TY - JOUR
AU - Chen, Kunsong
AB - Abstract 4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone is a major contributor to the aroma of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit, and the last step in its biosynthesis is catalyzed by strawberry quinone oxidoreductase (FaQR). Here, an ethylene response factor (FaERF#9) was characterized as a positive regulator of the FaQR promoter. Linear regression analysis indicated that FaERF#9 transcript levels were correlated significantly with both FaQR transcripts and furanone content in different strawberry cultivars. Transient overexpression of FaERF#9 in strawberry fruit significantly increased FaQR expression and furaneol production. Yeast one-hybrid assays, however, indicated that FaERF#9 by itself did not bind to the FaQR promoter. An MYB transcription factor (FaMYB98) identified in yeast one-hybrid screening of the strawberry cDNA library was capable of both binding to the promoter and activating the transcription of FaQR by ∼5.6-fold. Yeast two-hybrid assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation confirmed a direct protein-protein interaction between FaERF#9 and FaMYB98, and in combination, they activated the FaQR promoter 14-fold in transactivation assays. These results indicate that an ERF-MYB complex containing FaERF#9 and FaMYB98 activates the FaQR promoter and up-regulates 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone biosynthesis in strawberry. Introduction Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is an economically important, globally popular and attractive fruit with nutritional benefits for human health. An important feature of its appeal is a unique fragrance, with more than 360 different volatile compounds detected in ripe fruit (Ménager et al., 2004; Jetti et al., 2007). These volatiles include alcohols, organic acids, aldehydes, terpenes, lactones, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, furans, and others (Zabetakis and Holden, 1997). Sensory evaluation indicates that terpenes confer on strawberry a fresh orange smell, aldehydes generate an herbal flavor, γ-decalactone is peach like, esters are fruity, and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2)H-furanone (HDMF) and 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2)H-furanone (DMMF) generate a caramel-like aroma (Pyysalo et al., 1979; Larsen and Poll, 1992). HDMF and DMMF belong to an uncommon group of chemicals with a 2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone structure, and such compounds possess special odor properties (Schwab and Roscher, 1997). They are found at trace levels in various fruits, including raspberry (Rubus idaeus), some grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars, and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). They are particularly abundant in strawberry and pineapple (Ananas comosus; Schwab, 2013; Wüst, 2017). HDMF is one of the most important volatiles distinguishing strawberry from other fruits (Larsen and Poll, 1992; Schwab and Roscher, 1997) and is significantly correlated with perceived strawberry fruit intensity (Schwieterman et al., 2014). Thus, strawberry is an important model for investigating the regulation of furaneol biosynthesis, and knowledge of the factors controlling its synthesis is highly desirable for targeting flavor improvement. HDMF and its methyl ether, DMMF, have been investigated extensively in research on flavor analyses, chemical synthesis, and natural product formation in both microbes and plants (Zabetakis et al., 1999; Schwab, 2013). The first plant studies on the biosynthesis of HDMF used strawberry fruit to investigate potential precursors of furaneol biosynthesis (Pisarnitskii et al., 1992), and d-Fru-1,6-diphosphate was identified as the natural precursor of HDMF and DMMF (Roscher et al., 1998; Schwab, 1998). The immediate precursor of HDMF in strawberry was shown to be 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-methylene-3(2H)-furanone, and strawberry quinone oxidoreductase (FaQR, later renamed as FaEO) was identified as the enzyme responsible for reduction of the α,β-unsaturated bond of 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-methylene-3(2H)-furanone to form the aroma-active compound HDMF (Raab et al., 2006; Klein et al., 2007). An O-methyltransferase, FaOMT, subsequently generates DMMF by the methylation of HDMF (Wein et al., 2002). HDMF also can be metabolized to 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2H-furan-3-one glucoside (HDMF-glucoside) by a UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT71K3) and further malonylated into 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2H-furan-3-one 6′-O-malonyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (HDMF malonyl-glucoside) in strawberry fruit (Roscher et al., 1996; Song et al., 2016). The biosynthetic pathway of HDMF in other plants is similar to that in strawberry. Genes with homology to FaQR have been identified in tomato (SlEO) and mango (Mangifera indica; MiEO; Klein et al., 2007; Kulkarni et al., 2013). As an NADH-dependent enone oxidoreductase protein, FaQR exhibits o-quinone oxidoreductase activity (Raab et al., 2006). FaQR mRNA accumulates in fruit parenchyma tissues but is absent in vascular tissues, and FaQR is expressed mainly in the late stages of fruit growth and ripening, paralleling furaneol production in the fruit (Raab et al., 2006). FaQR is responsive to environmental stimuli associated with furaneol production, and in the dark, cv Sweet Charlie strawberry fruits have higher levels of FaQR expression and HDMF production at 25°C than at 15°C (Fu et al., 2017); in contrast, the concentration of furanones and the abundance of FaQR protein under low-temperature storage are significantly lower than under room-temperature storage (Li et al., 2015). Thus, the regulation of FaQR is important for manipulating furaneol content. Although it is assumed that transcription factors control the expression of genes involved in volatile production in plants, no such factors regulating FaQR or other furanone biosynthetic genes have been identified. Different members of the largely plant-specific AP2/ERF gene family (Weirauch and Hughes, 2011) have diverse functions in plant growth, development, and stress responses (Agarwal et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2010; Licausi et al., 2013). In recent years, several AP2/ERF genes have been reported to regulate aspects of fruit quality (Xie et al., 2016), including fruit aroma. For example, CitAP2.10 is associated with the synthesis of (+)-valencene in Newhall orange (Citrus sinensis), acting via the regulation of CsTPS1 (Shen et al., 2016); CitERF71 was shown to bind physically to the CsTPS16 promoter and contribute to the synthesis of E-geraniol in citrus fruit (Li et al., 2017b). These observations raised the possibility that FaQR also might be a target for a member of the AP2/ERF family and that ERFs also might control furaneol biosynthesis. In this study, screening of the strawberry AP2/ERF gene family led to the identification of FaERF#9 as an activator of FaQR; however, it did not bind directly to the promoter. A parallel search for proteins that directly bind the FaQR promoter using yeast one-hybrid screening identified a second factor, FaMYB98, which was capable of interacting physically with the FaQR promoter. FaMYB98 interacts physically with FaERF#9, and transient expression assays demonstrated a synergistic effect on FaQR expression and furanone synthesis. RESULTS Changes in the Content of Both Furanones and the Activity of Their Biosynthetic Genes in Strawberry Fruit Fruits of cv Yuexin at four developmental and ripening stages (G, green; T, turning; IR, intermediate red; R, full red) were harvested (Fig. 1), and the determination of HDMF levels indicated a major increase from about 0.65 μg g−1 fruit at the IR stage to 3.46 μg g−1 fruit at the R stage in the apical section, implying that furaneol accumulation was closely related to color change and ripening (Fig. 1). Furaneol levels were higher in the apical section than in the basal section. HDMF could not be detected at the IR stage in the basal section, but the amount increased at the R stage to 1.42 μg g−1 fruit. Differences also were found for DMMF, with the relative content in the apical section being 0.18 μg g−1 at the R stage, compared with 0.08 μg g−1 in the basal section at the same stage. Figure 1. Open in new tabDownload slide Changes in furanone content and furanone biosynthetic genes during strawberry (cv Yuexin) fruit development and ripening. A, Fruits were collected at four ripening stages: G, T, IR, and R. B, Changes in the contents of furaneol (HDMF) and mesifurane (DMMF). HDMF content was calculated using a standard curve of HDMF, while DMMF content was calculated with an internal standard as the reference. FW, Fresh weight. C, Expression levels of FaQR and FaOMT. The expression levels of each gene were calculated relative to corresponding values in the basal section at the R stage. se values were calculated from three replicates, and lsd values were calculated at P = 0.05. Figure 1. Open in new tabDownload slide Changes in furanone content and furanone biosynthetic genes during strawberry (cv Yuexin) fruit development and ripening. A, Fruits were collected at four ripening stages: G, T, IR, and R. B, Changes in the contents of furaneol (HDMF) and mesifurane (DMMF). HDMF content was calculated using a standard curve of HDMF, while DMMF content was calculated with an internal standard as the reference. FW, Fresh weight. C, Expression levels of FaQR and FaOMT. The expression levels of each gene were calculated relative to corresponding values in the basal section at the R stage. se values were calculated from three replicates, and lsd values were calculated at P = 0.05. Measurement of mRNA levels by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) indicated that the transcript levels of both FaQR (GenBank accession no. AY158836.1) and FaOMT (GenBank accession no. AF220491.2) increased throughout ripening (Fig. 1). Comparison of the expression of these genes showed that the transcript levels of FaQR and FaOMT increased significantly as early as the T stage in basal fruit sections, and for each gene over half of the peak transcript abundance occurred as early as the IR stage in the apical section, while for the basal section it was in the R stage, indicating a gradient of gene expression and volatile production from apex to base of the fruit during ripening. Genome-Wide Identification of the AP2/ERF Gene Family in Strawberry Coding sequences of 120 nonredundant FaAP2/ERF genes were isolated and identified from cv Yuexin strawberry, and a systematic nomenclature for the AP2/ERF family genes was used to distinguish the members based on the structural features defined previously (Supplemental Table S1; Shigyo and Ito, 2004; Nakano et al., 2006; Licausi et al., 2013). CD-search analysis showed that this superfamily consisted of 95 ERFs, 18 AP2 and AP6 RAV family members, and one soloist member (Supplemental Table S2). A phylogenetic analysis of the strawberry and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AP2/ERF members is shown in Supplemental Figure S1, with the 120 AP2/ERF genes divided into three major groups (ERF, AP2, and RAV) and a soloist and the ERF family being divided further into 10 groups (groups I–X in Supplemental Table S1). We performed a dual-luciferase assay to determine the ability of 116 FaAP2/ERF members to activate transcription from the promoter of FaQR. The results indicated that about 12 members (mainly belonging to the ERF and RAV families) showed a significant activation effect on the FaQR promoter, while the remaining members showed very limited effects (Fig. 2). The relative activity of only the following 12 FaAP2/ERF transcripts reached the threshold value set at 2: FaERF#8/FaERF#9 (group II), FaERF#27/FaERF#29/FaERF#31/FaERF#32 (group IV), FaERF#37/FaERF#38 (group V), FaERF#62/FaERF#64 (group VIII), FaERF#68 (group IX), and FaRAV4 (Fig. 2). Of these, FaERF#9 exhibited the highest activation effect on the FaQR promoter (4.66-fold; Fig. 2). The strawberry FaERF#9 cDNA is 699 bp long, and ExPASy Compute pI/Mw tool analysis indicated that this gene encodes a 232-amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 25.4 kD and a pI of 5.6. Figure 2. Open in new tabDownload slide Regulatory effects of FaAP2/ERF on the promoter of FaQR. Firefly luciferase/Renilla luciferase (LUC/REN) values of the empty vector on the FaQR promoter were used as the calibrator, set as 1, and se values were calculated from five replicates. Statistical significance was determined by Student’s two-tailed t test (***, P < 0.001). Figure 2. Open in new tabDownload slide Regulatory effects of FaAP2/ERF on the promoter of FaQR. Firefly luciferase/Renilla luciferase (LUC/REN) values of the empty vector on the FaQR promoter were used as the calibrator, set as 1, and se values were calculated from five replicates. Statistical significance was determined by Student’s two-tailed t test (***, P < 0.001). FaERF#9 Expression Pattern and Subcellular Localization To further explore the connections between AP2/ERFs and furaneol biosynthesis, we obtained the transcript profiles of the AP2/ERF genes in strawberry fruit samples at different fruit developmental and ripening stages by RT-qPCR, excluding genes with very low abundance in the fruit samples. The results, presented as a heat map (Supplemental Fig. S2), demonstrate that these genes displayed various expression patterns in both the apical and basal sections, and by analyzing the expression patterns of the members indicated as activators in the dual-luciferase assay, we found that only a few genes, including FaERF#8, FaERF#9, FaERF#27, FaERF#32, and FaERF#37, were up-regulated during ripening stages, and their expression correlated with furaneol accumulation in the fruit (Fig. 1). Furthermore, the expression patterns of the up-regulated genes in the apical and basal sections showed that one ERF gene, FaERF#9, not only showed an up-regulation pattern in both sections but its expression in the apical section occurred ahead of that in the basal section (Fig. 3), consistent with the actual changes in furaneol content (Fig. 1) and the expression pattern of FaQR (Fig. 1). The subcellular localization of FaERF#9 was predicted to be in the nucleus using the WoLF PSORT program. In experimental tests, 35S-FaERF#9-GFP showed strong fluorescence in the nucleus, and the green signal merged with the red fluorescence signal of the mCherry nucleus marker in tobacco plants (Fig. 3). Figure 3. Open in new tabDownload slide Expression and the subcellular localization of FaERF#9. A, Expression levels were calculated relative to the levels in the basal section at the R stage. B, Subcellular localization analysis was performed in tobacco leaves. The tobacco used in the assay was stably transformed with a specific nucleus-localized red fluorescent protein construct, and the red fluorescence indicates the nucleus-localized signal (NLS). se values were calculated from three replicates. Bars = 25 µm. Figure 3. Open in new tabDownload slide Expression and the subcellular localization of FaERF#9. A, Expression levels were calculated relative to the levels in the basal section at the R stage. B, Subcellular localization analysis was performed in tobacco leaves. The tobacco used in the assay was stably transformed with a specific nucleus-localized red fluorescent protein construct, and the red fluorescence indicates the nucleus-localized signal (NLS). se values were calculated from three replicates. Bars = 25 µm. Transient Overexpression of FaERF#9 in Strawberry The expression of FaERF#9 in agroinfiltrated fruits was analyzed by performing RT-qPCR on day 7 after infiltration, by which time they had reached the IR or R stage, and the results showed that the transcript levels were significantly higher (5.2-fold) than in control fruits (Fig. 4). The expression of FaQR was examined in the same fruits, and the transcript abundance also increased 2.2-fold. The relative content of HDMF in the FaERF#9-overexpressing fruits was 0.08 μg g−1 fruit and undetectable in the control fruits (Fig. 4). The relative content of DMMF in the overexpressing fruits also was increased significantly, to 0.38 μg g−1 fruit compared with 0.04 μg g−1 fruit in the control (Fig. 4). These observations provide direct evidence for a regulatory role for FaERF#9 in promoting FaQR biosynthesis and activity in ripening strawberry fruit. Taken together, these results indicate that, by activating the transcription of FaQR, FaERF#9 functions as a positive regulator in furaneol biosynthesis. Figure 4. Open in new tabDownload slide Transient overexpression (OX) of FaERF#9 in strawberry fruit. A, Relative expression of FaQR and FaERF#9 in FaERF#9-OX fruit 7 d after infiltration. The expression was calculated relative to the average value in control (SK) fruits. B, HDMF and DMMF contents in FaERF#9-OX fruit. The contents of both furanones were quantified using the peak area of the internal standard (2-octanol) as the reference. se values were calculated from three replicates. Statistical significance was determined by Student’s two-tailed t test (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; and ***, P < 0.001). FW, Fresh weight; nd, undetected. Figure 4. Open in new tabDownload slide Transient overexpression (OX) of FaERF#9 in strawberry fruit. A, Relative expression of FaQR and FaERF#9 in FaERF#9-OX fruit 7 d after infiltration. The expression was calculated relative to the average value in control (SK) fruits. B, HDMF and DMMF contents in FaERF#9-OX fruit. The contents of both furanones were quantified using the peak area of the internal standard (2-octanol) as the reference. se values were calculated from three replicates. Statistical significance was determined by Student’s two-tailed t test (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; and ***, P < 0.001). FW, Fresh weight; nd, undetected. Correlation of FaERF#9 Expression and FaQR Transcript Profiles Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) quantification showed that furanones are distributed in variable levels among different strawberry cultivars (Supplemental Fig. S3). The transcript profiles of FaQR and FaERF#9 in fruits of different cultivars were measured, and linear regression analysis was performed. In the cultivars, the changes in FaQR transcripts correlated positively with those in FaERF#9 transcripts (r = 0.79, P < 0.01; Fig. 5). In addition, FaERF#9 transcript levels also correlated with furanone content across cultivars (Fig. 5). Figure 5. Open in new tabDownload slide Scatterplots of 11 strawberry cultivars. A, Linear regression analysis between FaERF#9 expression and FaQR expression. B, Linear regression analysis between FaERF#9 expression and furanone content. The relative expression was normalized to that of the housekeeping gene FaRIB413, and furanone content was calculated with an internal standard as the reference. Significant differences were determined by SPSS Statistics 20.0. FW, Fresh weight. Figure 5. Open in new tabDownload slide Scatterplots of 11 strawberry cultivars. A, Linear regression analysis between FaERF#9 expression and FaQR expression. B, Linear regression analysis between FaERF#9 expression and furanone content. The relative expression was normalized to that of the housekeeping gene FaRIB413, and furanone content was calculated with an internal standard as the reference. Significant differences were determined by SPSS Statistics 20.0. FW, Fresh weight. FaERF#9 Is an Indirect Regulator of the FaQR Promoter and Acts via Protein-Protein Interaction with FaMYB98 Although the results of the dual-luciferase assay, expression analysis, transient overexpression, and correlation analysis all were consistent with the suggestion that FaERF#9 regulates transcript abundance by acting on the FaQR promoter, a yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that FaERF#9 cannot bind directly to the FaQR promoter (Fig. 6). This led us to speculate that activation may occur via a transcription complex involving an additional, as yet unknown regulator that can bind directly to the FaQR promoter. Figure 6. Open in new tabDownload slide Interactions of FaERF#9 and FaMYB98 with the FaQR promoter. A, Yeast one-hybrid analysis of the interaction of FaERF#9 and the FaQR promoter. B, Yeast one-hybrid analysis of the interaction of FaMYB98 and the FaQR promoter. C, Regulatory effect of FaMYB98 on the FaQR promoter. Autoactivation was tested on SD/-Ura (synthetically defined medium without uracil) in the presence of aureobasidin A (AbA), and physical interaction was determined on SD/-Leu (synthetically defined medium without Leu) in the presence of AbA. LUC/REN values of the empty vector on the FaQR promoter were used as the calibrator, set as 1, and error bars were calculated from five replicates. Statistical significance was determined by Student’s two-tailed t test (***, P < 0.001). Figure 6. Open in new tabDownload slide Interactions of FaERF#9 and FaMYB98 with the FaQR promoter. A, Yeast one-hybrid analysis of the interaction of FaERF#9 and the FaQR promoter. B, Yeast one-hybrid analysis of the interaction of FaMYB98 and the FaQR promoter. C, Regulatory effect of FaMYB98 on the FaQR promoter. Autoactivation was tested on SD/-Ura (synthetically defined medium without uracil) in the presence of aureobasidin A (AbA), and physical interaction was determined on SD/-Leu (synthetically defined medium without Leu) in the presence of AbA. LUC/REN values of the empty vector on the FaQR promoter were used as the calibrator, set as 1, and error bars were calculated from five replicates. Statistical significance was determined by Student’s two-tailed t test (***, P < 0.001). In parallel with the investigation of the FaAP2/ERF genes, a cDNA library screening was performed with a yeast one-hybrid assay using the promoter of FaQR as the bait. This screen identified several transcription factors that could bind physically to the FaQR promoter, but only one MYB could activate transcription from the FaQR promoter (approximately 5.6-fold) relative to the control (Fig. 6) in the dual-luciferase assay. This MYB showed 44% amino acid identity with MYB98 (GenBank accession no. ABA42061.1), a transcriptional regulator in the synergid cells in Arabidopsis (Kasahara et al., 2005), and it was designated as FaMYB98. The specificity of FaMYB98 binding to the FaQR promoter was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA; Fig. 7), and increasing the concentration of the cold probe reduced binding. In addition, mutating the putative binding sites (Gómez-Maldonado et al., 2004; Punwani et al., 2007), as shown in Figure 7, eliminated FaMYB98 protein binding. When the combined effect of FaERF#9 and FaMYB98 was analyzed (Fig. 8), a synergistic 14-fold activation of the FaQR promoter was observed, compared with the activation by either FaERF#9 or FaMYB98, which alone promoted transactivation 3.9- and 4.5-fold, respectively. In addition, overexpression of both genes (FaERF#9-FaMYB98-SK) in strawberry fruits resulted in higher expression of FaERF#9 transcripts and higher furanone content than overexpression of FaERF#9 (Supplemental Fig. S4; Supplemental Table S3). Subcellular localization analysis revealed that FaMYB98 also was localized in the nucleus (Supplemental Fig. S5). Figure 7. Open in new tabDownload slide EMSA of FaMYB98 binding to the FaQR promoter. A, The probe sequence used for EMSA, and mutated nucleotides indicated with lowercase letters. B, Purified DNA-binding domain of FaMYB98 protein and biotin-labeled DNA probe were mixed and analyzed on 6% (m/v) native polyacrylamide gels and then photographed. The presence or absence of specific probes is marked by the symbol + or −. Figure 7. Open in new tabDownload slide EMSA of FaMYB98 binding to the FaQR promoter. A, The probe sequence used for EMSA, and mutated nucleotides indicated with lowercase letters. B, Purified DNA-binding domain of FaMYB98 protein and biotin-labeled DNA probe were mixed and analyzed on 6% (m/v) native polyacrylamide gels and then photographed. The presence or absence of specific probes is marked by the symbol + or −. Figure 8. Open in new tabDownload slide Combined activation effects of FaERF#9/FaMYB98 on the FaQR promoter. LUC/REN values obtained with the empty vector and the FaQR promoter were used as the calibrator, set as 1, and error bars were calculated from five replicates. Figure 8. Open in new tabDownload slide Combined activation effects of FaERF#9/FaMYB98 on the FaQR promoter. LUC/REN values obtained with the empty vector and the FaQR promoter were used as the calibrator, set as 1, and error bars were calculated from five replicates. To investigate the potential interactions between FaERF#9 and FaMYB98, the DUALhunter system was used (Fig. 9). Cells expressing the FaMYB98 and FaERF#9 protein pair, using either FaMYB98 or FaERF#9 as the bait, grew on DDO, QDO, and QDO supplemented with 1 mm 3-AT selective medium, indicating interaction between the two proteins. This putative protein-protein interaction was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, and the combinations FaMYB98-YFPN/FaERF#9-YFPC and FaERF#9-YFPN/FaMYB98-YFPC exhibited strong coincident signals in the nucleus, while negative controls produced no detectable fluorescence signal (Fig. 10). In addition, coexpression of FaERF#9-YFPN/FaERF#9-YFPC as well as FaMYB98-YFPN/FaMYB98-YFPC also generated signals in the nucleus, indicating that FaERF#9 and FaMYB98 both could form homodimers or possibly multimers in the nucleus (Fig. 10). Figure 9. Open in new tabDownload slide Yeast two-hybrid analysis of the protein-protein interactions between FaMYB98 and FaERF#9. Positive interactions were determined by the growth of yeast cells on selection plates. Bait with pOST acted as positive controls, and bait with pPR3 acted as negative controls. DDO, Synthetically defined medium without Trp and Leu; QDO, synthetically defined medium without Trp, Leu, His, and adenine; QDO+3-AT, QDO medium supplemented with 1 mm 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. Figure 9. Open in new tabDownload slide Yeast two-hybrid analysis of the protein-protein interactions between FaMYB98 and FaERF#9. Positive interactions were determined by the growth of yeast cells on selection plates. Bait with pOST acted as positive controls, and bait with pPR3 acted as negative controls. DDO, Synthetically defined medium without Trp and Leu; QDO, synthetically defined medium without Trp, Leu, His, and adenine; QDO+3-AT, QDO medium supplemented with 1 mm 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. Figure 10. Open in new tabDownload slide BiFC analysis of the protein-protein interactions between FaMYB98 and FaERF#9. The pairs of fusion proteins tested were FaMYB98-YFPN+FaERF#9-YFPC, FaERF#9-YFPN+FaMYB98-YFPC, FaMYB98-YFPN+FaMYB98-YFPC, and FaERF#9-YFPN+FaERF#9-YFPC. The other combinations were negative controls. The tobacco used in the assay was stably transformed with a specific nucleus-localized red fluorescent protein construct, and the red fluorescence indicated the nucleus-localized signal (NLS). The fluorescence of the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) visualized the interaction in vivo. Bars = 25 µm. Figure 10. Open in new tabDownload slide BiFC analysis of the protein-protein interactions between FaMYB98 and FaERF#9. The pairs of fusion proteins tested were FaMYB98-YFPN+FaERF#9-YFPC, FaERF#9-YFPN+FaMYB98-YFPC, FaMYB98-YFPN+FaMYB98-YFPC, and FaERF#9-YFPN+FaERF#9-YFPC. The other combinations were negative controls. The tobacco used in the assay was stably transformed with a specific nucleus-localized red fluorescent protein construct, and the red fluorescence indicated the nucleus-localized signal (NLS). The fluorescence of the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) visualized the interaction in vivo. Bars = 25 µm. DISCUSSION The AP2/ERF Superfamily in Strawberry The AP2/ERF superfamily of plant transcription factors is defined by the AP2/ERF domain and comprises the ERF, AP2, and RAV families as well as one soloist member (Riechmann et al., 2000; Weirauch and Hughes, 2011). The completion of multiple plant genome sequences has enabled a genome-scale analysis of the AP2/ERF family, which, in recent years, has been studied systematically in diverse fruit species such as tomato, grape, peach (Prunus persica), and kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa; Zhuang et al., 2009; Licausi et al., 2010; Sharma et al., 2010; Yin et al., 2010; Pirrello et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2012, 2016). A few AP2/ERF genes have been isolated and characterized in strawberry, and CBF orthologs (Owens et al., 2002; Koehler et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2014) have been identified from different strawberry cultivars in several independent studies. Although they have distinct names, such as strawberry CBF1 (FaCBF1), FaCBF4 (GenBank accession no. HQ910515.1), and CBF1 (GenBank accession no. EU117214.2), according to the phylogenetic tree generated in this study, the orthologs of CBF1/CBF4/CBF2/CBF3 in Arabidopsis are similar to each other and to FaERF#20 (Supplemental Fig. S1; Owens et al., 2002; Koehler et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2014). FaERF#20 has 85% sequence similarity with FaCBF1, identified by Owens et al. (2002); 93% similarity with FaCBF4, amplified by Koehler et al. (2012); and 75% similarity with CBF1, cloned by Zhang et al. (2014). The AP2/ERF genes characterized in other studies (Jia et al., 2011; Gao et al., 2015; Chai and Shen, 2016; Mu et al., 2016) also are noted in Supplemental Table S1. Based on the computational analysis, we have identified a total of 120 AP2/ERF genes in octoploid strawberry (Supplemental Table S1). The number of predicted AP2/ERF genes (120) is comparable to those observed in other fruits, including tomato (112), Chinese plum (Prunus salicina; 116), Citrus spp. (126), and peach (131), but lower than those reported for grape (149; Xie et al., 2016). As shown in Supplemental Table S2, 79% (95 genes) of the AP2/ERF genes belong to the ERF family in strawberry, constituting the largest subfamily. The members of this subfamily can be classified into 10 groups (groups I–X) according to their sequence similarities to the Arabidopsis ERF genes (Nakano et al., 2006). The AP2 family encompasses the same number of genes in Arabidopsis, Citrus spp., and strawberry (18; Nakano et al., 2006; Xie et al., 2014), and there are six RAV genes in strawberry that are highly conserved in dicots such as grape, Arabidopsis, and Populus trichocarpa (Licausi et al., 2010). Role of FaERF#9 in Regulating the Biosynthesis of HDMF: A Positive Regulator Acting in an Indirect Manner The large-scale screening of the AP2/ERF superfamily in strawberry led to the identification of 11 ERFs and one RAV that transactivated the FaQR promoter more than 2-fold, with the highest activation caused by FaERF#9, which transactivated the FaQR promoter (Fig. 2) as well as up-regulating FaQR expression and furanone production in transient overexpression assays (Fig. 4), which have been used extensively to explore the fruit-associated gene functions in strawberry (Han et al., 2015; Medina-Puche et al., 2015; Vallarino et al., 2015; Carvalho et al., 2016; Song et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2018). FaERF#9 transcripts accumulate in the fruit apical section before the basal section (Fig. 3), a finding consistent with the actual changes in furaneol content (Fig. 1) and the expression of FaQR (Fig. 1). The association between FaERF#9 transcripts and the accumulation of furanones also was established with different strawberry cultivars. The correlation between FaERF#9 and FaQR expression as well as furanone content among cultivars supports a positive role of FaERF#9 in regulating furanone content (Fig. 5). These results indicate that FaERF#9 transcript abundance may be a good indicator of the abundance of these important flavor volatiles in fruits of different cultivars. This should be considered as a method for high-throughput variety screening to replace direct measurement of volatiles. FaERF#9 is a member of the ERF group II family and is most closely related to the Arabidopsis genes At1g44830 (ATERF014), At1g21910 (DREB26), and At1g77640 (Supplemental Fig. S1). At1g44830 was observed to be strongly up-regulated in a comprehensive microarray analysis of the root transcriptome following NaCl exposure (Jiang and Deyholos, 2006). At1g21910 (DREB26) was characterized functionally as a transactivator localized in the nucleus, exhibiting tissue-specific expression and participating in plant developmental processes as well as biotic and/or abiotic stress signaling (Krishnaswamy et al., 2011). However, none of these genes have been reported as furanone regulators. In strawberry, another five genes (FaERF#6, FaERF#7, FaERF#8, FaERF#10, and FaERF#11) also belong to the same group, with FaERF#8 also showing somewhat weaker activation activity toward the FaQR promoter than FaERF#9. The fact that FaERF#9 could not bind directly to the promoter of FaQR (Fig. 6) indicates that it might function as an indirect regulator of FaQR and furaneol biosynthesis. A FaERF#9 and FaMYB98 Complex Is Involved in Regulating FaQR and Furaneol Biosynthesis The findings that FaERF#9 could interact with FaMYB98 protein (Figs. 9 and 10) and that FaMYB98 could bind physically to the FaQR promoter (Figs. 6 and 7) provide evidence for a regulatory mechanism whereby FaERF#9 regulates FaQR and furaneol production as part of a complex with an MYB transcription factor. Since co-overexpression of FaERF#9 and FaMYB98 resulted in much higher activation activity toward FaQR, we speculate that FaERF#9 may recruit FaMYB98 homologs in tobacco to activate the FaQR promoter (Fig. 8). FaOMT is another key gene for furanone biosynthesis and a potential target for transcriptional activation. However, FaERF#9 did not significantly activate the FaOMT promoter in a dual-luciferase assay, and the transcript level of FaOMT in the FaERF#9-overexpressing fruits showed no significant difference from that in the control (Supplemental Figs. S6 and S7). The FaOMT promoter was induced significantly by FaMYB98, but no synergistic effect of FaERF#9 and FaMYB98 on the promoter was observed (Supplemental Fig. S6). In previous studies of the regulation of plant volatile compounds, MYBs have been characterized as being involved mainly in the regulation of the benzenoid/phenylpropanoid pathway that produces floral volatiles in petunia (Petunia hybrida) and eugenol in ripe strawberry fruit (Verdonk et al., 2005; Colquhoun et al., 2011; Dal Cin et al., 2011; Spitzer-Rimon et al., 2012; Medina-Puche et al., 2015), but their role in the formation of volatiles from other pathways has not been reported. Our study demonstrates a role for MYB in the synthesis of furaneol, a carbohydrate-derived volatile compound, and reveals the synergistic interactions between an MYB and ERF in a transcription complex (Figs. 8–10). Recent research has provided evidence for interactions between AP2/ERF and MYB transcription factors in regulating other aspects of fruit quality, including texture (EjAP2-1 and EjMYB; Zeng et al., 2015) and color (PyERF3 and PyMYB114; Yao et al., 2017). A group VIII ERF also was shown recently to interact with an MYB to regulate floral scent production in petunia (Liu et al., 2017). In strawberry fruit, DOF, in combination with an MYB, has been reported to be involved in the regulation of eugenol production, and the identification of this second transcription factor (DOF) suggests that it is a good target in breeding for improved flavor (Molina-Hidalgo et al., 2017; Tieman, 2017). Considering its important contribution to flavor in strawberry and many other highly valued fruit crop species (pineapple, tomato, mango, etc.), very little is known about the regulation of furaneol synthesis. Here, we established the role of FaERF#9 in the regulation of HDMF synthesis by direct protein-protein interactions with FaMYB98 to synergistically transactivate FaQR. The functional identification of this complex enhances our knowledge of the regulation of volatile compound synthesis and identifies a new AP2/ERF-MYB complex. Further examination of the other ERFs that stimulated transcription from the FaQR promoter (Fig. 2) may provide additional information about the complexity of this regulation. Overall, this study provides important clues for understanding the transcriptional regulation of HDMF synthesis and identifies specific transcription factors that are likely to be good targets for molecular breeding for improved flavor. CONCLUSION Screening of the AP2/ERF superfamily in strawberry identified candidate members capable of activating the FaQR promoter. An ERF transcription factor was identified as a positive regulator of HDMF synthesis in strawberry fruit, and the mechanism of activation was shown to involve an ERF-MYB transcription complex that regulates the transcription of FaQR, leading to the biosynthesis of HDMF, the characteristic volatile compound that has a major influence on strawberry aroma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Materials and Growth Conditions The strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa ‘Yuexin’, an octoploid cultivar) fruits used in this study were bred by the Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Haining, Zhejiang province, China. Fruits at various developmental and ripening stages, including G, T, IR, and R, were harvested (Fig. 1) and transported to the laboratory within 2 h. Thirty-six fruits of uniform size and free of visible defects were selected at each stage, with 12 fruits in each biological replicate. After removing the calyces, fruits were then divided into the basal and apical sections, which were sampled separately (Fig. 1). They were rapidly cut into pieces, frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until use. Red ripe fruits of different strawberry cultivars (octoploid cultivars), including cv Yueli, Benihoppe, Mengxiang, Amaou, 10-1-4, Akihime, Sweet Charlie, 07-1-4, Darselect, Yuexin, and Xuemei, also were provided by the Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences. For each cultivar, the fruits of three biological replicates were sampled, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C for further use. Tobacco plants (Nicotiana benthamiana) used for dual-luciferase assays and subcellular localization analysis in this study were grown in a growth chamber with a light/dark cycle of 16 h/8 h at 24°C. Detection of DMMF and HDMF Automated Headspace solid -phase microextraction was performed to detect both furanones in cv Yuexin strawberry fruit (Zorrilla-Fontanesi et al., 2012). Samples were ground into a powder under liquid nitrogen for analysis. For the detection of DMMF (Fig. 1), 0.5 g (fresh weight) of each sample was weighed in the vial, to which was added 1 mL of EDTA solution (100 mm, pH 7.5), 1 mL of CaCl2 solution (m/v = 20%), and 20 µL of 2-octanol as the internal standard (0.07 μg μL−1). The mixture was homogenized, and the vial was closed and placed on the sample tray for analysis by a CombiPAL autosampler (CTC Analytic). The fruit volatiles were sampled by headspace solid-phase microextraction with a 65-μm polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene fiber. Initially, vials were preincubated at 50°C for 10 min under continuous agitation (500 rpm); then, volatiles were extracted for 30 min at the same temperature and agitation speed. After that, the fiber was desorbed in the GC injection port for 5 min in splitless mode. The 7890A GC chromatograph was equipped with a DB-5ms column (60 m × 250 μm × 1 μm; J&W Scientific), with helium as the carrier gas at a constant flow of 1.2 mL min−1. The GC device was programmed at an initial temperature of 35°C for 2 min, with a ramp of 5°C min−1 up to 250°C, and held for 5 min. The injection port, interface, and MS source temperatures were 250°C, 260°C, and 230°C respectively. The ionization potential was set at 70 eV, recorded by a 5975B mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, J&W Scientific), and the scanning speed was seven scans per second. The same method was used to analyze HDMF and DMMF in fruits from different cultivars (Supplemental Fig. S3), except for the sample preparation procedure (Aragüez et al., 2013): briefly, 0.5 g (fresh weight) of powdered fruit was incubated at 30°C in a water bath for 5 min, then 2 mL of NaCl (m/v = 20%) and 20 µL of 2-octanol as the internal standard (0.07 μg μL−1) were added and homogenized. For the detection of HDMF (Fig. 1) and both furanones (Fig. 4; Supplemental Table S3), a liquid-injection system equipped with CTC Pal ALS was used. One gram (fresh weight) of powdered fruit and 2 mL of NaCl (m/v = 20%) were homogenized in a 10-mL tube, and 300 μL of CH2Cl2 and 20 µL of 2-octanol (0.766 μg μL−1) as the internal standard were added to extract the volatiles; the mixture was then homogenized again. The tubes were stored at room temperature for 20 min and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 min. The subnatant was pipetted into a clean 1.5-mL tube, in which 20 mg of anhydrous sodium sulfate was added; the tube was left without shaking for 0.5 h. Then, 150 μL of the solution was transferred into a GC vial and placed on the sample tray as described above. Each sample (1 μL) was injected using the autosampler, and the analysis was accomplished by a 7890A GC-MS system (Agilent Technologies, J&W Scientific) equipped with a DB-WAX column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm; J&W Scientific). Helium (1.2 mL min−1) was used as a carrier gas. The injection port (splitless injection mode), interface, and MS source temperatures were as described above. The oven temperature was set at 60°C for 4 min, then increased to 180°C at a rate of 4°C min−1 and maintained for 30 min. DMMF was identified by comparison of electron ionization mass spectra and retention time data with the data from the NIST/EPA/NIH mass spectral library (NIST-08 and Flavor). HDMF (Fig. 1) was identified and qualified by comparison with injected standard (Sigma). The quantitative analysis of both furanones (Fig. 4; Supplemental Table S3; Supplemental Fig. S3) was determined using the peak area of the internal standard as a reference based on total ion chromatogram. RNA Isolation and RT-qPCR Total RNA from strawberry samples was isolated in this study using the CTAB method (Chang et al., 1993). Genomic DNA contamination was eliminated by TURBO Dnase (Ambion), and 1 μg of RNA was used to obtain cDNA using an IScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio-Rad). The synthesized cDNA was diluted with water (1:20), and 2 μL of diluted cDNA was used as the template for RT-qPCR. Reactions were performed in a total volume of 20 μL, consisting of 10 μL of SYBR PCR supermix (Bio-Rad), 1 μL of each primer (10 μm), 6 μL of diethyl pyrocarbonate-water, and 2 μL of diluted cDNA on a CFX96 instrument (Bio-Rad; Yin et al., 2012). The oligonucleotide primers for RT-qPCR analysis of genes, including AP2/ERF, FaQR, and FaOMT, were designed according to the coding sequences of genes, and the specificity was verified before use (Min et al., 2012). NCBI/Primer-BLAST was applied to design the primers. Relative expression levels were normalized to that of an internal control, the interspacer 26S-18S strawberry RNA housekeeping gene FaRIB413 (Zorrilla-Fontanesi et al., 2012). To investigate the differential expression of genes during fruit development and ripening stages, the relative expression of each gene at the R stage in the basal fruit section was set as 1 using the 2−nnCT method. For transient overexpression assay, the relative expression of control fruits with an empty vector (SK) was set as 1. The primers used in RT-qPCR are listed in Supplemental Table S4. Gene Isolation and Analysis Multiple database searches were performed to identify members of the strawberry AP2/ERF superfamily in the published strawberry databases and annotations of strawberry and Fragaria × vesca, using the AP2/ERF DNA-binding domain as a query sequence, and 120 genes were identified with AP2/ERF domain(s). Based on the BLAST result, primers (listed in Supplemental Table S5) were used to amplify the coding full-length cDNAs of AP2/ERF genes. The deduced amino acid sequences of AP2/ERF proteins in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) used for the construction of a phylogenetic tree were obtained from The Arabidopsis Information Resource. Alignment of the proteins was performed using the neighbor-joining method in ClustalX (version 1.8.1), and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using FigTree (version 1.3.1). FaMYB98 was obtained by yeast one-hybrid screening sequencing, and the full-length sequences were predicted by BLAST. Primers were designed (listed in Supplemental Table S5) to amplify the full-length coding sequence. The promoter of FaQR was cloned by genome walking as described previously (Yin et al., 2010), and conserved cis-element motifs in the promoter were searched manually. Conserved domains within the FaAP2/ERF proteins and FaMYB98 were analyzed by CD-search (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi), and cellular locations of proteins, including FaERF#9 and FaMYB98, were predicted with the WoLF PSORT program (https://www.genscript.com/wolf-psort.html). Dual-Luciferase Assays In accordance with a previous protocol (Yin et al., 2010), the full-length cDNAs of FaAP2/ERF or FaMYB98 transcription factors were cloned into pGreen II 0029 62-SK vector, and the promoter of FaQR was cloned into pGreen II 0800-LUC vector. A luciferase gene from Renilla driven by a 35S promoter in the luciferase vector acted as a positive control. The above constructs were expressed transiently in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated infiltration (strain GV3101), and the activity of the transcription factors on the promoter was measured on day 3 after infiltration, indicated by the ratio of enzyme activities of LUC and REN using a Modulus Luminometer (Promega). To determine the activity of a specific transcription factor toward the promoter, we mixed the A. tumefaciens culture with 1 mL of transcription factor and 100 μL of promoter, and the LUC/REN value of the empty vector SK on the promoter was set as 1, as a calibrator. To test the combined effect of two transcription factors on the promoter, to the A. tumefaciens culture mixture we added 0.5 mL of each transcription factor and 100 μL of promoter; the effect of the mixtures that contained each transcription factor (0.5 mL) and empty vector SK (0.5 mL) also was tested on the promoter as a control. Subcellular Localization Analysis 35S-FaERF#9-GFP and 35S-FaMYB98-GFP were expressed transiently in tobacco leaves by A. tumefaciens infiltration (EHA105) using the same method as described for the dual-luciferase assay above. The transiently infected leaves were imaged on day 3 after infiltration using a Nikon A1-SHS confocal laser scanning microscope. The excitation wavelength for GFP fluorescence was 488 nm, and fluorescence was detected at 490 to 520 nm. The primers used for GFP construction are listed in Supplemental Table S6. Transient Overexpression in Strawberry Fruit Transient overexpression of FaERF#9 and an overexpression binary vector (pGreen II 0029 62-SK-FaERF#9-FaMYB98) was performed in strawberry fruit using the FaERF#9-SK construct described above for the dual-luciferase assays and the binary vector constructed according to Liu et al. (2013). The transfection of fruit was carried out at the G stage (Hoffmann et al., 2006). The FaERF#9-SK construct and binary vector were electroporated individually into A. tumefaciens GV3101, and the A. tumefaciens culture suspended in infiltration buffer was infiltrated into the whole fruit using a syringe. As a control treatment, fruits were infiltrated with A. tumefaciens carrying an empty vector SK under the same transfection conditions. Fruits were left attached to the plants and harvested on day 7 after infiltration. Fruits of three biological replicates were sampled for further analysis. Yeast One-Hybrid Assay In order to identify proteins that bind to the FaQR promoter, the Matchmaker Gold Yeast One-Hybrid Library Screening System (Clontech) was used. The sequence of the FaQR promoter was cloned into the pAbAi vector, and the construct was integrated into the genome of the Y1HGold yeast strain. A mixture of total RNA from strawberry fruit at four stages (G, T, IR, and R) was used to construct the prey cDNA library (TaKaRa). The background AbAr expression of the Y1HGold FaQR-pAbAi strain was tested according to the system user manual, and then screening for protein-DNA interactions was carried out. Furthermore, the full length of each transcription factor was cloned separately into pGADT7 AD vector to confirm the screening results. The relationship between FaERF#9 and the FaQR promoter also was examined individually. Primers used in this assay are listed in Supplemental Table S6. Expression and Purification of FaMYB98 Recombinant Protein A 405-bp region spanning the DNA-binding domain of FaMYB98 was amplified from FaMYB98 cDNA and cloned into a pET6×HN vector (Clontech) to generate the recombinant N-terminal His-tagged protein; the primers used are listed in Supplemental Table S6. The resulting construct was sequenced and introduced into Escherichia coli strain Rosetta 2(DE3)pLysS (Novagen). Ten milliliters of the overnight culture was combined with 500 mL of Luria-Bertani liquid medium (100 μg mL−1 ampicillin and 34 μg mL−1 chloramphenicol) as described (Li et al., 2017b). Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside was added to a final concentration of 1 mm, and the bacterial culture was incubated at 18°C at 150 rpm for 18 h. Then, the cells were harvested using a centrifuge and resuspended in 1× PBS buffer (Sangon Biotech), after which they were disrupted by sonication and the supernatant was purified using a HisTALON Gravity Column (Clontech) according to the user manual. The PD-10 Desalting column (GE Healthcare) was then used for buffer change and sample cleanup of proteins according to the gravity protocol. SDS-PAGE was performed, and the protein was visualized using Coomassie Brilliant Blue. EMSA A Lightshift Chemiluminescent EMSA kit (Thermo) was used to perform EMSA experiments according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Single-strand oligonucleotides were synthesized and biotinylated by GeneBio Biotech. The details of the EMSA are provided by Ge et al. (2017). The probes used for EMSAs are listed in Supplemental Table S6. Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay The DUALhunter system (Dualsystems Biotech) was used to investigate the interaction between FaERF#9 and FaMYB98. Full-length coding sequences of FaERF#9 and FaMYB98 were cloned into pDHB1 bait vector and pPR3-N prey vector, respectively, sequences were verified, and the bait plasmid was cotransformed with prey plasmid into NMY51 in the following combinations: FaMYB98-pDHB1/pPR3-N, FaMYB98-pDHB1/FaERF#9-pPR3-N, FaMYB98-pDHB1/pOst1-NubI, FaERF#9-pDHB1/pPR3-N, FaERF#9-pDHB1/FaMYB98-pPR3-N, and FaERF#9-pDHB1/pOst1-NubI (Li et al., 2017a). Transformed cells were spread onto the following plates: DDO (SD medium-Trp-Leu), QDO (SD medium-Trp-Leu-His-Ade), and QDO+3-AT (QDO medium supplemented with 1 mm 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole). The control plasmid pOst1-NubI was used to determine whether the bait was functional, the pPR3-N prey vector plasmid was used to test whether the bait displayed nonspecific background, and positive interactions were indicated by the growth of yeast on QDO and QDO+3-AT plates. The primers used in the DUALhunter assay are listed in Supplemental Table S6. BiFC Assays Full-length FaERF#9 and FaMYB98 were cloned into sequences encoding the N- and C-terminal fragments, respectively, of YFP (Lv et al., 2014). All constructs were expressed transiently in tobacco leaves by A. tumefaciens infiltration (EHA105). The YFP fluorescence of transfected leaves was imaged 40 h after infiltration by using a Nikon A1-SHS confocal laser scanning microscope. The excitation wavelength for YFP was 488 nm, and fluorescence was detected at 520 to 540 nm. Primers used are listed in Supplemental Table S6. Statistics Student’s two-tailed t test (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; and ***, P < 0.001) was used to determine significant differences between two groups in this study. Microsoft Excel was used to perform linear regressive analysis, significant differences were determined by SPSS Statistics 20.0, and scatterplots were prepared with Origin8.0. lsd at the 5% level was calculated using Microsoft Excel. Figures were prepared with Origin8.0 (Microcal Software). The online tool MetaboAnalyst 3.6 (http://www.metaboanalyst.ca/) was used to analyze the transcript abundance of the AP2/ERF genes. Accession Numbers Sequence data from this article have been deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers MH332903 to MH333022 for AP2/ERF genes in strawberry and MH333023 for FaMYB98. GenBank accession numbers for FaQR and FaOMT were AY158836.1 (Raab et al., 2006) and AF220491.2 (Wein et al., 2002). Supplemental Data The following supplemental materials are available. Supplemental Figure S1. Phylogenetic analysis of FaAP2/ERF and Arabidopsis AP2/ERF proteins. Supplemental Figure S2. Analysis of FaAP2/ERF gene expression patterns in strawberry fruit during development and ripening. Supplemental Figure S3. Contents of furanones in fruit of strawberry cultivars. Supplemental Figure S4. Relative expression of FaERF#9 in FaERF#9-FaMYB98- and FaERF#9-overexpressing fruits. Supplemental Figure S5. Subcellular localization of FaMYB98. Supplemental Figure S6. Combined activation effects of FaERF#9/FaMYB98 on the FaOMT promoter. Supplemental Figure S7. Relative expression of FaOMT in FaERF#9-overexpressing fruits. Supplemental Table S1. AP2/ERF superfamily genes in strawberry. Supplemental Table S2. Classification of the AP2/ERF superfamily members in strawberry. Supplemental Table S3. Furanone content in FaERF#9-FaMYB98- and FaERF#9-overexpressing fruits. Supplemental Table S4. Primers used for RT-qPCR. Supplemental Table S5. Primers used to amplify the full-length coding sequences of AP2/ERF genes and FaMYB98 in strawberry. Supplemental Table S6. Primers used for vector construction. Dive Curated Terms The following phenotypic, genotypic, and functional terms are of significance to the work described in this paper: ATERF014 Gramene: At1G44830 ATERF014 Araport: At1G44830 At1g21910 Gramene: AT1G21910 At1g21910 Araport: AT1G21910 At1g44830 Gramene: AT1G44830 At1g44830 Araport: AT1G44830 At1g77640 Gramene: AT1G77640 At1g77640 Araport: AT1G77640 DREB26 Gramene: At1G21910 DREB26 Araport: At1G21910 MYB98 Gramene: AT4G18770 MYB98 Araport: AT4G18770 LITERATURE CITED Agarwal P , Agarwal PK, Joshi AJ, Sopory SK, Reddy MK ( 2010 ) Overexpression of PgDREB2A transcription factor enhances abiotic stress tolerance and activates downstream stress-responsive genes . 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The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Kunsong Chen (akun@zju.edu.cn). www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.18.00598 © 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)
TI - An ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR-MYB Transcription Complex Regulates Furaneol Biosynthesis by Activating QUINONE OXIDOREDUCTASE Expression in Strawberry
JF - Plant Physiology
DO - 10.1104/pp.18.00598
DA - 2018-09-07
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/an-ethylene-response-factor-myb-transcription-complex-regulates-jlSMPD9mB0
SP - 189
EP - 201
VL - 178
IS - 1
DP - DeepDyve
ER -