TY - JOUR
AU1 - Cotten, B.
AU2 - Ragland, D.
AU3 - Thomson, J. E.
AU4 - Adeola, O.
AB - Abstract Two experiments were designed to determine the N and AA digestibility of various protein sources (potato protein concentrate, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, linseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, canola meal, and camelina meal) fed to growing pigs. In each experiment, barrows were surgically fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum and fed 4 experimental diets and a N-free diet (NFD) on the basis of a replicated 5 × 2 crossover arrangement with 5 diets and 2 periods. For Exp. 1, 20 cannulated 25-kg barrows received potato concentrate, soy concentrate, soy isolate, and linseed meal. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of N for potato concentrate, soy concentrate, and soy isolate were similar and greater than that for linseed meal (P < 0.05). The AID and SID of Leu and Thr were greater in potato protein concentrate than soy concentrate (P < 0.05), and AID and SID of Thr were lower in soy isolate than potato concentrate. The AID and SID of all essential AA were similar between soy isolate and soy concentrate. Linseed meal had the lowest AID and SID of N and AA digestibility among protein sources (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, canola meal, and camelina meal were fed to 42-kg barrows to determine their AID and SID of AA. The AID and SID of N and all AA were greatest for sunflower meal (P < 0.05), and canola meal had similar AID and SID of N, Met, Thr, Leu, and Val. The AID and SID of all essential AA, except for Met and Trp, were lowest for sunflower meal (P < 0.05). Cottonseed meal had lower AID and SID for Lys, Ile, Leu, Met, Thr, and Val compared with the other protein sources (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the digestibility of N and AA varies greatly among oilseed meals. INTRODUCTION Soybean meal (SBM) is an ideal protein source for swine diets as the AA profile is rich in Lys, Thr, and Trp (Gonzalez-Vega and Stein, 2012). As the demand increases for SBM, possible alternative sources of dietary protein for swine include other oilseed meals, animal-derived protein ingredients, and plant protein concentrates. Among protein sources, canola meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, camelina meal, and linseed meal are common substitutes for SBM. Canola meal is the second most produced oilseed meal in the world (Oil World, 2011) and has been used as a partial replacement for soybean meal in growing pig diets (Keith and Bell, 1982). Cottonseed meal, a readily available oilseed meal in the United States, is characterized by a rich profile of AA (Tanksley, 1990; Chiba, 2001; Gonzalez-Vega and Stein, 2012). Although containing a high level of fiber, sunflower meal has been shown to be readily digestible by growing-finishing pigs (Perez et al., 1986; Gonzalez-Vega and Stein, 2012). Camelina meal, a by-product of camelina cultivation and processing, has regained nutritional interest because of its high omega-3 fatty acid content (Almeida et al., 2013a). Linseed meal has been shown to increase linolenic acid deposition in pigs and may be a viable source of nutrients in the swine industry (Enser et al., 2000). Along with oilseed by-products, researchers are also investigating the use of plant protein concentrates in livestock production. Plant protein concentrates that may be applied to swine production include potato protein concentrate, soy protein concentrate, and soy protein isolate (Li et al., 1991; Smith et al., 1996). Because of a dearth of information on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA in the previously discussed ingredients, 2 experiments were conducted to investigate the AID and SID of N and AA of alternative protein ingredients when fed to growing pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS All experimental protocols were approved by the Purdue University Animal Care and Use Committee. Experimental Design Crossbred Hampshire × Duroc × Yorkshire × Landrace barrows (Exp. 1 BW: 25 ± 0.25 kg; Exp. 2 BW: 42 ± 0.70 kg) were obtained from the Purdue University Animal Sciences Research Farm and used in a 5 × 2 crossover design with initial BW as the blocking factor. At the beginning of each period, pigs were weighed and randomly allotted to block by BW and to treatment within each block such that each pig did not receive the same diet in period 2 as in period 1. Pigs were housed individually in floor pens with ad libitum access to water and 12 h of artificial lighting in climate-controlled rooms (22°C). Experimental diets were fed to the pigs (20 pigs for Exp. 1 and 19 pigs for Exp. 2) according to a 5 × 2 crossover arrangement using 5 diets in each of 2 periods. In Exp. 2, there was 1 fewer pig for N-free diet in each period. Each period lasted 7 d consisting of 5 d for the pigs to adapt to the experimental diets, followed by a 2-d collection period of ileal digesta during which a plastic tubular bag was attached to the externalized T-cannula on d 6 and 7. To reduce proliferation of bacteria in the ileal samples, each bag contained 10 mL of 5% formic acid, and ileal contents were stored at −20°C between collections. Following completion of the studies, ileal digesta were thawed and pooled for each pig for the 2-d collection, subsampled, and lyophilized. Daily feed allowance was approximately 4% of BW at the beginning of the adaptation period, and feed was provided in 2 equal portions at 0600 and 1800 h. Chromic oxide was incorporated into diets at 5 g/kg (as-fed basis) to calculate nutrient digestibility according to the index method (Zhai and Adeola, 2011). Dietary Treatments For each experiment, 4 diets were formulated to contain 19% CP (Exp. 1) or 16% CP (Exp. 2) with the experimental ingredient supplying all of the dietary AA. Cornstarch was adjusted to account for the inclusion of the experimental ingredient. A N-free, semipurified, cornstarch-based diet was fed to determine the endogenous flow of AA. Diets were formulated to meet current NRC (2012) requirements. In Exp. 1, the experimental diets contained potato protein concentrate, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, and linseed meal at 23.7%, 29%, 22.3%, and 56.8%, respectively, on an as-fed basis. In Exp. 2, the experimental diets contained sunflower meal (with hulls), cottonseed meal, solvent-extracted canola meal, and camelina meal at 52.3%, 39.2%, 42%, and 42.2% of the diets, respectively, on an as-fed basis (Table 1). Table 1. Composition of experimental diets in Exp. 1 and 2 on an as-fed basis   Exp. 1 diets  Exp. 2 diets  Exp. 1 and 2 N-free diet  Ingredient, %  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  Sunflower meal (with hulls)  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal (solvent extracted)  Camelina meal  Potato protein  23.7  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  Soy protein concentrate  0  29.0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  Soy protein isolate  0  0  22.3  0  0  0  0  0  0  Linseed meal  0  0  0  56.8  0  0  0  0  0  Sunflower meal  0  0  0  0  52.3  0  0  0  0  Cottonseed meal  0  0  0  0  0  39.2  0  0  0  Canola meal  0  0  0  0  0  0  42.0  0  0  Camelina meal  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  42.2  0  Corn starch  59.6  55.2  61.57  28.42  43.1  55.7  53.9  52.7  74.8  Dextrose  10.0  10.0  10.0  10.0  0  0  0  0  10.0  Soy oil  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  3.0  Chromic oxide marker1  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  Monocalcium phosphate  2.85  1.72  2.05  0.5  1.5  1.5  1.0  1.5  2.85  Limestone  0.65  0.88  0.88  1.08  0  0.5  0  0.5  0.65  Solka-Floc2  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  5.0  Salt  0.4  0.4  0.4  0.4  0.3  0.3  0.3  0.3  0.4  Vitamin premix3  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  Mineral premix4  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  Selenium premix5  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  Potassium carbonate  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0.4  Magnesium oxide  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0.1  Total  100  100  100  100  100  100  100  100  100    Exp. 1 diets  Exp. 2 diets  Exp. 1 and 2 N-free diet  Ingredient, %  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  Sunflower meal (with hulls)  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal (solvent extracted)  Camelina meal  Potato protein  23.7  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  Soy protein concentrate  0  29.0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  Soy protein isolate  0  0  22.3  0  0  0  0  0  0  Linseed meal  0  0  0  56.8  0  0  0  0  0  Sunflower meal  0  0  0  0  52.3  0  0  0  0  Cottonseed meal  0  0  0  0  0  39.2  0  0  0  Canola meal  0  0  0  0  0  0  42.0  0  0  Camelina meal  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  42.2  0  Corn starch  59.6  55.2  61.57  28.42  43.1  55.7  53.9  52.7  74.8  Dextrose  10.0  10.0  10.0  10.0  0  0  0  0  10.0  Soy oil  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  3.0  Chromic oxide marker1  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  Monocalcium phosphate  2.85  1.72  2.05  0.5  1.5  1.5  1.0  1.5  2.85  Limestone  0.65  0.88  0.88  1.08  0  0.5  0  0.5  0.65  Solka-Floc2  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  5.0  Salt  0.4  0.4  0.4  0.4  0.3  0.3  0.3  0.3  0.4  Vitamin premix3  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  Mineral premix4  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  Selenium premix5  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  Potassium carbonate  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0.4  Magnesium oxide  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0.1  Total  100  100  100  100  100  100  100  100  100  1Prepared as 5 g chromic oxide plus 20 g cornstarch. 2International Fiber Corporation, 50 Bridge Street, North Tonawanda, NY 14120. 3Vitamin premix provided the following quantities per kilogram of complete diet: vitamin A, 3,630 IU; vitamin D3, 363 IU; vitamin E, 26.4 IU; menadione, 1.32 mg; riboflavin, 5.28 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 13.1 mg; niacin, 19.8 mg; choline chloride, 771 mg; vitamin B12, 23.1 µg. 4Mineral premix provided the following quantities per kilogram of complete diet: I, 0.46 mg; Mn, 15 mg; Cu, 11.3 mg; Fe, 121.3 mg; Zn, 121.2 mg. 5Supplied 300 μg of Se per kilogram of diet. View Large Table 1. Composition of experimental diets in Exp. 1 and 2 on an as-fed basis   Exp. 1 diets  Exp. 2 diets  Exp. 1 and 2 N-free diet  Ingredient, %  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  Sunflower meal (with hulls)  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal (solvent extracted)  Camelina meal  Potato protein  23.7  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  Soy protein concentrate  0  29.0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  Soy protein isolate  0  0  22.3  0  0  0  0  0  0  Linseed meal  0  0  0  56.8  0  0  0  0  0  Sunflower meal  0  0  0  0  52.3  0  0  0  0  Cottonseed meal  0  0  0  0  0  39.2  0  0  0  Canola meal  0  0  0  0  0  0  42.0  0  0  Camelina meal  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  42.2  0  Corn starch  59.6  55.2  61.57  28.42  43.1  55.7  53.9  52.7  74.8  Dextrose  10.0  10.0  10.0  10.0  0  0  0  0  10.0  Soy oil  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  3.0  Chromic oxide marker1  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  Monocalcium phosphate  2.85  1.72  2.05  0.5  1.5  1.5  1.0  1.5  2.85  Limestone  0.65  0.88  0.88  1.08  0  0.5  0  0.5  0.65  Solka-Floc2  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  5.0  Salt  0.4  0.4  0.4  0.4  0.3  0.3  0.3  0.3  0.4  Vitamin premix3  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  Mineral premix4  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  Selenium premix5  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  Potassium carbonate  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0.4  Magnesium oxide  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0.1  Total  100  100  100  100  100  100  100  100  100    Exp. 1 diets  Exp. 2 diets  Exp. 1 and 2 N-free diet  Ingredient, %  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  Sunflower meal (with hulls)  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal (solvent extracted)  Camelina meal  Potato protein  23.7  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  Soy protein concentrate  0  29.0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  Soy protein isolate  0  0  22.3  0  0  0  0  0  0  Linseed meal  0  0  0  56.8  0  0  0  0  0  Sunflower meal  0  0  0  0  52.3  0  0  0  0  Cottonseed meal  0  0  0  0  0  39.2  0  0  0  Canola meal  0  0  0  0  0  0  42.0  0  0  Camelina meal  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  42.2  0  Corn starch  59.6  55.2  61.57  28.42  43.1  55.7  53.9  52.7  74.8  Dextrose  10.0  10.0  10.0  10.0  0  0  0  0  10.0  Soy oil  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  3.0  Chromic oxide marker1  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  2.5  Monocalcium phosphate  2.85  1.72  2.05  0.5  1.5  1.5  1.0  1.5  2.85  Limestone  0.65  0.88  0.88  1.08  0  0.5  0  0.5  0.65  Solka-Floc2  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  5.0  Salt  0.4  0.4  0.4  0.4  0.3  0.3  0.3  0.3  0.4  Vitamin premix3  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  Mineral premix4  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1  Selenium premix5  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  Potassium carbonate  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0.4  Magnesium oxide  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0.1  Total  100  100  100  100  100  100  100  100  100  1Prepared as 5 g chromic oxide plus 20 g cornstarch. 2International Fiber Corporation, 50 Bridge Street, North Tonawanda, NY 14120. 3Vitamin premix provided the following quantities per kilogram of complete diet: vitamin A, 3,630 IU; vitamin D3, 363 IU; vitamin E, 26.4 IU; menadione, 1.32 mg; riboflavin, 5.28 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 13.1 mg; niacin, 19.8 mg; choline chloride, 771 mg; vitamin B12, 23.1 µg. 4Mineral premix provided the following quantities per kilogram of complete diet: I, 0.46 mg; Mn, 15 mg; Cu, 11.3 mg; Fe, 121.3 mg; Zn, 121.2 mg. 5Supplied 300 μg of Se per kilogram of diet. View Large Cannulation Surgery The cannulation procedure follows that described by Dilger et al. (2004). Pigs were fasted for 18 to 24 h before being fitted with metallic ileal cannulas at the distal ileum, approximately 10 cm proximal to the ileocecal junction. Telazol (Fort Dodge Laboratories, Fort Dodge, IA) was reconstituted with 250 mg of ketamine HCl (Fort Dodge Laboratories) and 250 mg xylazine HCl (Bayer Corp., Shawnee Mission, KS) to produce a mixture containing 50 mg/mL each of tiletamine HCl, zolazepam HCl, ketamine HCl, and xylazine HCl and was administered intramuscularly at a dosage of 22.0 μL/kg of BW to induce anesthesia of the pigs. After Telazol administration, the barrows were maintained under gas anesthesia with Halothane gas (Halocarbon Laboratories, River Edge, NJ) at 1.5% to 2.0% with an oxygen flow rate of 2.0 L/min. Antimicrobial therapy (Excede for Swine [ceftiofur]; Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, NJ 07932) was administered intramuscularly at 5.0 mg/kg BW before and immediately after the surgery in order prevent infection and alleviate the need for antibiotic treatment during the recovery period. After exposing the terminal ileum and cecum, a longitudinal incision was made on the antimesenteric surface of the intestine, and the cannula was inserted into the ileum and secured with a continuous suture. A circular defect was created in the body wall to allow the cannula to be exteriorized caudal to the last rib. Using a string attached to a bullet-shaped device threaded onto the cannula, the device and cannula were pulled through the defect in the body wall and positioned appropriately. This method ensured that the structural integrity of the inserted cannula was not compromised. To secure the externalized cannula, a retainer plate and cap were screwed onto the cannula barrel. Pigs were allowed at least 10 d to recover from the procedure before the start of the study. During recovery, the pigs were offered small amounts of a corn–soybean meal–based diet that satisfied or exceeded their nutrient requirements (NRC, 2012). The amount of feed offered was increased as the recovery improved with increasing activity and appetite of pigs. Chemical Analyses Diets, ingredients, and freeze-dried ileal samples were ground to pass through a 0.5-mm screen before analysis. Diets and ingredients were analyzed for DM, energy, Cr, N, P, Ca, and AA. Ileal samples were analyzed for DM, Cr, N, and AA. Amino acid analyses (method 982.30 E (a, b, c); AOAC, 2006) were conducted at the Experimental Station Chemical Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. Samples for AA analyses were hydrolyzed using 6 N HCl at 100°C for 24 h under N atmosphere. For the sulfur AA (Met and Cys), performic acid oxidation occurred before acid hydrolysis. Barium hydroxide was used to hydrolyze tryptophan during analysis. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) after postcolumn derivatization was used to determine AA concentrations in hydrolyzate. Samples were dried in an oven (Precision Scientific Co., Chicago, IL) at 105°C for 24 h to determine the DM (method 934.01; AOAC, 2006). Gross energy was determined in a bomb calorimeter (Parr 1261 bomb calorimeter, Parr Instruments Co., Moline, IL) using benzoic acid as a calibration standard. Nitrogen (method 976.05; AOAC, 2006) was determined using the combustion method (TruMac N analyzer, Leco Corp., St. Joseph, MI) using EDTA as a calibration standard. Samples were digested in concentrated nitric acid and 70% perchloric acid (wet ash method 935.13 A (a); AOAC, 2000) to solubilize Cr, Ca, and P. Digests were analyzed for Ca (method 975.03B (b); AOAC, 2000) using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (Varian FS240 AA, Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA). Concentration of P was determined using ammonium molybdate according to Onyango et al. (2004). Digesta were analyzed for Cr concentration by plasma atomic emission spectroscopy method (AOAC, 2000; method 990.08). Gross energy was determined using the adiabatic bomb calorimeter (Parr 1261 bomb calorimeter, Parr Instruments Co.), using benzoic acid pellets as calibration standard. Calculations In accordance with calculations described by Dilger et al. (2004), basal endogenous loss (BEL) of AA can be determined with the index method using the following equation:  where NO is the nutrient concentration of the barrows fed the N-free diet, CrI refers to the chromium concentration of the N-free diet, and CrO represents the chromium concentration of the ileal output from pigs fed the N-free diet. The endogenous losses of N and AA of pigs fed the N-free diet were averaged to calculate the corrected AID. Apparent ileal digestibility was calculated with the following equation:  where CrI is the chromium concentration of the diet consumed, CrO represents the chromium concentration of the ileal output, NO is the nutrient output (N, AA, or energy) in the ileal digesta, and NI refers to the nutrient concentration of the diet consumed. Standardized ileal digestibility was calculated from the following equation:  where NI is the nutrient concentration of the diet. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) for a crossover design, with pig serving as the experimental unit. The model included the fixed effects of the diet, with block, period, and pig as random effects. The LSMEANS statement in SAS was used to generate means, which were separated using the possible difference option in SAS, and an α of 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Table 2 shows the analyzed nutrient composition of ingredients used in both experiments. The analyzed nutrient composition of the diets fed in Exp. 1 is presented in Table 3. Analysis of the potato protein concentrate used in the study revealed a CP of 69.5%, whereas NRC (2012) listed a CP value of 79.8%. This difference may be attributed to a much lower Val content in the test ingredient (Val: 1.17% compared with 5.36%). Other than an inconsistency in Val content (experimental Val: 0.89% compared with 3.14%), the analysis of soy protein concentrate was similar to NRC (2012) values. Analysis of soy protein isolate revealed a similar nutrient profile compared with NRC (2012), except for CP, Val, and Ser content. Analysis of linseed meal revealed greater CP and GE content than NRC (2012) values, and the AA profile of the linseed meal used in our experiment was greater for nearly all AA. Table 2. Analyzed nutrient composition of ingredients in Exp. 1 and 2, as-fed basis   Exp. 1  Exp. 2  Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  Sunflower meal (with hulls)  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal (solvent extracted)  Camelina meal  DM, %  94.3  93.5  93.7  92.9  92.2  91.6  91.2  91.1  CP, %  69.5  64.3  69.6  39.1  31.7  41.8  39.3  34.6  GE, kcal/kg  5,259  4,645  5,279  5,956  4,287  4,352  4,241  4,757  Ca, %  0.28  0.3  0.18  0.36  0.47  0.26  0.69  0.32  P, %  0.76  0.81  0.73  0.85  0.96  1.14  0.87  0.81  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  4.21  4.58  6.32  3.58  2.31  4.52  2.25  2.82      His  1.95  1.76  2.25  0.88  0.72  1.1  0.97  0.77      Ile  4.95  3.11  4.15  1.69  1.34  1.4  1.57  1.33      Leu  8.91  5.05  6.73  2.3  2.1  2.52  2.75  2.3      Lys  6.78  4.1  5.26  1.52  1.25  1.93  2.16  1.69      Met  1.89  0.91  1.09  0.69  0.65  0.67  0.74  0.6      Phe  5.56  3.31  4.54  1.88  1.49  2.18  1.61  1.44      Thr  4.96  2.49  3.13  1.37  1.17  1.4  1.62  1.41      Trp  1.04  0.81  1.15  0.6  0.35  0.3  0.47  0.49      Val  1.17  0.89  0.99  0.64  1.58  1.94  1.98  1.8  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  4.3  2.93  3.8  1.81  1.37  1.69  1.67  1.51      Asp  10.42  7.28  9.87  3.58  2.82  3.8  2.67  2.88      Cys  1.17  0.89  0.99  0.64  0.48  0.66  0.86  0.7      Glu  8.92  11.49  16.35  7.6  5.8  8.06  6.55  5.62      Gly  4.09  2.72  3.5  2.24  1.79  1.77  1.93  1.77      Pro  4.21  3.18  4.38  1.39  1.43  1.63  2.41  1.86      Ser  3.89  2.74  3.67  1.51  1.22  1.76  1.43  1.44      Tyr  4.61  2.24  2.96  0.98  0.76  1.15  1.1  0.94  Total  87.86  62.99  84.58  36.64  28.84  38.63  35.23  31.77    Exp. 1  Exp. 2  Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  Sunflower meal (with hulls)  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal (solvent extracted)  Camelina meal  DM, %  94.3  93.5  93.7  92.9  92.2  91.6  91.2  91.1  CP, %  69.5  64.3  69.6  39.1  31.7  41.8  39.3  34.6  GE, kcal/kg  5,259  4,645  5,279  5,956  4,287  4,352  4,241  4,757  Ca, %  0.28  0.3  0.18  0.36  0.47  0.26  0.69  0.32  P, %  0.76  0.81  0.73  0.85  0.96  1.14  0.87  0.81  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  4.21  4.58  6.32  3.58  2.31  4.52  2.25  2.82      His  1.95  1.76  2.25  0.88  0.72  1.1  0.97  0.77      Ile  4.95  3.11  4.15  1.69  1.34  1.4  1.57  1.33      Leu  8.91  5.05  6.73  2.3  2.1  2.52  2.75  2.3      Lys  6.78  4.1  5.26  1.52  1.25  1.93  2.16  1.69      Met  1.89  0.91  1.09  0.69  0.65  0.67  0.74  0.6      Phe  5.56  3.31  4.54  1.88  1.49  2.18  1.61  1.44      Thr  4.96  2.49  3.13  1.37  1.17  1.4  1.62  1.41      Trp  1.04  0.81  1.15  0.6  0.35  0.3  0.47  0.49      Val  1.17  0.89  0.99  0.64  1.58  1.94  1.98  1.8  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  4.3  2.93  3.8  1.81  1.37  1.69  1.67  1.51      Asp  10.42  7.28  9.87  3.58  2.82  3.8  2.67  2.88      Cys  1.17  0.89  0.99  0.64  0.48  0.66  0.86  0.7      Glu  8.92  11.49  16.35  7.6  5.8  8.06  6.55  5.62      Gly  4.09  2.72  3.5  2.24  1.79  1.77  1.93  1.77      Pro  4.21  3.18  4.38  1.39  1.43  1.63  2.41  1.86      Ser  3.89  2.74  3.67  1.51  1.22  1.76  1.43  1.44      Tyr  4.61  2.24  2.96  0.98  0.76  1.15  1.1  0.94  Total  87.86  62.99  84.58  36.64  28.84  38.63  35.23  31.77  View Large Table 2. Analyzed nutrient composition of ingredients in Exp. 1 and 2, as-fed basis   Exp. 1  Exp. 2  Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  Sunflower meal (with hulls)  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal (solvent extracted)  Camelina meal  DM, %  94.3  93.5  93.7  92.9  92.2  91.6  91.2  91.1  CP, %  69.5  64.3  69.6  39.1  31.7  41.8  39.3  34.6  GE, kcal/kg  5,259  4,645  5,279  5,956  4,287  4,352  4,241  4,757  Ca, %  0.28  0.3  0.18  0.36  0.47  0.26  0.69  0.32  P, %  0.76  0.81  0.73  0.85  0.96  1.14  0.87  0.81  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  4.21  4.58  6.32  3.58  2.31  4.52  2.25  2.82      His  1.95  1.76  2.25  0.88  0.72  1.1  0.97  0.77      Ile  4.95  3.11  4.15  1.69  1.34  1.4  1.57  1.33      Leu  8.91  5.05  6.73  2.3  2.1  2.52  2.75  2.3      Lys  6.78  4.1  5.26  1.52  1.25  1.93  2.16  1.69      Met  1.89  0.91  1.09  0.69  0.65  0.67  0.74  0.6      Phe  5.56  3.31  4.54  1.88  1.49  2.18  1.61  1.44      Thr  4.96  2.49  3.13  1.37  1.17  1.4  1.62  1.41      Trp  1.04  0.81  1.15  0.6  0.35  0.3  0.47  0.49      Val  1.17  0.89  0.99  0.64  1.58  1.94  1.98  1.8  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  4.3  2.93  3.8  1.81  1.37  1.69  1.67  1.51      Asp  10.42  7.28  9.87  3.58  2.82  3.8  2.67  2.88      Cys  1.17  0.89  0.99  0.64  0.48  0.66  0.86  0.7      Glu  8.92  11.49  16.35  7.6  5.8  8.06  6.55  5.62      Gly  4.09  2.72  3.5  2.24  1.79  1.77  1.93  1.77      Pro  4.21  3.18  4.38  1.39  1.43  1.63  2.41  1.86      Ser  3.89  2.74  3.67  1.51  1.22  1.76  1.43  1.44      Tyr  4.61  2.24  2.96  0.98  0.76  1.15  1.1  0.94  Total  87.86  62.99  84.58  36.64  28.84  38.63  35.23  31.77    Exp. 1  Exp. 2  Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  Sunflower meal (with hulls)  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal (solvent extracted)  Camelina meal  DM, %  94.3  93.5  93.7  92.9  92.2  91.6  91.2  91.1  CP, %  69.5  64.3  69.6  39.1  31.7  41.8  39.3  34.6  GE, kcal/kg  5,259  4,645  5,279  5,956  4,287  4,352  4,241  4,757  Ca, %  0.28  0.3  0.18  0.36  0.47  0.26  0.69  0.32  P, %  0.76  0.81  0.73  0.85  0.96  1.14  0.87  0.81  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  4.21  4.58  6.32  3.58  2.31  4.52  2.25  2.82      His  1.95  1.76  2.25  0.88  0.72  1.1  0.97  0.77      Ile  4.95  3.11  4.15  1.69  1.34  1.4  1.57  1.33      Leu  8.91  5.05  6.73  2.3  2.1  2.52  2.75  2.3      Lys  6.78  4.1  5.26  1.52  1.25  1.93  2.16  1.69      Met  1.89  0.91  1.09  0.69  0.65  0.67  0.74  0.6      Phe  5.56  3.31  4.54  1.88  1.49  2.18  1.61  1.44      Thr  4.96  2.49  3.13  1.37  1.17  1.4  1.62  1.41      Trp  1.04  0.81  1.15  0.6  0.35  0.3  0.47  0.49      Val  1.17  0.89  0.99  0.64  1.58  1.94  1.98  1.8  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  4.3  2.93  3.8  1.81  1.37  1.69  1.67  1.51      Asp  10.42  7.28  9.87  3.58  2.82  3.8  2.67  2.88      Cys  1.17  0.89  0.99  0.64  0.48  0.66  0.86  0.7      Glu  8.92  11.49  16.35  7.6  5.8  8.06  6.55  5.62      Gly  4.09  2.72  3.5  2.24  1.79  1.77  1.93  1.77      Pro  4.21  3.18  4.38  1.39  1.43  1.63  2.41  1.86      Ser  3.89  2.74  3.67  1.51  1.22  1.76  1.43  1.44      Tyr  4.61  2.24  2.96  0.98  0.76  1.15  1.1  0.94  Total  87.86  62.99  84.58  36.64  28.84  38.63  35.23  31.77  View Large Table 3. Analyzed nutrient composition of diets used in Exp. 1 and 2, as-fed basis   Exp. 1  Exp. 2    Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  Sunflower meal  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal  Camelina meal  Exp. 1 and 2 N-free diet  GE, kcal/kg  3,624  3,700  3,649  3,112  3,742  3,883  3,859  3,864  3,805  CP, %  19.0  18.9  19.9  22.0  15.7  15.1  16.1  13.9  3  Ca, %  0.68  0.72  0.67  0.67  0.55  0.38  0.72  0.42  0.71  P, %  0.61  0.58  0.62  0.64  0.79  0.71  0.79  0.65  0.61  Ca:P  1.1  1.2  1.1  1  0.7  0.5  0.9  0.6  1.2  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  1  1.32  1.41  2.03  1.14  1.45  0.96  1.11  0.01      His  0.46  0.51  0.53  0.46  0.35  0.36  0.42  0.32  0.2      Ile  1.16  0.9  0.33  0.97  0.66  0.49  0.68  0.55  0.01      Leu  2.11  1.67  1.54  1.36  1.03  0.86  1.2  0  0.04      Lys  1.6  1.19  1.18  0.87  0.6  0.64  0.92  0.69  0.02      Met  0.45  0.26  0.24  0.4  0.31  0.21  0.32  0.24  0.01      Phe  1.32  0.98  1.02  1.07  0.74  0.76  0.7  0.6  0.01      Thr  1.17  0.72  0.67  0.76  0.58  0.46  0.7  0.57  0.02      Trp  0.24  0.24  0.26  0.35  0.17  0.13  0.2  0.21  0.02      Val  0.28  0.25  0.22  0.36  0.79  0.64  0.85  0.73  0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  1.02  0.85  0.85  1.03  0.68  0.58  0.74  0.64  0.02      Asp  2.45  2.11  2.23  2.01  1.4  1.26  1.17  1.18  0.02      Cys  0.29  0.28  0.22  0.37  0.24  0.21  0.38  0.29  0.01      Glu  2.12  3.31  3.63  4.28  2.92  2.69  2.92  2.38  0.03      Gly  0.98  0.78  0.79  1.28  0.89  0.6  0.84  0.73  0.03      Pro  0.99  0.93  0.97  0.79  0.72  0.62  1.06  0.79  0.02      Ser  0.94  0.79  0.82  0.84  0.61  0.56  0.64  0.6  0.02      Tyr  1.09  0.66  0.64  0.56  0.37  0.4  0.45  0.35  0.02  Total  21  18.47  18.98  21.01  14.34  13.03  15.36  13.13  0.76    Exp. 1  Exp. 2    Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  Sunflower meal  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal  Camelina meal  Exp. 1 and 2 N-free diet  GE, kcal/kg  3,624  3,700  3,649  3,112  3,742  3,883  3,859  3,864  3,805  CP, %  19.0  18.9  19.9  22.0  15.7  15.1  16.1  13.9  3  Ca, %  0.68  0.72  0.67  0.67  0.55  0.38  0.72  0.42  0.71  P, %  0.61  0.58  0.62  0.64  0.79  0.71  0.79  0.65  0.61  Ca:P  1.1  1.2  1.1  1  0.7  0.5  0.9  0.6  1.2  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  1  1.32  1.41  2.03  1.14  1.45  0.96  1.11  0.01      His  0.46  0.51  0.53  0.46  0.35  0.36  0.42  0.32  0.2      Ile  1.16  0.9  0.33  0.97  0.66  0.49  0.68  0.55  0.01      Leu  2.11  1.67  1.54  1.36  1.03  0.86  1.2  0  0.04      Lys  1.6  1.19  1.18  0.87  0.6  0.64  0.92  0.69  0.02      Met  0.45  0.26  0.24  0.4  0.31  0.21  0.32  0.24  0.01      Phe  1.32  0.98  1.02  1.07  0.74  0.76  0.7  0.6  0.01      Thr  1.17  0.72  0.67  0.76  0.58  0.46  0.7  0.57  0.02      Trp  0.24  0.24  0.26  0.35  0.17  0.13  0.2  0.21  0.02      Val  0.28  0.25  0.22  0.36  0.79  0.64  0.85  0.73  0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  1.02  0.85  0.85  1.03  0.68  0.58  0.74  0.64  0.02      Asp  2.45  2.11  2.23  2.01  1.4  1.26  1.17  1.18  0.02      Cys  0.29  0.28  0.22  0.37  0.24  0.21  0.38  0.29  0.01      Glu  2.12  3.31  3.63  4.28  2.92  2.69  2.92  2.38  0.03      Gly  0.98  0.78  0.79  1.28  0.89  0.6  0.84  0.73  0.03      Pro  0.99  0.93  0.97  0.79  0.72  0.62  1.06  0.79  0.02      Ser  0.94  0.79  0.82  0.84  0.61  0.56  0.64  0.6  0.02      Tyr  1.09  0.66  0.64  0.56  0.37  0.4  0.45  0.35  0.02  Total  21  18.47  18.98  21.01  14.34  13.03  15.36  13.13  0.76  View Large Table 3. Analyzed nutrient composition of diets used in Exp. 1 and 2, as-fed basis   Exp. 1  Exp. 2    Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  Sunflower meal  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal  Camelina meal  Exp. 1 and 2 N-free diet  GE, kcal/kg  3,624  3,700  3,649  3,112  3,742  3,883  3,859  3,864  3,805  CP, %  19.0  18.9  19.9  22.0  15.7  15.1  16.1  13.9  3  Ca, %  0.68  0.72  0.67  0.67  0.55  0.38  0.72  0.42  0.71  P, %  0.61  0.58  0.62  0.64  0.79  0.71  0.79  0.65  0.61  Ca:P  1.1  1.2  1.1  1  0.7  0.5  0.9  0.6  1.2  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  1  1.32  1.41  2.03  1.14  1.45  0.96  1.11  0.01      His  0.46  0.51  0.53  0.46  0.35  0.36  0.42  0.32  0.2      Ile  1.16  0.9  0.33  0.97  0.66  0.49  0.68  0.55  0.01      Leu  2.11  1.67  1.54  1.36  1.03  0.86  1.2  0  0.04      Lys  1.6  1.19  1.18  0.87  0.6  0.64  0.92  0.69  0.02      Met  0.45  0.26  0.24  0.4  0.31  0.21  0.32  0.24  0.01      Phe  1.32  0.98  1.02  1.07  0.74  0.76  0.7  0.6  0.01      Thr  1.17  0.72  0.67  0.76  0.58  0.46  0.7  0.57  0.02      Trp  0.24  0.24  0.26  0.35  0.17  0.13  0.2  0.21  0.02      Val  0.28  0.25  0.22  0.36  0.79  0.64  0.85  0.73  0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  1.02  0.85  0.85  1.03  0.68  0.58  0.74  0.64  0.02      Asp  2.45  2.11  2.23  2.01  1.4  1.26  1.17  1.18  0.02      Cys  0.29  0.28  0.22  0.37  0.24  0.21  0.38  0.29  0.01      Glu  2.12  3.31  3.63  4.28  2.92  2.69  2.92  2.38  0.03      Gly  0.98  0.78  0.79  1.28  0.89  0.6  0.84  0.73  0.03      Pro  0.99  0.93  0.97  0.79  0.72  0.62  1.06  0.79  0.02      Ser  0.94  0.79  0.82  0.84  0.61  0.56  0.64  0.6  0.02      Tyr  1.09  0.66  0.64  0.56  0.37  0.4  0.45  0.35  0.02  Total  21  18.47  18.98  21.01  14.34  13.03  15.36  13.13  0.76    Exp. 1  Exp. 2    Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  Sunflower meal  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal  Camelina meal  Exp. 1 and 2 N-free diet  GE, kcal/kg  3,624  3,700  3,649  3,112  3,742  3,883  3,859  3,864  3,805  CP, %  19.0  18.9  19.9  22.0  15.7  15.1  16.1  13.9  3  Ca, %  0.68  0.72  0.67  0.67  0.55  0.38  0.72  0.42  0.71  P, %  0.61  0.58  0.62  0.64  0.79  0.71  0.79  0.65  0.61  Ca:P  1.1  1.2  1.1  1  0.7  0.5  0.9  0.6  1.2  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  1  1.32  1.41  2.03  1.14  1.45  0.96  1.11  0.01      His  0.46  0.51  0.53  0.46  0.35  0.36  0.42  0.32  0.2      Ile  1.16  0.9  0.33  0.97  0.66  0.49  0.68  0.55  0.01      Leu  2.11  1.67  1.54  1.36  1.03  0.86  1.2  0  0.04      Lys  1.6  1.19  1.18  0.87  0.6  0.64  0.92  0.69  0.02      Met  0.45  0.26  0.24  0.4  0.31  0.21  0.32  0.24  0.01      Phe  1.32  0.98  1.02  1.07  0.74  0.76  0.7  0.6  0.01      Thr  1.17  0.72  0.67  0.76  0.58  0.46  0.7  0.57  0.02      Trp  0.24  0.24  0.26  0.35  0.17  0.13  0.2  0.21  0.02      Val  0.28  0.25  0.22  0.36  0.79  0.64  0.85  0.73  0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  1.02  0.85  0.85  1.03  0.68  0.58  0.74  0.64  0.02      Asp  2.45  2.11  2.23  2.01  1.4  1.26  1.17  1.18  0.02      Cys  0.29  0.28  0.22  0.37  0.24  0.21  0.38  0.29  0.01      Glu  2.12  3.31  3.63  4.28  2.92  2.69  2.92  2.38  0.03      Gly  0.98  0.78  0.79  1.28  0.89  0.6  0.84  0.73  0.03      Pro  0.99  0.93  0.97  0.79  0.72  0.62  1.06  0.79  0.02      Ser  0.94  0.79  0.82  0.84  0.61  0.56  0.64  0.6  0.02      Tyr  1.09  0.66  0.64  0.56  0.37  0.4  0.45  0.35  0.02  Total  21  18.47  18.98  21.01  14.34  13.03  15.36  13.13  0.76  View Large Diets in Exp. 2 were formulated to provide 16.0% CP and contain a Ca:P ratio of 1.2 (Table 1). Because of nutrient variability of the experimental ingredients, the diets differed slightly from the formulated levels (Table 2). Sunflower meal analysis revealed slightly greater CP, GE, Ca, and P content than that described in NRC (2012), whereas AA analysis revealed very similar values. Analysis of cottonseed meal showed nutrient values similar to those listed in NRC (2012), except for a slighter greater concentration of CP in the cottonseed meal used in our experiment. Analysis of AA revealed similar or slightly greater concentrations for the majority of AA compared with NRC (2012); however, analysis also revealed lower Trp and Cys than that listed in NRC (2012). As canola meal is a well-studied ingredient in swine nutrition, analysis of the canola meal used in our experiment showed a nutrient profile similar to that published in NRC (2012). Analysis of a novel ingredient in swine nutrition, camelina meal, revealed a nutrient content similar to that listed in NRC (2012), except for an overestimation of Met and Cys content. Endogenous losses of AA was highly variable (Table 4) with a greater loss of Pro and sometimes Gly. Potential differences in the gastrointestinal endogenous CP and AA losses existed using growing pigs with different BW in both experiments. Table 4. Endogenous nutrient losses of N and AA at the terminal ileum 1   Exp. 1  Exp. 2      Range      Range    Item  Average  Minimum  Maximum  SD  Average  Minimum  Maximum  SD  N, mg/kg DMI  1,957  1,487  2,388  347  3,324  2,595  4,533  872  Indispensable AA, mg/kg DMI      Arg  450  357  577  92  794  565  1243  270      His  239  123  625  159  220  172  303  51      Ile  265  164  372  65  442  344  605  98      Leu  477  327  640  101  726  574  1,002  167      Lys  376  15  515  161  719  596  813  87      Met  61  41  104  22  103  80  151  28      Phe  302  205  387  59  454  401  586  75      Thr  466  338  586  89  732  631  946  125      Trp  111  72  144  25  169  126  208  30      Val  371  256  476  74  827  669  1,078  169  Dispensable AA, mg/kg DMI      Ala  481  348  551  74  796  619  1,017  198      Asp  704  470  952  151  1,039  827  1,362  224      Cys  147  113  193  27  216  172  284  42      Glu  802  522  1,056  168  1,233  975  1,645  269      Gly  1,184  839  1,581  294  1,966  1,456  2,922  613      Pro  3,975  818  6,644  1,899  6,556  4,305  11,735  3,010      Ser  452  286  573  94  729  604  870  123      Tyr  219  133  253  40  370  264  511  89  Total  11,231  8,223  14,100  2,334  18,281  14,380  25,472  4,769    Exp. 1  Exp. 2      Range      Range    Item  Average  Minimum  Maximum  SD  Average  Minimum  Maximum  SD  N, mg/kg DMI  1,957  1,487  2,388  347  3,324  2,595  4,533  872  Indispensable AA, mg/kg DMI      Arg  450  357  577  92  794  565  1243  270      His  239  123  625  159  220  172  303  51      Ile  265  164  372  65  442  344  605  98      Leu  477  327  640  101  726  574  1,002  167      Lys  376  15  515  161  719  596  813  87      Met  61  41  104  22  103  80  151  28      Phe  302  205  387  59  454  401  586  75      Thr  466  338  586  89  732  631  946  125      Trp  111  72  144  25  169  126  208  30      Val  371  256  476  74  827  669  1,078  169  Dispensable AA, mg/kg DMI      Ala  481  348  551  74  796  619  1,017  198      Asp  704  470  952  151  1,039  827  1,362  224      Cys  147  113  193  27  216  172  284  42      Glu  802  522  1,056  168  1,233  975  1,645  269      Gly  1,184  839  1,581  294  1,966  1,456  2,922  613      Pro  3,975  818  6,644  1,899  6,556  4,305  11,735  3,010      Ser  452  286  573  94  729  604  870  123      Tyr  219  133  253  40  370  264  511  89  Total  11,231  8,223  14,100  2,334  18,281  14,380  25,472  4,769  1Means of 8 and 6 pigs in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. View Large Table 4. Endogenous nutrient losses of N and AA at the terminal ileum 1   Exp. 1  Exp. 2      Range      Range    Item  Average  Minimum  Maximum  SD  Average  Minimum  Maximum  SD  N, mg/kg DMI  1,957  1,487  2,388  347  3,324  2,595  4,533  872  Indispensable AA, mg/kg DMI      Arg  450  357  577  92  794  565  1243  270      His  239  123  625  159  220  172  303  51      Ile  265  164  372  65  442  344  605  98      Leu  477  327  640  101  726  574  1,002  167      Lys  376  15  515  161  719  596  813  87      Met  61  41  104  22  103  80  151  28      Phe  302  205  387  59  454  401  586  75      Thr  466  338  586  89  732  631  946  125      Trp  111  72  144  25  169  126  208  30      Val  371  256  476  74  827  669  1,078  169  Dispensable AA, mg/kg DMI      Ala  481  348  551  74  796  619  1,017  198      Asp  704  470  952  151  1,039  827  1,362  224      Cys  147  113  193  27  216  172  284  42      Glu  802  522  1,056  168  1,233  975  1,645  269      Gly  1,184  839  1,581  294  1,966  1,456  2,922  613      Pro  3,975  818  6,644  1,899  6,556  4,305  11,735  3,010      Ser  452  286  573  94  729  604  870  123      Tyr  219  133  253  40  370  264  511  89  Total  11,231  8,223  14,100  2,334  18,281  14,380  25,472  4,769    Exp. 1  Exp. 2      Range      Range    Item  Average  Minimum  Maximum  SD  Average  Minimum  Maximum  SD  N, mg/kg DMI  1,957  1,487  2,388  347  3,324  2,595  4,533  872  Indispensable AA, mg/kg DMI      Arg  450  357  577  92  794  565  1243  270      His  239  123  625  159  220  172  303  51      Ile  265  164  372  65  442  344  605  98      Leu  477  327  640  101  726  574  1,002  167      Lys  376  15  515  161  719  596  813  87      Met  61  41  104  22  103  80  151  28      Phe  302  205  387  59  454  401  586  75      Thr  466  338  586  89  732  631  946  125      Trp  111  72  144  25  169  126  208  30      Val  371  256  476  74  827  669  1,078  169  Dispensable AA, mg/kg DMI      Ala  481  348  551  74  796  619  1,017  198      Asp  704  470  952  151  1,039  827  1,362  224      Cys  147  113  193  27  216  172  284  42      Glu  802  522  1,056  168  1,233  975  1,645  269      Gly  1,184  839  1,581  294  1,966  1,456  2,922  613      Pro  3,975  818  6,644  1,899  6,556  4,305  11,735  3,010      Ser  452  286  573  94  729  604  870  123      Tyr  219  133  253  40  370  264  511  89  Total  11,231  8,223  14,100  2,334  18,281  14,380  25,472  4,769  1Means of 8 and 6 pigs in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. View Large In Tables 5 and 6, the AID and SID of N and AA are compared among the plant protein concentrates and linseed meal. Potato protein had greater AID and SID of Thr compared with soy protein isolate (P < 0.05) and similar AID and SID of N and all other AA compared with soy isolate. Soy protein concentrate had lower AID and SID of Leu, Thr, Ala, and Asp compared with potato protein (P < 0.05) and had lower AID and SID of Asp compared with soy isolate (P < 0.05). The AID and SID of N and all AA were lowest in linseed meal among protein sources (P < 0.05). Table 5. Apparent ileal digestibility of N and AA in potato protein, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, and linseed meal in Exp. 11 Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  85.7a  85.3a  87.8a  68.7b  1.27  < 0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  90.8a  93.0a  94.4a  80.0b  0.95  <0.01      His  90.1a  90.3a  90.0a  69.4b  3.04  <0.01      Ile  90.9a  88.0a  89.5a  75.1b  0.97  <0.01      Leu  92.2a  87.9b  89.2a,b  74.4c  1.03  <0.01      Lys  92.5a  90.1a  93.9a  64.3b  2.58  <0.01      Met  92.8a  89.6a  89.4a  80.9b  0.96  <0.01      Phe  91.7a  88.9a  90.5a  76.7b  0.9  <0.01      Thr  86.9a  80.5b  80.8b  64.7c  1.52  <0.01      Trp  89.8a  88.2a  90.4a  81.2b  1.32  <0.01      Val  90.0a  86.1a  87.4a  73.8b  1.11  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  88.2a  82.8b  84.3a,b  71.7c  1.35  <0.01      Asp  88.8a  82.1b  89.0a  72.4c  1.29  <0.01      Cys  74.1a  76.2a  78.3a  59.2b  2.21  <0.01      Glu  89.5a  89.7a  93.2a  78.9b  1.04  <0.01      Gly  83.4a  77.1a  80.2a  63.6b  1.92  <0.01      Pro  82.4a  78.6a  81.2a  63.4b  3.06  <0.01      Ser  84.6a  86.2a  87.1a  69.3b  1.16  <0.01      Tyr  91.0a  88.4a  89.0a  71.7b  1.26  <0.01  Mean  88.7a  85.7a  88.8a  72.5b  1.14  <0.01  Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  85.7a  85.3a  87.8a  68.7b  1.27  < 0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  90.8a  93.0a  94.4a  80.0b  0.95  <0.01      His  90.1a  90.3a  90.0a  69.4b  3.04  <0.01      Ile  90.9a  88.0a  89.5a  75.1b  0.97  <0.01      Leu  92.2a  87.9b  89.2a,b  74.4c  1.03  <0.01      Lys  92.5a  90.1a  93.9a  64.3b  2.58  <0.01      Met  92.8a  89.6a  89.4a  80.9b  0.96  <0.01      Phe  91.7a  88.9a  90.5a  76.7b  0.9  <0.01      Thr  86.9a  80.5b  80.8b  64.7c  1.52  <0.01      Trp  89.8a  88.2a  90.4a  81.2b  1.32  <0.01      Val  90.0a  86.1a  87.4a  73.8b  1.11  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  88.2a  82.8b  84.3a,b  71.7c  1.35  <0.01      Asp  88.8a  82.1b  89.0a  72.4c  1.29  <0.01      Cys  74.1a  76.2a  78.3a  59.2b  2.21  <0.01      Glu  89.5a  89.7a  93.2a  78.9b  1.04  <0.01      Gly  83.4a  77.1a  80.2a  63.6b  1.92  <0.01      Pro  82.4a  78.6a  81.2a  63.4b  3.06  <0.01      Ser  84.6a  86.2a  87.1a  69.3b  1.16  <0.01      Tyr  91.0a  88.4a  89.0a  71.7b  1.26  <0.01  Mean  88.7a  85.7a  88.8a  72.5b  1.14  <0.01  a–cMeans in a row that do not have a common superscript letter differ at P < 0.01. 1Least squares means of 8 pigs per ingredient. View Large Table 5. Apparent ileal digestibility of N and AA in potato protein, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, and linseed meal in Exp. 11 Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  85.7a  85.3a  87.8a  68.7b  1.27  < 0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  90.8a  93.0a  94.4a  80.0b  0.95  <0.01      His  90.1a  90.3a  90.0a  69.4b  3.04  <0.01      Ile  90.9a  88.0a  89.5a  75.1b  0.97  <0.01      Leu  92.2a  87.9b  89.2a,b  74.4c  1.03  <0.01      Lys  92.5a  90.1a  93.9a  64.3b  2.58  <0.01      Met  92.8a  89.6a  89.4a  80.9b  0.96  <0.01      Phe  91.7a  88.9a  90.5a  76.7b  0.9  <0.01      Thr  86.9a  80.5b  80.8b  64.7c  1.52  <0.01      Trp  89.8a  88.2a  90.4a  81.2b  1.32  <0.01      Val  90.0a  86.1a  87.4a  73.8b  1.11  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  88.2a  82.8b  84.3a,b  71.7c  1.35  <0.01      Asp  88.8a  82.1b  89.0a  72.4c  1.29  <0.01      Cys  74.1a  76.2a  78.3a  59.2b  2.21  <0.01      Glu  89.5a  89.7a  93.2a  78.9b  1.04  <0.01      Gly  83.4a  77.1a  80.2a  63.6b  1.92  <0.01      Pro  82.4a  78.6a  81.2a  63.4b  3.06  <0.01      Ser  84.6a  86.2a  87.1a  69.3b  1.16  <0.01      Tyr  91.0a  88.4a  89.0a  71.7b  1.26  <0.01  Mean  88.7a  85.7a  88.8a  72.5b  1.14  <0.01  Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  85.7a  85.3a  87.8a  68.7b  1.27  < 0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  90.8a  93.0a  94.4a  80.0b  0.95  <0.01      His  90.1a  90.3a  90.0a  69.4b  3.04  <0.01      Ile  90.9a  88.0a  89.5a  75.1b  0.97  <0.01      Leu  92.2a  87.9b  89.2a,b  74.4c  1.03  <0.01      Lys  92.5a  90.1a  93.9a  64.3b  2.58  <0.01      Met  92.8a  89.6a  89.4a  80.9b  0.96  <0.01      Phe  91.7a  88.9a  90.5a  76.7b  0.9  <0.01      Thr  86.9a  80.5b  80.8b  64.7c  1.52  <0.01      Trp  89.8a  88.2a  90.4a  81.2b  1.32  <0.01      Val  90.0a  86.1a  87.4a  73.8b  1.11  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  88.2a  82.8b  84.3a,b  71.7c  1.35  <0.01      Asp  88.8a  82.1b  89.0a  72.4c  1.29  <0.01      Cys  74.1a  76.2a  78.3a  59.2b  2.21  <0.01      Glu  89.5a  89.7a  93.2a  78.9b  1.04  <0.01      Gly  83.4a  77.1a  80.2a  63.6b  1.92  <0.01      Pro  82.4a  78.6a  81.2a  63.4b  3.06  <0.01      Ser  84.6a  86.2a  87.1a  69.3b  1.16  <0.01      Tyr  91.0a  88.4a  89.0a  71.7b  1.26  <0.01  Mean  88.7a  85.7a  88.8a  72.5b  1.14  <0.01  a–cMeans in a row that do not have a common superscript letter differ at P < 0.01. 1Least squares means of 8 pigs per ingredient. View Large Table 6. Standardized ileal digestibility of N and AA in potato protein, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, and linseed meal in Exp. 11 Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  93.0a  92.6a  95.1a  76.1b  1.27  <0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  94.3a  96.5a  98.0a  83.6b  0.95  <0.01      His  96.0a  96.2a  96.0a  75.3b  3.04  <0.01      Ile  94.4a  91.5a  93.0a  78.6b  0.97  <0.01      Leu  96.3a  91.9b  93.2a,b  78.5c  1.02  <0.01      Lys  96.8a  94.4a  98.1a  68.6b  2.58  <0.01      Met  95.3a  92.2a  92.0a  83.4b  0.96  <0.01      Phe  95.3a  92.6a  94.1a  80.4b  0.9  <0.01      Thr  94.7a  88.3b  88.6b  72.5c  1.52  <0.01      Trp  94.4a  92.9a  95.0a  85.9b  1.32  <0.01      Val  94.5a  90.6a  91.9a  78.3b  1.11  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  94.8a  89.4b  90.9a,b  78.3c  1.35  <0.01      Asp  92.8a  86.1b  93.1a  76.4c  1.29  <0.01      Cys  80.6a  82.8a  84.9a  65.7b  2.21  <0.01      Glu  92.0a  92.2a  95.7a  81.4b  1.04  <0.01      Gly  98.5a  92.2a  95.2a  78.7b  1.92  <0.01      Pro  133.7a  126.2a,b  132.8a  114.9b  5.36  <0.01      Ser  91.0a  92.6a  93.5a  75.7b  1.16  <0.01      Tyr  95.8a  93.2a  93.8a  76.5a  1.26  <0.01  Mean  95.8a  92.7a  95.9a  79.6b  1.14  <0.01  Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  93.0a  92.6a  95.1a  76.1b  1.27  <0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  94.3a  96.5a  98.0a  83.6b  0.95  <0.01      His  96.0a  96.2a  96.0a  75.3b  3.04  <0.01      Ile  94.4a  91.5a  93.0a  78.6b  0.97  <0.01      Leu  96.3a  91.9b  93.2a,b  78.5c  1.02  <0.01      Lys  96.8a  94.4a  98.1a  68.6b  2.58  <0.01      Met  95.3a  92.2a  92.0a  83.4b  0.96  <0.01      Phe  95.3a  92.6a  94.1a  80.4b  0.9  <0.01      Thr  94.7a  88.3b  88.6b  72.5c  1.52  <0.01      Trp  94.4a  92.9a  95.0a  85.9b  1.32  <0.01      Val  94.5a  90.6a  91.9a  78.3b  1.11  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  94.8a  89.4b  90.9a,b  78.3c  1.35  <0.01      Asp  92.8a  86.1b  93.1a  76.4c  1.29  <0.01      Cys  80.6a  82.8a  84.9a  65.7b  2.21  <0.01      Glu  92.0a  92.2a  95.7a  81.4b  1.04  <0.01      Gly  98.5a  92.2a  95.2a  78.7b  1.92  <0.01      Pro  133.7a  126.2a,b  132.8a  114.9b  5.36  <0.01      Ser  91.0a  92.6a  93.5a  75.7b  1.16  <0.01      Tyr  95.8a  93.2a  93.8a  76.5a  1.26  <0.01  Mean  95.8a  92.7a  95.9a  79.6b  1.14  <0.01  a–cMeans in a row that do not have a common superscript letter differ at P < 0.05. 1Least squares means of 8 pigs per ingredient. View Large Table 6. Standardized ileal digestibility of N and AA in potato protein, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, and linseed meal in Exp. 11 Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  93.0a  92.6a  95.1a  76.1b  1.27  <0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  94.3a  96.5a  98.0a  83.6b  0.95  <0.01      His  96.0a  96.2a  96.0a  75.3b  3.04  <0.01      Ile  94.4a  91.5a  93.0a  78.6b  0.97  <0.01      Leu  96.3a  91.9b  93.2a,b  78.5c  1.02  <0.01      Lys  96.8a  94.4a  98.1a  68.6b  2.58  <0.01      Met  95.3a  92.2a  92.0a  83.4b  0.96  <0.01      Phe  95.3a  92.6a  94.1a  80.4b  0.9  <0.01      Thr  94.7a  88.3b  88.6b  72.5c  1.52  <0.01      Trp  94.4a  92.9a  95.0a  85.9b  1.32  <0.01      Val  94.5a  90.6a  91.9a  78.3b  1.11  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  94.8a  89.4b  90.9a,b  78.3c  1.35  <0.01      Asp  92.8a  86.1b  93.1a  76.4c  1.29  <0.01      Cys  80.6a  82.8a  84.9a  65.7b  2.21  <0.01      Glu  92.0a  92.2a  95.7a  81.4b  1.04  <0.01      Gly  98.5a  92.2a  95.2a  78.7b  1.92  <0.01      Pro  133.7a  126.2a,b  132.8a  114.9b  5.36  <0.01      Ser  91.0a  92.6a  93.5a  75.7b  1.16  <0.01      Tyr  95.8a  93.2a  93.8a  76.5a  1.26  <0.01  Mean  95.8a  92.7a  95.9a  79.6b  1.14  <0.01  Item  Potato protein  Soy protein concentrate  Soy protein isolate  Linseed meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  93.0a  92.6a  95.1a  76.1b  1.27  <0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  94.3a  96.5a  98.0a  83.6b  0.95  <0.01      His  96.0a  96.2a  96.0a  75.3b  3.04  <0.01      Ile  94.4a  91.5a  93.0a  78.6b  0.97  <0.01      Leu  96.3a  91.9b  93.2a,b  78.5c  1.02  <0.01      Lys  96.8a  94.4a  98.1a  68.6b  2.58  <0.01      Met  95.3a  92.2a  92.0a  83.4b  0.96  <0.01      Phe  95.3a  92.6a  94.1a  80.4b  0.9  <0.01      Thr  94.7a  88.3b  88.6b  72.5c  1.52  <0.01      Trp  94.4a  92.9a  95.0a  85.9b  1.32  <0.01      Val  94.5a  90.6a  91.9a  78.3b  1.11  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  94.8a  89.4b  90.9a,b  78.3c  1.35  <0.01      Asp  92.8a  86.1b  93.1a  76.4c  1.29  <0.01      Cys  80.6a  82.8a  84.9a  65.7b  2.21  <0.01      Glu  92.0a  92.2a  95.7a  81.4b  1.04  <0.01      Gly  98.5a  92.2a  95.2a  78.7b  1.92  <0.01      Pro  133.7a  126.2a,b  132.8a  114.9b  5.36  <0.01      Ser  91.0a  92.6a  93.5a  75.7b  1.16  <0.01      Tyr  95.8a  93.2a  93.8a  76.5a  1.26  <0.01  Mean  95.8a  92.7a  95.9a  79.6b  1.14  <0.01  a–cMeans in a row that do not have a common superscript letter differ at P < 0.05. 1Least squares means of 8 pigs per ingredient. View Large Among all treatments, the source of protein significantly impacted AID and SID of N and all AA other than Trp and Pro (Tables 7 and 8). Sunflower meal had the greatest AID and SID of N and all AA among ingredients, with greater AID and SID of Arg than cottonseed meal (P < 0.05). Canola meal had greater AID and SID of His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Val, and many dispensable AA compared with camelina meal and cottonseed meal (P < 0.05). Camelina meal had greater AID and SID of His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Thr, and Val than cottonseed meal, which was observed to have the lowest AID and SID of N and AA among ingredients (P < 0.05). Table 7. Apparent ileal digestibility of N and AA in sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, canola meal, and camelina meal in Exp. 21 Item  Sunflower meal  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal  Camelina meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  65.7a  50.8c  59.9b  49.6c  2.94  <0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  84.4a  76.4b  77.9b  76.9b  1.23  <0.01      His  73.2a  58.8c  76.3a  65.5b  2.09  <0.01      Ile  70.7a  40.1c  67.3a  54.8b  2.32  <0.01      Leu  71.0a  41.9c  70.9a  59.3b  2.38  <0.01      Lys  57.9a  23.9c  60.5a  43.3b  4.53  <0.01      Met  80.0a  41.1c  77.8a  66.6b  2.75  <0.01      Phe  74.2a  60.1b  70.9a  60.4b  1.87  <0.01      Thr  61.3a  25.6c  57.7a  38.1b  3.26  <0.01      Trp  72.3  68.8  75.3  71.8  2.58  0.1409      Val  66.2a  34.4c  61.3a  49.9b  2.8  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  65.9a  37.8c  64.6a  48.2b  2.65  <0.01      Asp  67.1a  50.1b  58.8ab  55.8b  2.42  <0.01      Cys  56.9a  40.0b  63.2a  42.0b  3.76  <0.01      Glu  81.4a  69.0b  79.2a  70.6b  1.62  <0.01      Gly  47ab  30.3c  52.6a  35.3b,c  6.22  <0.01      Pro  43.6  26  48.7  46.4  8.27  0.1735      Ser  62.7a  42.9b  60.3a  46.3b  2.78  <0.01      Tyr  68.6a  53.4b  66.8a  44.2c  2.46  <0.01      Mean  69.2a  50.8b  66.3a  55.9b  2.18  <0.01  Item  Sunflower meal  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal  Camelina meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  65.7a  50.8c  59.9b  49.6c  2.94  <0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  84.4a  76.4b  77.9b  76.9b  1.23  <0.01      His  73.2a  58.8c  76.3a  65.5b  2.09  <0.01      Ile  70.7a  40.1c  67.3a  54.8b  2.32  <0.01      Leu  71.0a  41.9c  70.9a  59.3b  2.38  <0.01      Lys  57.9a  23.9c  60.5a  43.3b  4.53  <0.01      Met  80.0a  41.1c  77.8a  66.6b  2.75  <0.01      Phe  74.2a  60.1b  70.9a  60.4b  1.87  <0.01      Thr  61.3a  25.6c  57.7a  38.1b  3.26  <0.01      Trp  72.3  68.8  75.3  71.8  2.58  0.1409      Val  66.2a  34.4c  61.3a  49.9b  2.8  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  65.9a  37.8c  64.6a  48.2b  2.65  <0.01      Asp  67.1a  50.1b  58.8ab  55.8b  2.42  <0.01      Cys  56.9a  40.0b  63.2a  42.0b  3.76  <0.01      Glu  81.4a  69.0b  79.2a  70.6b  1.62  <0.01      Gly  47ab  30.3c  52.6a  35.3b,c  6.22  <0.01      Pro  43.6  26  48.7  46.4  8.27  0.1735      Ser  62.7a  42.9b  60.3a  46.3b  2.78  <0.01      Tyr  68.6a  53.4b  66.8a  44.2c  2.46  <0.01      Mean  69.2a  50.8b  66.3a  55.9b  2.18  <0.01  a–cMeans in a row that do not have a common superscript letter differ at P < 0.05. 1Least squares means of 8 pigs per ingredient. View Large Table 7. Apparent ileal digestibility of N and AA in sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, canola meal, and camelina meal in Exp. 21 Item  Sunflower meal  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal  Camelina meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  65.7a  50.8c  59.9b  49.6c  2.94  <0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  84.4a  76.4b  77.9b  76.9b  1.23  <0.01      His  73.2a  58.8c  76.3a  65.5b  2.09  <0.01      Ile  70.7a  40.1c  67.3a  54.8b  2.32  <0.01      Leu  71.0a  41.9c  70.9a  59.3b  2.38  <0.01      Lys  57.9a  23.9c  60.5a  43.3b  4.53  <0.01      Met  80.0a  41.1c  77.8a  66.6b  2.75  <0.01      Phe  74.2a  60.1b  70.9a  60.4b  1.87  <0.01      Thr  61.3a  25.6c  57.7a  38.1b  3.26  <0.01      Trp  72.3  68.8  75.3  71.8  2.58  0.1409      Val  66.2a  34.4c  61.3a  49.9b  2.8  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  65.9a  37.8c  64.6a  48.2b  2.65  <0.01      Asp  67.1a  50.1b  58.8ab  55.8b  2.42  <0.01      Cys  56.9a  40.0b  63.2a  42.0b  3.76  <0.01      Glu  81.4a  69.0b  79.2a  70.6b  1.62  <0.01      Gly  47ab  30.3c  52.6a  35.3b,c  6.22  <0.01      Pro  43.6  26  48.7  46.4  8.27  0.1735      Ser  62.7a  42.9b  60.3a  46.3b  2.78  <0.01      Tyr  68.6a  53.4b  66.8a  44.2c  2.46  <0.01      Mean  69.2a  50.8b  66.3a  55.9b  2.18  <0.01  Item  Sunflower meal  Cottonseed meal  Canola meal  Camelina meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  65.7a  50.8c  59.9b  49.6c  2.94  <0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  84.4a  76.4b  77.9b  76.9b  1.23  <0.01      His  73.2a  58.8c  76.3a  65.5b  2.09  <0.01      Ile  70.7a  40.1c  67.3a  54.8b  2.32  <0.01      Leu  71.0a  41.9c  70.9a  59.3b  2.38  <0.01      Lys  57.9a  23.9c  60.5a  43.3b  4.53  <0.01      Met  80.0a  41.1c  77.8a  66.6b  2.75  <0.01      Phe  74.2a  60.1b  70.9a  60.4b  1.87  <0.01      Thr  61.3a  25.6c  57.7a  38.1b  3.26  <0.01      Trp  72.3  68.8  75.3  71.8  2.58  0.1409      Val  66.2a  34.4c  61.3a  49.9b  2.8  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  65.9a  37.8c  64.6a  48.2b  2.65  <0.01      Asp  67.1a  50.1b  58.8ab  55.8b  2.42  <0.01      Cys  56.9a  40.0b  63.2a  42.0b  3.76  <0.01      Glu  81.4a  69.0b  79.2a  70.6b  1.62  <0.01      Gly  47ab  30.3c  52.6a  35.3b,c  6.22  <0.01      Pro  43.6  26  48.7  46.4  8.27  0.1735      Ser  62.7a  42.9b  60.3a  46.3b  2.78  <0.01      Tyr  68.6a  53.4b  66.8a  44.2c  2.46  <0.01      Mean  69.2a  50.8b  66.3a  55.9b  2.18  <0.01  a–cMeans in a row that do not have a common superscript letter differ at P < 0.05. 1Least squares means of 8 pigs per ingredient. View Large Table 8. Standardized ileal digestibility of N and AA in sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, canola meal, and camelina meal in Exp. 21 Item  Sunflower meal  Cottonseed meal  Canola Meal  Camelina meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  78.2a  63.3c  72.4b  62.1c  2.94  <0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  90.6a  82.6b  84.2b  83.2b  1.23  <0.01      His  78.7a  64.3c  81.8a  71.1b  2.09  <0.01      Ile  77.5a  46.9c  74.1a  61.6b  2.32  <0.01      Leu  77.6a  48.5c  77.5a  65.9b  2.38  <0.01      Lys  67.1a  33.1c  69.7a  52.5b  4.53  <0.01      Met  83.5a  44.6c  81.3a  70.1b  2.75  <0.01      Phe  80.1a  66.1b  76.8a  66.3b  1.87  <0.01      Thr  72.9a  37.2c  69.3a  49.6b  3.26  <0.01      Trp  81  77.5  84  80.5  2.58  0.1409      Val  76.2a  44.4c  71.3a  59.9b  2.8  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  76.9a  48.8c  75.6a  59.3b  2.65  <0.01      Asp  74.7a  57.7b  66.4ab  63.4b  2.42  <0.01      Cys  63.9a  47.0b  70.2a  49.1b  3.76  <0.01      Glu  85.5a  73.1b  83.3a  74.8b  1.62  <0.01      Gly  70.9a  53.8b  76.0a  58.7b  6.22  <0.01      Pro  118.6  101  123.7  121.5  8.27  0.1735      Ser  73.8a  54.0b  71.3a  57.4b  2.78  <0.01      Tyr  77.2a  62.0b  75.4a  52.8c  2.46  <0.01  Mean  81.1a  62.7b  78.2a  67.8b  2.18  <0.01  Item  Sunflower meal  Cottonseed meal  Canola Meal  Camelina meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  78.2a  63.3c  72.4b  62.1c  2.94  <0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  90.6a  82.6b  84.2b  83.2b  1.23  <0.01      His  78.7a  64.3c  81.8a  71.1b  2.09  <0.01      Ile  77.5a  46.9c  74.1a  61.6b  2.32  <0.01      Leu  77.6a  48.5c  77.5a  65.9b  2.38  <0.01      Lys  67.1a  33.1c  69.7a  52.5b  4.53  <0.01      Met  83.5a  44.6c  81.3a  70.1b  2.75  <0.01      Phe  80.1a  66.1b  76.8a  66.3b  1.87  <0.01      Thr  72.9a  37.2c  69.3a  49.6b  3.26  <0.01      Trp  81  77.5  84  80.5  2.58  0.1409      Val  76.2a  44.4c  71.3a  59.9b  2.8  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  76.9a  48.8c  75.6a  59.3b  2.65  <0.01      Asp  74.7a  57.7b  66.4ab  63.4b  2.42  <0.01      Cys  63.9a  47.0b  70.2a  49.1b  3.76  <0.01      Glu  85.5a  73.1b  83.3a  74.8b  1.62  <0.01      Gly  70.9a  53.8b  76.0a  58.7b  6.22  <0.01      Pro  118.6  101  123.7  121.5  8.27  0.1735      Ser  73.8a  54.0b  71.3a  57.4b  2.78  <0.01      Tyr  77.2a  62.0b  75.4a  52.8c  2.46  <0.01  Mean  81.1a  62.7b  78.2a  67.8b  2.18  <0.01  a–cMeans in a row that do not have a common superscript letter differ at P < 0.05. 1Least squares means of 8 pigs per ingredient. View Large Table 8. Standardized ileal digestibility of N and AA in sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, canola meal, and camelina meal in Exp. 21 Item  Sunflower meal  Cottonseed meal  Canola Meal  Camelina meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  78.2a  63.3c  72.4b  62.1c  2.94  <0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  90.6a  82.6b  84.2b  83.2b  1.23  <0.01      His  78.7a  64.3c  81.8a  71.1b  2.09  <0.01      Ile  77.5a  46.9c  74.1a  61.6b  2.32  <0.01      Leu  77.6a  48.5c  77.5a  65.9b  2.38  <0.01      Lys  67.1a  33.1c  69.7a  52.5b  4.53  <0.01      Met  83.5a  44.6c  81.3a  70.1b  2.75  <0.01      Phe  80.1a  66.1b  76.8a  66.3b  1.87  <0.01      Thr  72.9a  37.2c  69.3a  49.6b  3.26  <0.01      Trp  81  77.5  84  80.5  2.58  0.1409      Val  76.2a  44.4c  71.3a  59.9b  2.8  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  76.9a  48.8c  75.6a  59.3b  2.65  <0.01      Asp  74.7a  57.7b  66.4ab  63.4b  2.42  <0.01      Cys  63.9a  47.0b  70.2a  49.1b  3.76  <0.01      Glu  85.5a  73.1b  83.3a  74.8b  1.62  <0.01      Gly  70.9a  53.8b  76.0a  58.7b  6.22  <0.01      Pro  118.6  101  123.7  121.5  8.27  0.1735      Ser  73.8a  54.0b  71.3a  57.4b  2.78  <0.01      Tyr  77.2a  62.0b  75.4a  52.8c  2.46  <0.01  Mean  81.1a  62.7b  78.2a  67.8b  2.18  <0.01  Item  Sunflower meal  Cottonseed meal  Canola Meal  Camelina meal  SEM  P-value  N, %  78.2a  63.3c  72.4b  62.1c  2.94  <0.01  Indispensable AA, %      Arg  90.6a  82.6b  84.2b  83.2b  1.23  <0.01      His  78.7a  64.3c  81.8a  71.1b  2.09  <0.01      Ile  77.5a  46.9c  74.1a  61.6b  2.32  <0.01      Leu  77.6a  48.5c  77.5a  65.9b  2.38  <0.01      Lys  67.1a  33.1c  69.7a  52.5b  4.53  <0.01      Met  83.5a  44.6c  81.3a  70.1b  2.75  <0.01      Phe  80.1a  66.1b  76.8a  66.3b  1.87  <0.01      Thr  72.9a  37.2c  69.3a  49.6b  3.26  <0.01      Trp  81  77.5  84  80.5  2.58  0.1409      Val  76.2a  44.4c  71.3a  59.9b  2.8  <0.01  Dispensable AA, %      Ala  76.9a  48.8c  75.6a  59.3b  2.65  <0.01      Asp  74.7a  57.7b  66.4ab  63.4b  2.42  <0.01      Cys  63.9a  47.0b  70.2a  49.1b  3.76  <0.01      Glu  85.5a  73.1b  83.3a  74.8b  1.62  <0.01      Gly  70.9a  53.8b  76.0a  58.7b  6.22  <0.01      Pro  118.6  101  123.7  121.5  8.27  0.1735      Ser  73.8a  54.0b  71.3a  57.4b  2.78  <0.01      Tyr  77.2a  62.0b  75.4a  52.8c  2.46  <0.01  Mean  81.1a  62.7b  78.2a  67.8b  2.18  <0.01  a–cMeans in a row that do not have a common superscript letter differ at P < 0.05. 1Least squares means of 8 pigs per ingredient. View Large DISCUSSION As the availability of nutrient-rich feed ingredients, such as SBM, continues to decline, the utilization of alternative feed ingredients in livestock production becomes necessary. Common meals resulting from removal of oil from cultivated oilseeds include sunflower, cottonseed, and canola meals (Oil World, 2011) as well as camelina meal (Schmidt et al., 2003). For many of the ingredients used in the described experiments, the values listed in NRC (2012) for GE, N, and AA of the ingredients were similar to values determined in the study. Differences were observed in potato protein, as the tested ingredient revealed a N content that was 87% of the N listed in NRC (2012), and soy protein isolate, for which the N content was 81% of the N listed in NRC (2012). Furthermore, the analyzed Val values for potato protein, soy protein concentrate, and soy protein isolate in the current study were different from those listed in NRC (2012). In previous studies (Zhai and Adeola, 2011; Xue et al., 2014) with 30-, 40-, and 60-kg pigs, basal endogenous ileal losses of lysine between 430 and 490 mg/kg DMI were reported, compared with values between 380 and 720 mg/kg DMI in the current study. Correction of ileal AA output for basal endogenous losses of AA is pivotal to deriving SID from AID of AA. In the current research, barrows used in Exp. 1 had an average starting BW of 25 kg, and those used in Exp. 2 had an average starting BW of 42 kg. Using the measure of dispersion from those 2 separate studies to generate and average standard error of the difference of 2 means, basal endogenous losses of AA from Exp.1 were compared with those from Exp. 2. The basal endogenous ileal losses of N and the indispensable AA were higher in the 42-kg pigs than the 25-kg pigs. This observation from a combination of data from 2 separate studies deserves further investigation in the same study with heavier and lighter pigs. The N and AA digestibility of potato protein concentrate in the current study showed the average AA digestibility to be 95%, as this ingredient was the most readily digested plant protein concentrate evaluated in the study. This digestibility is higher than other researchers have observed (Smith et al., 1996; NRC, 2012), which may be due to these ingredients containing less protease inhibitors that impede nutrient digestibility in pigs, although the current study did not analyze the concentration of protease inhibitors (Smith et al., 1996). Proteins derived from soybeans include soy concentrate and soy isolate. Although soy concentrate contains more crude fiber than soy isolate, the digestibility of the 2 ingredients appears to be very similar when fed to pigs (Li et al., 1991), which agrees with results in the current study. The digestibility of Asp was the only difference observed between the ingredients, and the average SID of AA was shown to be approximately 93%, which is fairly similar to previous reports (Li et al., 1991; NRC, 2012). As would be assumed, the N and AA digestibility of linseed meal was much lower than that of plant concentrates. The average AA digestibility nears 75%, which is similar to the results of the few studies that have evaluated the AA digestibility of linseed meal (NRC, 2012). The average SID of indispensable and dispensable AA was observed to be lower than previously reported by Gonzalez-Vega and Stein (2012) and in NRC (2012). In their study, Gonzalez-Vega and Stein (2012) observed that the SID of AA in dehulled sunflower meal was lower than in sunflower meal with hulls, and thus, the relatively low digestibility of AA may not necessarily be attributable to fiber content, which has a tendency to impact AA digestibility. The digestibility of Lys in sunflower meal used in the current study was lower than the values reported by Gonzalez-Vega and Stein (2012) and in NRC (2012). Extraction of oil from sunflower seeds and its ultimate processing into the meal involves application of heat. One of the consequences of the applied heat is an initiation of Maillard reaction, leading to formation of enzymatically resistant bonds between ε-NH2 groups of Lys and carboxyl groups of glucose, Glu or Asp, which can reduce the digestibility of Lys. As a by-product feed ingredient, cottonseeds are readily available to livestock producers in the United States, and cottonseed meal is a potential protein source for swine as the AA profile is similar to other common ingredients (Oil World, 2011; NRC, 2012). However, the digestibility of N and AA in cottonseed meal was observed to be much lower than that of other oilseed meals in this study, which agrees with previous reports (Gonzalez-Vega and Stein, 2012). Varying gossypol and fiber content may reduce the nutrient digestibility of cottonseed meal, as gossypol inhibits dehydrogenase enzymes and protein C activity (Lee et al., 1982). With a gossypol toxicity of 100 mg/kg, cottonseed meal has been associated with low feed efficiency, energy, and AA digestibility when fed to growing pigs (Gonzalez-Vega and Stein, 2012). As gossypol levels were not determined in this study, it appears that multiple factors may reduce the nutrient digestibility of cottonseed meal. Canola meal is a viable protein source for growing pigs, with N and AA digestibility similar to sunflower meal, as seen in this study and previous reports (Gonzalez-Vega and Stein, 2012; NRC 2012). Canola meal has also been shown to support growth responses similar to those of SBM in diets fed to pigs (Keith and Bell, 1982). However, the fiber content of canola meal may be a factor that limits its nutrient digestibility. Although fiber components were not determined in this study, researchers have also observed that nutrient digestibility can decrease as the concentrations of complex sugars such as raffinose and stachyose increase in canola meal (Slominski et al., 1994). Camelina meal was observed to have greater digestibility of many AA compared with cottonseed meal but was less digestible than sunflower and canola meals. Others have reported similar AA digestibilities between camelina and canola meals, with an average SID of 75% for essential AA (Almeida et al., 2013a). The average SID of essential AA in camelina meal was determined to be 65% in the current study. The difference may be due to fiber and glucosinolate contents in the ingredient. Glucosinolates have been observed to decrease nutrient digestibility in pigs (Bohme et al., 1997; Gilani et al., 2005); however, the concentration in camelina meal used in this study was not determined. As cottonseed meal may contain gossypol and camelina meal often contains high levels of glucosinolates, these antinutritive factors may also have reduced the nutrient digestibility of cottonseed and camelina meals compared with sunflower and canola meals. Therefore, future studies focusing on the effect of those antinutritive factors on nutrient digestibility may be helpful for the application of ingredients. Researchers have observed the existence of antinutritional factors in plant ingredients, and fiber content appears to impact the nutrient digestibility of ingredients when fed to nonruminant animals (Slominski et al., 1994; Gonzalez-Vega and Stein, 2012). Future work to determine the crude fiber and fibrous components of the experimental ingredients would permit researchers to better determine the correlation between fiber and nutrient digestibility of protein sources fed to swine. In conclusion, sunflower and canola meals had greater AID and SID of AA compared with those of cottonseed and camelina meals, and linseed meal appears to have digestibility values similar to those of canola meal. Cottonseed meal had the lowest N and AA digestibility among all ingredients. The AID and SID of potato protein concentrate was greater than the AA digestibility of soy concentrate and soy isolate, which had similar protein digestibility. With the exception of cottonseed meal, the experimental ingredients used in this study appear to be satisfactorily digestible in diets fed to growing pigs. LITERATURE CITED Almeida F. N. Htoo J. K. Thomson J. Stein H. H. 2013a. Amino acid digestibility in camelina products fed to growing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci.  93( 3): 335– 343. doi: https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas2012-134. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   AOAC 2000. Official methods of analysis. 17th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., Arlington, VA. AOAC 2006. 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TI - Amino acid digestibility of plant protein feed ingredients for growing pigs
JF - Journal of Animal Science
DO - 10.2527/jas.2015-9662
DA - 2016-03-01
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/amino-acid-digestibility-of-plant-protein-feed-ingredients-for-growing-eMgKp4xpkT
SP - 1073
EP - 1082
VL - 94
IS - 3
DP - DeepDyve
ER -