel cell/battery. Based on the analysis, the stand-alone diesel generator system produced the maximum carbon dioxide which was equal to 96 712 kg/year; while the grid-connected PV/fuel cell had the lowest emission equal to 20 402 kg/year. Based on economic analysis, the grid-connected PV/fuel cell and battery, had the minimum levelized cost of energy among the investigated systems [43]. A summary about the pollutant gas emission from the investigated configurations are represented in Table 1. Table 1. Pollutant gas emission from the investigated configurations [43] (with permission from Elsevier). Configuration kg/year CO2 CO Unburned hydrocarbon Particulate matter SOx NOx Stand-alone diesel system 96 712 239 26.4 18 194 2130 Grid-connected PV system 55 154 239 117 Grid-connected PV/battery system 55 163 239 117 Grid-connected PV/FC system 20 402 88.5 43.3 Grid-connected PV/FC/battery system 25 708 111 54.5 Configuration kg/year CO2 CO Unburned hydrocarbon Particulate matter SOx NOx Stand-alone diesel system 96 712 239 26.4 18 194 2130 Grid-connected PV system 55 154 239 117 Grid-connected PV/battery system 55 163 239 117 Grid-connected PV/FC system 20 402 88.5 43.3 Grid-connected PV/FC/battery system 25 708 111 54.5 Table 1. Pollutant gas emission from the investigated configurations [43] (with permission from Elsevier). Configuration kg/year CO2 CO Unburned hydrocarbon Particulate matter SOx NOx Stand-alone diesel system 96 712 239 26.4 18 194 2130 Grid-connected PV system 55 154 239 117 Grid-connected PV/battery system 55 163 239 117 Grid-connected PV/FC system 20 402 88.5 43.3 Grid-connected PV/FC/battery system 25 708 111 54.5 Configuration kg/year CO2 CO Unburned hydrocarbon Particulate matter SOx NOx Stand-alone diesel system 96 712 239 26.4 18 194 2130 Grid-connected PV system 55 154 239 117 Grid-connected PV/battery system 55 163 239 117 Grid-connected PV/FC system 20 402 88.5 43.3 Grid-connected PV/FC/battery system 25 708 111 54.5 Sigarchian et al. [44] assessed a complex polygeneration system in a hospital and compared its performance with a reference system. The configurations of both systems are shown in Figure 6. The polygeneration systems utilized solar thermal energy, solar PV module and utility grid. Results indicated that using the polygeneration systems was able to reduce carbon dioxide emission and fuel consumption by 10–29% and 14–32%, respectively. Figure 6. View largeDownload slide Schematic of (a) polygeneration system and (b) reference system [44]. Figure 6. View largeDownload slide Schematic of (a) polygeneration system and (b) reference system [44]. Figure 7. View largeDownload slide Photograph and schematic of a solar autoclave (I) unit of steam generator, (II) the connection section and (III) the utilized unit for sterilization. The parts of the autoclave are (a) sterilization vessel, (b) sensor of pressure, (c) temperature sensors, (d) relief valve, (e and f) control valves, (g) solar collector which has nanofluid heater solution, (h) check valve and (k) solar concentrator (a plastic Fresnel lens with 0.67-m2 area of the surface) [50]. Figure 7. View largeDownload slide Photograph and schematic of a solar autoclave (I) unit of steam generator, (II) the connection section and (III) the utilized unit for sterilization. The parts of the autoclave are (a) sterilization vessel, (b) sensor of pressure, (c) temperature sensors, (d) relief valve, (e and f) control valves, (g) solar collector which has nanofluid heater solution, (h) check valve and (k) solar concentrator (a plastic Fresnel lens with 0.67-m2 area of the surface) [50]. In addition to air condition systems, renewable energies are applicable for other purposes in healthcare centers. For instance, Bujak [45] carried out a study on heat consumption required for hot water in hospitals. The considered hospitals in the study were 715-bed university hospital which was located in Bydgoszcz and a 690-bed Provincial hospital. Results indicated that the mean annual consumed heat for the first and second mentioned hospitals were equal to 8.5 (Gj/year.bed) and 9.6 (Gj/year.bed), respectively. These required values for providing hot water shows that utilizing solar water heating systems can be a feasible idea based on economic and environmental criteria. 3 MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS There are several medical instruments which requires electrical or thermal energy [46]. Autoclave is a pressure chamber contains fluid with high temperature and pressure [47]. Medical autoclaves are utilized in order to sterilize equipment applied in surgery or dental treatment. In order to obtain fluid with high pressure and temperature inside the autoclave, it is necessary to use thermal energy. Solar energy can be applied to provide required thermal energy. Solar-powered medical autoclaves are appropriate choice for off-grid sterilization of medical and dental instruments [48]. Dravid et al. [49] conducted a study on solar autoclave. In the study, a concentrator which had concave surface was used. The body of the autoclave was made of steel and the material of its surface was ionized aluminum sheets. A 40-L autoclave which had the similar working principles to pressure cooker was located in the middle of the metal ring. The needed heat was provided by the solar concentrator. Results indicated that using solar energy instead of LNG or electricity for heating the autoclave, led to 313.50 GBP annual saving [49]. Therefore, it can be concluded using solar energy for autoclave results in more cost-effective performance and lower greenhouse gases emission. In another study, Neumann et al. [50] investigated performance of a compact solar autoclave. In the designed autoclave, thermal energy of sun was applied for steam generation. The investigated solar autoclave is shown in Figure 7. As shown in Figure 7, concentrated solar radiation provide required thermal energy for steam generation. The produced steam enters the sterilization unit and after condensation returns to the solar collector. Utilizing nanofluid in this set-up resulted in more rapid increase in temperature of water and steam, which can be attributed to thermophysical properties of nanofluids [51–53]. By using this cycle during the sterilization process, it was possible to keep the temperature and pressure in the ranges of 115–140°C and 12–14 psig, respectively. These values indicate appropriate performance of the system. In addition to solar autoclaves, thermal energy of the sun can be utilized for other purposes [54]. For instance, based on a study [55], hybrid solar collector technologies can be used in drying medicinal plants. By using solar irradiation and absorbing it by collectors, thermal energy for drying process can be provided. The main advantages of using these types of dryer is lower greenhouse gases emission and the possibility of using them as off-grid systems. Medical implants which use electricity can enhance health of people [56]. There are some novel ideas such as electricity generation by utilizing solar cells which are subdermal [57]. The generated electricity by these cells can be used for bioelectronics mediums. Several factors can influence the generated power by applying these cells. Based on a study performed by Song et al. [57], the density of produce power was dependent on the thickness and tone of skin. It was concluded that brighter and thinner skin led to higher generated power density. Renewable energy systems are applicable in the field of dentistry. A new type of toothbrush has been introduced which contains titanium oxide (TiO2) N-type semiconductor. The basic principle working of these toothbrushes is decreasing in H+ ions from the organic acids in plaque which results in its decomposition [58]. Solar energy can be applied in these types of toothbrush. For instance, in the study conducted by Rahman et al. [59], TiO2 rod was inserted in the neck of the utilized brush. A copper wire connected the TiO2 (which was positively charged) and the stainless steel rod in order to produce electricity. The energy source for electron generation was a solar panel. Results of the study revealed that using this type of toothbrush can have significant therapeutic effect on the prevention of dental caries. 4 CONCLUSION In the present study, a comprehensive literature review is performed on the medical and dental applications of renewable energies. Based on the reviewed studies, renewable energy systems can be used in various tools and structures. For instance, by utilizing renewable energy systems, air conditioning technologies with higher efficiency and lower carbon dioxide emission is achievable for medical facilities such as hospitals and healthcare centers. Moreover, renewable sources can be applied to provide required heat for hot water and drying systems. In addition, there several medical mediums which can utilize renewable energies. Solar-powered toothbrush and solar autoclaves are among the most conventional devices. Moreover, some novel tools are applied to provide electricity for medical implants. These devices are subdermal and generate electricity by receiving solar radiation. The rate of electricity generation in these mediums depends on skin specifications such as its brightness and thickness. The future studies should focus on the other applications of renewable energy systems in medical and dental aspects such as providing the required energy for dental turbines. Using appropriate renewable-based ventilations technologies and hybrid systems will lead to more environmentally-friendly and cost-effective systems. In addition, utilizing novel solar concentrator to provide required thermal energy of solar autoclaves, results in more reliable and efficient devices. 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TI - Medical and dental applications of renewable energy systems
JF - International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies
DO - 10.1093/ijlct/cty040
DA - 2018-12-01
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/medical-and-dental-applications-of-renewable-energy-systems-rIRe30J74m
SP - 320
VL - 13
IS - 4
DP - DeepDyve
ER -