TY - JOUR
AU - Hall, David, R.
AB - Plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) are phytophagous pests of cultivated plants around the world. In the mid-South region of the United States, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) is a primary pest of cotton, and causes economic damage. Previously published research about the volatiles produced by members of the genus Lygus, and other closely related groups, indicated that they produce blends of hexyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal. Varying ratios of the three compounds were loaded into pipette tips, and screened in combination with non-UV white sticky cards for attractiveness to field populations of L. lineolaris in Mississippi. Field screening indicated that a lure expressing a ratio of 4:10:7 was the most effective at collecting L. lineolaris, and collected similar numbers of individuals to those reported in other studies using traps baited with live virgin insects over a similar period of time. Availability of a synthetic pheromone usable in the climate of the mid-South will enable broader scale landscape level monitoring for populations of L. lineolaris before movement into cotton fields and resulting economic damage. Members of the genus Lygus and other closely related mirid species are phytophagous pests throughout the world (Schwartz and Foottit 1998). In particular Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), Lygus hesperus Knight, and Lygus elisus Van Duzee are polyphagous pests of agricultural crops across North America. The western region of the United States has a pest complex consisting of all three species of Lygus. The tarnished plant bug, L. lineolaris, is a primary pest of cotton across the mid-South, and the only species of Lygus present that causes economic damage. In the Delta region of Mississippi, cotton fields receive an average of six insecticide applications directed at controlling tarnished plant bugs (Williams 2015). Recent work on Lygus spp. and other closely related mirids has identified a variety of species-specific attractive chemical blends (e.g. Byers et al. 2013, Fountain et al. 2014, Yang et al. 2015). These species utilize hexyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal in varying ratios. These three compounds have also been extracted from metathoracic scent glands of L. lineolaris collected from the mid-South, and hexyl butyrate and (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate were shown to interfere with attraction to sex pheromones at physiologically relevant doses, but failed to be more attractive to males than virgin females in a blend (Zhang et al. 2007). Byers et al. (2013) screened a variety of ratios of the three compounds in southern AZ, where three Lygus pest species are present, and measured attractiveness of the various blends. Although one of Byer’s ratio blends attracted L. lineolaris, the landscape composition, climate, and pest complex of the southwestern desert differs significantly from that of the mid-South. Therefore, four potential blends recently published by Byers et al. (2013) and a commercially available lure for mirids available in the United Kingdom were screened in the Mississippi Delta. Materials and Methods Four sampling sites were established during the summer of 2014 for field screening of the pheromone blends. Two of the sites were located on research farms belonging to the USDA-ARS’ Southern Insect Management Research Unit and the Delta Research and Extension Center at Mississippi State University, both located in Stoneville, MS. The other two sites were located on Heathman Plantation, a commercial farm located just west of Indianola, MS. Although the research farms were planted in a wide variety of crops, the sites at Heathman were placed at the interface between large fields of commercially planted corn (Zea mays L.) and soybeans [Glycine max (L.)]. At each site, six sampling locations a minimum of 500 m apart were marked with a 1 m green garden stake. Blends of hexyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal were formulated in pipette tips as described by Fountain et al. (2014). These release this blend for several weeks under field conditions (Fountain et al. 2014). Lures were color coded to eliminate confusion in the field and ensure accuracy in deployment; color labels are used here for clarity. The lures contained ratios of the three compounds as follows: 10:1:7 (silver), 10:0:7 (red), 4:10:7 (blue), and 0:10:7 (green). The former two were reported to be attractive to L. hesperus and the latter two to L. lineolaris by Byers et al. (2013). A fifth lure (UK) tested was a commercially formulated product sold in the United Kingdom for monitoring L. rugulipennis (Agralan Ltd., Swindon Wilts, UK) and contained a 10:0.3:2 blend. Lures were used with non-UV white sticky traps (Great Lakes IPM, Vestaburg, MI), as they are commercially available and recommended for L. lineolaris monitoring in orchards (Prokopy et al. 1979). A horizontally placed pheromone lure (or no lure for control) and sticky trap were clipped to the top of a garden stake with a binder clip ∼1 m above the ground. Lures were renewed every other week. Sticky traps were collected weekly, replaced with a new card, and lures shifted by one location at each site to minimize potential site-specific issues or interactions. Sticky traps were covered in clear plastic upon removal from the field to reduce specimen damage and returned to the lab for analysis. The total number of L. lineolaris on each trap was counted, insects were removed from the trap using citrus oil, and individuals were sexed. Statistical analyses were performed using a mixed model in Proc Glimmix, including a random statement of location (date) and position (location), with a Poisson distribution (SAS 9.4). All count data had an additional 0.1 added due to the number of traps that collected no insects, and means were separated using least square means. Difference was considered significant at α < 0.05. Results and Discussion Of the total insects collected, very few female L. lineolaris (n = 11) were caught on the traps. There were no significant differences in the number of females among collection dates, lure types, or in the date*lure interaction. The majority of the insects collected were male, similar to previously published studies on Lygus. Males showed significant differences in attraction to different lures (df = 5, 108; F = 10.4; P < 0.0001) but no significant differences between collection dates or in the interaction of date*lure were observed. The total number of insects collected also indicated significant differences between lures (df = 5, 108; F = 10.26; P < 0.0001), but again no significant differences between collection dates or in the interaction of date*lure were observed. Results showed that the blue lure (4:10:7) resulted in the highest trap captures, while the green lure (0:10:7) the second most, followed by the other blends that did not vary significantly from the control (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Open in new tabDownload slide Weekly means of the total number of L. lineolaris collected (left) and males alone (right) using each lure type in conjunction with a non-UV white sticky trap. Letters above the bars represent significant differences among lure types based on least square means [lures contained hexyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal in ratios of 10:1:7 (silver), 10:0:7 (red), 4:10:7 (blue), 0:10:7 (green) and 10:0.3:2 (UK)]. Fig. 1. Open in new tabDownload slide Weekly means of the total number of L. lineolaris collected (left) and males alone (right) using each lure type in conjunction with a non-UV white sticky trap. Letters above the bars represent significant differences among lure types based on least square means [lures contained hexyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal in ratios of 10:1:7 (silver), 10:0:7 (red), 4:10:7 (blue), 0:10:7 (green) and 10:0.3:2 (UK)]. Byers et al. (2013) showed that ratios of hexyl butyrate to (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate were essential, as heterospecific Lygus males were not attracted to blends designed for other species. Additionally, previous research by Zhang et al. (2007) indicated that these same compounds that act as a lure, can act as a mating deterrent to male L. lineolaris at other concentrations and ratios. Field screening of potential lures here in the mid-South indicated that the blue lure (4:10:7) was the most effective at collecting L. lineolaris, and collected similar numbers of individuals to traps baited with live virgin insects over a similar period of time in other studies conducted in this geographic area (Scott and Snodgrass 2000, Zhang et al. 2007). These results confirm those of (Byers et al. 2013) using more practical dispensers. While the baiting of traps with virgin insects produces similar collection numbers, it is time and labor intensive, requiring food placed in enclosures to be replenished frequently and insects to be replaced as they age. These factors make it impractical for large scale monitoring efforts across the landscape. The availability of a synthetic pheromone that works in the climate of the mid-South will enable landscape level sampling without human variability. Further research is needed to relate these lures to field populations for use in monitoring and potentially to explore possibilities of mating disruption as components of L. lineolaris monitoring. Acknowledgments We thank Leslie D. Price, Nathan Little, Don Cook, and Raksha Chatakondi for assistance in the field and laboratory. Special thanks to Debbie Boykin for statistical assistance and to Lawrence Long at the Holly Ridge Planting Company for access to field locations. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. References Cited Byers J. A. Fefer D. Levi-Zada A. . 2013 . Sex pheromone component ratios and mating isolation among three Lygus plant bug species of North America . Naturwissenschaften 100 : 1115 – 1123 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat Fountain M. Jåstad G. Hall D. Douglas P. Farman D. Cross J. . 2014 . Further studies on sex pheromones of female Lygus and related bugs: development of effective lures and investigation of species-specificity . J. Chem. Ecol . 40 : 71 – 83 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat Prokopy R. J. Adams R. G. Hauschild K. I. . 1979 . Visual responses of tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera, Miridae) adults on apple . Environ. Ent . 8 : 202 – 205 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Schwartz M. D. Foottit R. G. . 1998 . Revision of the Nearctic Species of the Genus Lygus Hahn, with a Review of the Palaearctic Species . (Heteroptera: Miridae) . Memoirs on Entomology, International. vol. 10 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Scott W. P. Snodgrass G. L. . 2000 . Response of tarnished plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) to traps baited with virgin males or females . Southwest. Ent . 25 : 101 – 108 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Williams M. R. 2015 . Cotton insect losses 2014. pp. 507 – 525In Proceedings, 2015 Beltwide Cotton Conferences. National Cotton Council , San Antonio, TX . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Yang C. Y. Kim S. J. Kim J. Kang T. J. Ahn S. J. . 2015 . Sex pheromones and reproductive isolation in five mirid species . PLoS One 10 : e0127051. Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat Zhang Q. H. Chauhan K. R. Zhang A. Snodgrass G. L. Dickens J. C. Aldrich J. R. . 2007 . Antennal and behavioral responses of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae) to metathoracic scent gland compounds . J. Ent. Sci . 42 : 92 – 104 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Author notes " Subject Editor: Stephen Lapointe Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of America 2017. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
TI - Field Evaluation of Potential Pheromone Lures for Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) in the Mid-South
JO - Journal of Insect Science
DO - 10.1093/jisesa/iew109
DA - 2017-01-01
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/field-evaluation-of-potential-pheromone-lures-for-lygus-lineolaris-Zm3WFkpTi0
VL - 17
IS - 1
DP - DeepDyve
ER -