TY - JOUR
AU - , van Vuuren, Hennie J.J.
AB - Abstract The transcriptional response of laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to salt or sorbitol stress has been well studied. These studies have yielded valuable data on how the yeast adapts to these stress conditions. However, S. cerevisiae is a saccharophilic fungus and in its natural environment this yeast encounters high concentrations of sugars. For the production of dessert wines, the sugar concentration may be as high as 50% (w/v). The metabolic pathways in S. cerevisiae under these fermentation conditions have not been studied and the transcriptional response of this yeast to sugar stress has not been investigated. High-density DNA microarrays showed that the transcription of 589 genes in an industrial strain of S. cerevisiae were affected more than two-fold in grape juice containing 40% (w/v) sugars (equimolar amounts of glucose and fructose). High sugar stress up-regulated the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway genes. The PDC6 gene, previously thought to encode a minor isozyme of pyruvate decarboxylase, was highly induced under these conditions. Gene expression profiles indicate that the oxidative and non-oxidative branches of the pentose phosphate pathway were up-regulated and might be used to shunt more glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate, respectively, from the glycolytic pathway into the pentose phosphate pathway. Structural genes involved in the formation of acetic acid from acetaldehyde, and succinic acid from glutamate, were also up-regulated. Genes involved in de novo biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, histidine and lysine were down-regulated by sugar stress. Osmotic stress, Pentose phosphate pathway, DNA array analysis, Wine, Acetic acid, Succinic acid 1 Introduction The regulatory circuits of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are being analyzed extensively using DNA microarray technology, and the transcriptional response of laboratory strains of S. cerevisiae to salt or sorbitol stress is well documented [1–3]. These pioneering studies have yielded valuable and novel data on how the yeast adapts to these stress conditions. Studies on laboratory strains of S. cerevisiae have served us well and we have accumulated a vast amount of information on the genetics and physiology of this yeast. However, for most part laboratory strains are derived from an exceedingly small number of progenitors, which have been crippled by successive mutations. In addition, laboratory media and growth conditions are vastly different from those that wild-type yeast strains encounter in nature or in some commercial applications. S. cerevisiae is routinely used for the production of wine and it also encounters high concentrations of sugars in its natural environment of rotting fruits. Grape musts used for wine production usually contain 16–26% (w/v) sugars [4]. For the production of noble late-harvest or ice wines, however, sugar concentrations may be as high as 50% (w/v). The metabolic pathways in S. cerevisiae under these fermentation conditions have not been studied and the transcriptional response of this yeast to sugar stress has not been investigated. The osmoregulatory response in S. cerevisiae has been well characterized [1,5–20]. In addition to the HOG pathway, the RAS-cAMP PKA pathway is involved in regulating cell growth, carbon storage and stress response [21–24]. S. cerevisiae adapts to increased osmotic stress by enhanced production of intracellular glycerol as the main compatible solute to counter-balance the osmotic pressure (for reviews see [10,25–27]). The key step of glycerol synthesis is catalyzed by an NADH-dependent cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase that converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol-3-phosphate with the production of NAD+. Two isoforms of this enzyme are encoded by the GPD1[28] and GPD2[29] genes. GPD1 is strongly induced by osmotic stress [29–32]. An increase in glycerol production requires an equimolar increase of cytoplasmic NADH formation [10,33]. Under high osmotic stress, this requirement seems to be partially met by decreased reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol on the one hand, and an increased oxidation to acetate on the other [34]. Under conditions of stress, acetate formation, therefore, plays an important role in maintaining the redox balance in yeast cells [10,33]. Modelling of unbranched glycolysis has revealed that, unless the hexose kinase or transport systems are regulated negatively, the flux in the upper part of the pathway exceeds that in the lower part due to the so-called ‘turbo-design’ of glycolysis [35]. Two ATPs are incorporated into the upper part of glycolysis, thereby stimulating the flux and creating an imbalance between the upper and lower parts of the pathway resulting in the accumulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate [36]. Furthermore, the down-regulation of biosynthetic pathways upon exposure to osmotic stress leads to a decreased demand for and subsequent accumulation of ATP [37]. The build-up of sugar phosphates and depletion of phosphate in the cell results in substrate-accelerated death or at least failure to grow [35,38]. It has been suggested that the yeast cell prevents this accumulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate: by controlling the influx of glucose by inhibition of hexose transporters [39]; by feedback inhibition of hexokinase by trehalose-6-phosphate limiting phosphorylation of glucose [36,40–43]; or by creating a demand for ATP by activating the glycerol, trehalose and glycogen futile cycles which act as safety valves to prevent substrate-accelerated death [38,44]. We studied the effect of 40% (w/v) sugars in Riesling grape juice on the transcriptional response of a polyploid industrial wine yeast strain. Genome-wide expression analyses revealed that the transcription of 589 genes was affected by more than two-fold. In addition to the genes involved in the glycerol, trehalose and glycogen futile cycles, we found that genes involved in the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways were up-regulated. Furthermore, the genes involved in production of acetic acid from acetaldehyde, and succinate from glutamate, were up-regulated. Yeast produced 1.35 g l−1 acetic acid in Riesling grape juice containing 40% (w/v) sugars compared to 0.3 g l−1 in Riesling grape juice with 22% (w/v) sugars. Genes involved in de novo synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, histidine and lysine were down-regulated. 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Determination of water activity (aw) The aw of YEPD [45] medium containing 0.7 M, 1.4 M or 2 M NaCl, and Riesling grape juice containing 22% or 40% (w/v) sugars, was determined with an Aqualab Series 3 water activity meter (Decagon Devices, Pullmann, WA, USA). Measurements were done in triplicate. 2.2 Media preparation, yeast strain and growth conditions Riesling grape juice (Okanagan Valley, BC, Canada) containing 22% (w/v) sugars (equimolar amounts of glucose and fructose) was treated with 0.02 ml pectinase (Pec5L, Scott Labs) for 3 h at 40°C. Gelatine was added to a final concentration of 0.2 g l−1 and incubated at 7°C for 12 h to precipitate particulate matter. The juice was then filter-sterilized using a 0.22-μm filter (Millipore). The grape juice was diluted with sterile deionized water (1:2) to rehydrate active dry yeast (Vin13, Anchor Yeast, South Africa) at 40°C for 30 min. Equimolar amounts of glucose and fructose were added to grape juice (22% w/v sugars) to obtain a grape juice with 40% (w/v) sugars. 1-l batches of Riesling grape juice containing 22% or 40% (w/v) sugars were inoculated with the rehydrated yeast to a final concentration of 6×106 cells ml−1. Growth of each culture was monitored over a period of 470 h by measuring the optical density (A600nm). Cultures used for RNA extraction were grown in 22% (w/v) sugar grape juice to mid-exponential phase (A600nm=2.0) at 20°C. The culture was divided into two 500-ml batches in 1-l flasks. To one batch, 500 ml of the same 22% (w/v) sugar juice was added (control). To the second batch, 500 ml grape juice containing 60% (w/v) sugars was added to yield a final concentration of approximately 40% (w/v) sugars. Both flasks were further incubated stationary at 20°C for 2 h. Yeast cells were rapidly harvested, washed and stored at −80°C until RNA extraction [45]. All experiments were done in duplicate with independently grown cells. 2.3 RNA extraction and sample preparation Total RNA was extracted using the hot-phenol method [45]. Methods for poly(A)+ RNA purification, amplification and labelling, and cRNA fragmentation have been described previously [46]. The only modification to these procedures was the use of 15 μg cRNA, instead of 10 μg, in the cRNA fragmentation reaction. 2.4 Hybridization, fluidics and scanning procedures Four oligonucleotide yeast genome arrays (YGS98, Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) were used as targets for hybridization. Procedures for hybridization, washing, staining and scanning have been described previously [46]. The following modifications to these procedures applied: hybridizations were performed at 45°C and the arrays were read at 3 μm using the Agilent G2500A GeneArray Scanner (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). The EukGE-WS2v3 fluidics protocol of the Affymetrix MASv5.0 software (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was used to perform staining and washing procedures. The arrays were subsequently read with a confocal GeneArray Scanner. 2.5 Data analyses Data were analyzed using MASv5.0. All tunable parameters were set to default values (Affymetrix Statistical Algorithm Reference Guide, Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The changes in gene expression levels were determined with the Wilcoxon sign-rank test. Genes responding the same in both experiments and with change P-values of <0.003 (genes with an increased call) or >0.997 (genes with a decreased call) were considered to be statistically significant. Average Signal Log (base 2) Ratio (SLR) values were used to calculate the fold change. Data were further analyzed and genes grouped into cellular roles using YPD™[47,48]. 2.6 Quantification of acetic acid Wine samples (1 ml) were taken after 470 h of fermentation to determine the acetic acid concentration. Samples were filter-sterilized (0.22 μm) and stored at −30°C until analyzed. A Waters 6000A HPLC with a Waters Lambda-Max 281 UV detector connected to a Hewlett-Packard Integrator/printer HP3396 series II was used. The UV detector was set at λ=210 nm. A 10-μl sample was injected via a Rheodyne type 70 injector valve onto a Supelcogel C610H analytical cation exchange column (Supelco, cat #: 59320-U) and a Supelguard C610H column (Supelco, cat #: 59319). Analyses were done at ambient temperature. A degassed, 0.22-μm-filtered 10-mM H3PO4 mobile phase was used. L-maleic acid (0.002 g l−1) was used as internal standard. A flow rate of 0.3 ml min−1 was used to quantify acetic acid in the wine containing a high residual sugar concentration. The wine samples were diluted 1:14 with 10 mM H3PO4. Due to the low amount of acetic acid in wine obtained from 22% (w/v) Riesling grape juice, acetic acid was quantified by using the external standard method and an increased flow rate of 0.5 ml min−1 to reduce band broadening. The samples were diluted 2.5-fold with 10 mM H3PO4. Other parameters were the same as previously described. 3 Results Microarray data revealed that sugar-induced osmotic stress greatly affects the yeasts transcriptome; of the 4592 genes analyzed, the expression of 589 genes changed more than two-fold when yeast cells were grown in grape juice containing 40% (w/v) sugars (equimolar amounts of glucose and fructose). Of these 589 genes, 346 genes were up-regulated and 243 were down-regulated (Tables 1 and 2). Genes were grouped into ‘cellular-role’ categories according to the YPD™ database [47]. The expression of a large number (228) of genes with unknown functions was regulated more than two-fold. Other major responses included genes involved with cell stress and small-molecule transport as well as carbohydrate, nucleotide, and amino acid metabolism (Fig. 1). 1 Genes in S. cerevisiae that were up-regulated more than two-fold when cells were grown in grape juice containing 40% (w/v) sugars after growing to mid-exponential phase in grape juice with 22% (w/v) sugars Gene name ORF Description SLRa Fold changeb 1. Aging NCA3 YJL116C Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.3 PDE1 YGL248W 3′,5′-Cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1.0 2.0 TPK1 YJL164C Putative catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent PKA 1.6 2.9 2. Amino acid metabolism ALD2 YMR170C Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1.4 2.6 ARG3 YJL088W Ornithine carbamoyltransferase 1.1 2.1 ARO10 YDR380W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 ARO9 YHR137W Aromatic amino acid aminotransferase II 3.3 9.5 BAP2 YBR068C Branched-chain amino acid permease 3.6 11.7 CHA1 YCL064C Threonine dehydratase 1.3 2.5 GAD1 YMR250W Glutamate decarboxylase 2.5 5.5 GAT1 YFL021W Transcription factor 1.2 2.3 GDH3 YAL062W Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.5 2.7 MET13 YGL125W Putative methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 1.3 2.5 PUT2 YHR037W 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase 1.1 2.1 PUT4 YOR348C Proline-specific permease 3.1 8.6 TKL2 YBR117C Transketolase 3.6 12.1 UGA1 YGR019W 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase 2.7 6.5 UGA2 YBR006W Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) 1.7 3.2 VPS36 YLR417W Protein involved in vacuolar sorting 1.6 2.9 3. Carbohydrate metabolism ALD4 YOR374W Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) 4.0 15.5 ALD6 YPL061W Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.9 3.7 AMS1 YGL156W α-Mannosidase 2.3 4.8 ATH1 YPR026W α,α-Trehalase 1.2 2.2 CAT8 YMR280C Transcription factor 2.9 7.2 CYB2 YML054C L-Lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) 2.2 4.6 DOG2 YHR043C 2-Deoxyglucose-6-phosphatase 1.0 2.0 GCY1 YOR120W Aldo-keto reductase(putative glycerol dehydrogenase) 2.5 5.7 GLK1 YCL040W Glucokinase 1.1 2.1 GLO1 YML004C Lactoylglutathione lyase 1.1 2.1 GLO2 YDR272W Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase 1.5 2.7 GLO4 YOR040W Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase 1.1 2.1 GND2 YGR256W Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 2.1 4.3 GPD1 YDL022W Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) 1.1 2.1 GPH1 YPR160W Glycine amidinotransferase 1.3 2.5 GRE3 YHR104W Induced by osmotic stress 2.2 4.6 GSC2 YGR032W 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase 1.5 2.8 GSY1 YFR015C Glycogen synthase 1.2 2.2 GPP2 YER062C D L-glycerol-3-phosphatase 3.5 11.3 HXT5 YHR096C Hexose transporter 2.6 6.1 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+ antiporter 1.2 2.3 MLS1 YNL117W Malate synthase 1.5 2.8 MSS11 YMR164C Multicopy suppressor of STA10 −11 1.0 2.0 NTH1 YDR001C α,α-Trehalase 1.5 2.8 PDC6 YGR087C Pyruvate decarboxylase 4.7 26.0 PGM2 YMR105C Phosphoglucomutase 1.6 2.9 PIG1 YLR273C Regulatory subunit, interacts with Gsy2p 1.2 2.2 PYC1 YGL062W Pyruvate carboxylase 1.5 2.7 SFA1 YDL168W Acylglycerone-phosphate reductase 1.0 2.0 SOL1 YNR034W Possible 6-phosphogluconolactonase 1.4 2.5 SOL4 YGR248W Possible 6-phosphogluconolactonase 1.3 2.5 TKL2 YBR117C Transketolase 3.6 12.1 TPS1 YBR126C α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 1.3 2.5 TPS2 YDR074W Trehalose phosphatase 2.5 5.5 TSL1 YML100W α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 2.4 5.3 YBR056W YBR056W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YDR516C YDR516C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 XYL2 YLR070C Xylitol dehydrogenase 1.3 2.4 4. Cell cycle control PCL1 YNL289W Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 1.2 2.3 PCL5 YHR071W Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 1.4 2.5 TFS1 YLR178C Putative lipid-binding protein 2.0 4.0 YAK1 YJL141C Serine-threonine protein kinase 1.2 2.2 5. Cell stress AAD4 YDL243C Putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase 1.4 2.5 ATH1 YPR026W α,α-Trehalase 1.2 2.2 CRS5 YOR031W Metallothionein-like protein 1.0 2.0 CTA1 YDR256C Catalase 1.5 2.7 CTT1 YGR088W Catalase 3.3 9.8 CUP2 YGL166W Transcriptional activator 1.5 2.8 DAK1 YML070W Glycerone kinase 1.8 3.5 DDR48 YMR173W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 GCY1 YOR120W Aldo-keto reductase(putative glycerol dehydrogenase) 2.5 5.7 GLO1 YML004C Lactoylglutathione lyase 1.1 2.1 GPD1 YDL022W Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) 1.1 2.1 GPH1 YPR160W Glycine amidinotransferase 1.3 2.5 GPX2 YBR244W Glutathione peroxidase 1.8 3.5 GRE2 YOL151W Induced by osmotic stress 3.8 13.9 GTS1 YGL181W Putative zinc-finger transcription factor 1.1 2.1 GTT1 YIR038C Glutathione transferase 1.3 2.5 HAL5 YJL165C Protein kinase homolog 1.1 2.1 GPP2 YER062C D L-glycerol-3-phosphatase 3.5 11.3 HOR7 YMR251W-A Hyperosmolarity-responsive gene 1.1 2.1 HSP104 YLL026W Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP12 YFL014W Heat shock protein 3.6 11.7 HSP26 YBR072W Heat shock protein 2.3 4.8 HSP30 YCR021C Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP42 YDR171W Chaperone 2.4 5.3 HSP78 YDR258C Chaperone 2.1 4.3 HSP82 YPL240C Heat shock protein 2.2 4.4 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+ antiporter 1.2 2.3 NTH1 YDR001C α,α-Trehalase 1.5 2.8 PAI3 YMR174C Endopeptidase inhibitor 2.4 5.3 PNC1 YGL037C Nicotinamidase 1.7 3.2 PPZ2 YDR436W Protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1.5 2.8 PTP2 YOR208W Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1.2 2.2 SFA1 YDL168W Acylglycerone-phosphate reductase 1.0 2.0 SHC1 YER096W Sporulation-specific protein similar to Skt5p 1.5 2.8 SIP18 YMR175W Salt-induced protein 2.2 4.4 SLT2 YHR030C MAP kinase 1.1 2.1 SSA3 YBL075C Heat shock protein 1.8 3.5 SSA4 YER103W Chaperone 3.6 11.7 TPS1 YBR126C α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 1.3 2.5 TPS2 YDR074W Trehalose phosphatase 2.5 5.5 TRX3 YCR083W Thioredoxin 1.1 2.1 TSL1 YML100W α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 2.4 5.3 TTR1 YDR513W Glutaredoxin 1.2 2.3 UBI4 YLL039C Protein degradation tagging 2.2 4.4 XBP1 YIL101C Transcriptional repressor 1.8 3.4 YAK1 YJL141C Serine-threonine protein kinase 1.2 2.2 YBL064C YBL064C Thioredoxin peroxidase 1.6 2.9 YDR453C YDR453C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YGR086C YGR086C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YNL077W YNL077W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YNL194C YNL194C Protein of unknown function 4.9 29.9 PIN3 YPR154W [PSI+] induction 1.6 3.0 VRP1 YLR337C Actin-binding 1.3 2.4 YSC84 YHR016C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2 6. Cell wall maintenance CHS1 YNL192W Chitin synthase 1.3 2.5 CWP1 YKL096W Cell wall mannoprotein 1.2 2.3 DDR48 YMR173W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 ECM29 YHL030W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 ECM4 YKR076W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 GSC2 YGR032W 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase 1.5 2.8 HAL5 YJL165C Protein kinase homolog 1.1 2.1 KTR2 YKR061W Mannosyltransferase 1.4 2.5 PIR3 YKL163W Cell wall structural protein 1.0 2.0 SHC1 YER096W Sporulation-specific protein similar to Skt5p 1.5 2.8 SLT2 YHR030C MAP kinase 1.1 2.1 SPI1 YER150W Has similarity to Sed1p 3.1 8.6 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 STF2 YGR008C ATPase-stabilizing factor 2.5 5.5 7. Chromatin/chromosome structure HAT1 YPL001W Histone acetyltransferase 1.1 2.1 HPA2 YPR193C Histone acetyltransferase 2.2 4.6 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 SPO13 YHR014W Meiosis-specific protein 1.3 2.5 8. Cytokinesis CTS1 YLR286C Chitinase 1.0 2.0 VRP1 YLR337C Actin binding 1.3 2.4 9. Differentiation APG7 YHR171W Ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme 1.0 2.0 MSS11 YMR164C Multicopy suppressor of STA10 −12 1.0 2.0 SGA1 YIL099W Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase 1.5 2.8 SHC1 YER096W Sporulation-specific protein similar to Skt5p 1.5 2.8 SPO1 YNL012W Phospholipase 1.1 2.1 SPO13 YHR014W Meiosis-specific protein 1.3 2.5 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 10. DNA repair DDR48 YMR173W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 DNL4 YOR005C DNA ligase (ATP) 1.4 2.6 MAG1 YER142C DNA-3-methyladenine glycosidase II 2.2 4.6 MGT1 YDL200C 6-O-methylguanine-DNA methylase 1.1 2.1 MMS21 YEL019C Protein involved in DNA repair 4.2 18.4 PHR1 YOR386W Deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase 1.2 2.2 RAD2 YGR258C Structure-specific single-stranded DNA endonuclease 1.1 2.1 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 RAD59 YDL059C Involved in mitotic recombination 1.6 3.0 THI4 YGR144W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 11. Energy generation COX5B YIL111W Cytochrome-c oxidase 1.6 2.9 CYB2 YML054C L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) 2.2 4.6 CYC7 YEL039C Iso-2-cytochrome c 2.0 3.9 STF1 YDL130W-A ATPase-stabilizing factor 1.3 2.5 YEL020C YEL020C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YLR164W YLR164W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.2 YLR327C YLR327C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.5 YMR118C YMR118C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 12. Lipid, fatty-acid and sterol metabolism CHO1 YER026C CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase 1.0 2.0 CHO2 YGR157W Methylene-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase 1.7 3.2 ECI1 YLR284C Dodecenoyl-CoA delta-isomerase 1.3 2.4 FOX2 YKR009C 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 2.4 5.3 MCT1 YOR221C Malonyl-CoA:ACP transferase 1.3 2.5 OPI3 YJR073C Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase 1.8 3.5 OYE3 YPL171C NADPH dehydrogenase 2.7 6.5 PDC6 YGR087C Pyruvate decarboxylase 4.7 26.0 PDR1 YGL013C Transcription factor 1.3 2.5 POT1 YIL160C Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase 1.7 3.1 YDC1 YPL087W Alkaline dihydroceramidase 1.3 2.4 YEL020C YEL020C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 13. Mating response AFR1 YDR085C Receptor-signaling protein 1.2 2.3 CMK2 YOL016C Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2.1 4.1 PTP2 YOR208W Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1.2 2.2 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 14. Meiosis APG1 YGL180W Protein serine/threonine kinase 2.0 3.9 AUT7 YBL078C Microtubule-binding 1.3 2.5 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 RAD59 YDL059C Involved in mitotic recombination 1.6 3.0 SAE3 YHR079C-A Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.1 SMA1 YPL027W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 SPO1 YNL012W Phospholipase 1.1 2.1 SPO13 YHR014W Meiosis-specific protein 1.3 2.5 SPO71 YDR104C Protein involved in spore wall formation 1.0 2.0 TPS1 YBR126C α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 1.3 2.5 XBP1 YIL101C Transcriptional repressor 1.8 3.4 15. Membrane fusion PEP12 YOR036W t-SNARE 1.7 3.2 YHR138C YHR138C Homologous to PBI2 2.0 4.0 16. Mitosis RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 17. Nuclear-cytoplasmic transport GSP2 YOR185C GTP-binding protein 2.7 6.3 NPL4 YBR170C Structural protein 1.5 2.8 18. Nucleotide metabolism DAL1 YIR027C Allantoinase 1.2 2.2 FUI1 YBL042C Uridine permease 1.3 2.4 THI11 YJR156C Involved in thiamine utilization pathway 1.6 3.0 URA10 YMR271C Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase 1.4 2.5 YNK1 YKL067W Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 1.0 2.0 19. Other metabolism BTN2 YGR142W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 CWP1 YKL096W Cell wall mannoprotein 1.2 2.3 HSP30 YCR021C Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 XBP1 YIL101C Transcriptional repressor 1.8 3.4 AAD4 YDL243C Putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase 1.4 2.5 ALD3 YMR169C Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2.6 5.9 ARG3 YJL088W Ornithine carbamoyltransferase 1.1 2.1 ARO9 YHR137W Aromatic amino acid aminotransferase II 3.3 9.5 COQ4 YDR204W Involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis 1.1 2.0 CTA1 YDR256C Catalase 1.5 2.7 DAL1 YIR027C Allantoinase 1.2 2.2 DAL3 YIR032C Ureidoglycolate hydrolase 1.5 2.8 FRE4 YNR060W Protein of unknown function 2.3 5.0 GAT1 YFL021W Transcription factor 1.2 2.3 GCY1 YOR120W Aldo-keto reductase(putative glycerol dehydrogenase) 2.5 5.7 PNC1 YGL037C Nicotinamidase 1.7 3.2 THI4 YGR144W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 UGA1 YGR019W 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase 2.7 6.5 YAL061W YAL061W Putative polyol dehydrogenase 2.1 4.3 YFL057C YFL057C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YMR226C YMR226C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YNL274C YNL274C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 20. Pol II transcription CAF17 YJR122W CCR4 transcriptional complex component 1.1 2.1 CAT8 YMR280C Transcription factor 2.9 7.2 CUP2 YGL166W Transcription factor 1.5 2.8 GAT1 YFL021W Transcription factor 1.2 2.3 GTS1 YGL181W Putative zinc-finger transcription factor 1.1 2.1 PDR1 YGL013C Transcription factor 1.3 2.5 YER064C YER064C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YGL131C YGL131C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 21. Protein complex assembly UMP1 YBR173C Involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis 1.2 2.2 22. Protein degradation APG1 YGL180W Protein serine/threonine kinase 2.0 3.9 APG5 YPL149W Involved in autophagy 1.7 3.1 APG7 YHR171W Ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme 1.0 2.0 AUT7 YBL078C Microtubule-binding 1.3 2.5 LAP4 YKL103C Vacuolar aminopeptidase I 1.3 2.5 MDJ1 YFL016C Heat shock protein 1.4 2.5 PAI3 YMR174C Proteinase inhibitor 2.4 5.3 RPT5 YOR117W Adenosinetriphosphatase 1.0 2.0 SNX4 YJL036W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 TFS1 YLR178C Putative lipid-binding protein 2.0 4.0 UBC5 YDR059C Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 1.4 2.5 UBC8 YEL012W Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 1.2 2.2 UBI4 YLL039C Protein degradation tagging 2.2 4.4 UBP5 YER144C Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.1 2.1 UBP6 YFR010W Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.2 2.2 UFD1 YGR048W Molecular function unknown 1.3 2.4 UMP1 YBR173C Involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis 1.2 2.2 YDR330W YDR330W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YLR387C YLR387C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 23. Protein folding CPR6 YLR216C Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase 1.4 2.5 ERO1 YML130C Involved in protein disulfide bond formation in the ER 1.2 2.2 HSP104 YLL026W Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP12 YFL014W Heat shock protein 3.6 11.7 HSP26 YBR072W Heat shock protein 2.3 4.8 HSP30 YCR021C Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP42 YDR171W Chaperone 2.4 5.3 HSP78 YDR258C Chaperone 2.1 4.3 HSP82 YPL240C Heat shock protein 2.2 4.4 MDJ1 YFL016C Heat shock protein 1.4 2.5 SSA1 YAL005C Adenosine triphosphatase 1.1 2.1 SSA3 YBL075C Heat shock protein 1.8 3.5 SSA4 YER103W Chaperone 3.6 11.7 SSE2 YBR169C Heat shock protein 2.0 3.9 YNL077W YNL077W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 24. Protein modification HAT1 YPL001W Histone acetyltransferase 1.1 2.1 HPA2 YPR193C Histone acetyltransferase 2.2 4.6 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+ antiporter 1.2 2.3 KTR2 YKR061W Mannosyl transferase 1.4 2.5 PGM2 YMR105C Phosphoglucomutase 1.6 2.9 UBC8 YEL012W Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 1.2 2.2 UBP15 YMR304W Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.1 2.1 UBP5 YER144C Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.1 2.1 UBP6 YFR010W Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.2 2.2 25. Protein synthesis MRP8 YKL142W Structural protein of ribosomes 1.9 3.6 YGR201C YGR201C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.7 26. Protein translocation APG7 YHR171W Ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme 1.0 2.0 HSP78 YDR258C Chaperone 2.1 4.3 PEX18 YHR160C Protein binding 1.8 3.4 SSA1 YAL005C Adenosine triphosphatase 1.1 2.1 SSA3 YBL075C Heat shock protein 1.8 3.5 SSA4 YER103W Chaperone 3.6 11.7 27. Recombination MMS21 YEL019C Protein involved in DNA repair 4.2 18.4 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 RAD59 YDL059C Involved in mitotic recombination 1.6 3.0 28. RNA processing/modification NCA3 YJL116C Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.3 NGR1 YBR212W Negative growth regulatory protein 1.9 3.7 REX3 YLR107W 3′-5′ Exonuclease 1.0 2.0 SOL1 YNR034W Possible 6-phosphogluconolactonase 1.4 2.5 SYF2 YGR129W Involved in pre-mRNA splicing 1.2 2.3 YGR250C YGR250C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YTH1 YPR107C Polyadenylation factor subunit 1.1 2.1 ISF1 YMR081C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 SYF2 YGR129W Involved in pre-mRNA splicing 1.2 2.3 29. Signal transduction BAG7 YOR134W GTPase activating protein 5.5 43.7 CMK1 YFR014C Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I 1.1 2.1 PDE1 YGL248W 3′,5′-Cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1.0 2.0 PPZ2 YDR436W Protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1.5 2.8 PTP2 YOR208W Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1.2 2.2 SLT2 YHR030C MAP kinase 1.1 2.1 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 TPK1 YJL164C Protein serine/threonine kinase 1.6 2.9 YGR043C YGR043C Transaldolase 3.5 11.0 30. Small molecule transport BAP2 YBR068C Branched chain amino acid permease 3.6 11.7 COX5B YIL111W Cytochrome-c oxidase 1.6 2.9 ENA2 YDR039C Putative Na+ pump 1.2 2.3 ENA5 YDR038C Na+ ATPase 1.2 2.2 FRE4 YNR060W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.8 FUI1 YBL042C Uridine permease 1.3 2.4 HXT5 YHR096C Hexose transporter 2.6 6.1 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+antiporter 1.2 2.3 ODC1 YPL134C Oxodicarboxylate carrier 1.4 2.5 PDR1 YGL013C Transcription factor 1.3 2.5 PDR10 YOR328W member of ATP-binding casette (ABC) family 1.2 2.3 PTK2 YJR059W Putative serine/threonine protein kinase 1.4 2.6 PUT4 YOR348C Proline-specific permease 3.1 8.6 RAV2 YDR202C Regulator of (H+)-ATPase in Vacuolar membrane 1.1 2.1 STL1 YDR536W Sugar transporter-like protein 6.5 87.4 VPS36 YLR417W Protein involved in vacuolar sorting 1.6 2.9 YBR241C YBR241C Putative hexose transporter 2.0 4.0 YER119C YER119C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YIL166C YIL166C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YKL146W YKL146W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YLR004C YLR004C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 31. Genes of unknown function ADY2 YCR010C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 CSR2 YPR030W Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 DGA1 YOR245C Diacyl glycerol acyltransferase 1.2 2.2 FMS1 YMR020W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 FYV10 YIL097W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 GPM2 YDL021W Phosphoglycerate mutase 1.3 2.4 GRE1 YPL223C Osmotic stress induced 3.1 8.3 KKQ8 YKL168C Protein kinase 1.1 2.1 MGA1 YGR249W Heat shock transcription factor homolog 1.4 2.6 MPM1 YJL066C Mitochondrial membrane protein 1.1 2.1 MSC1 YML128C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 NGL3 YML118W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 OM45 YIL136W 45 kDa mitochondrial outer membrane protein 1.9 3.7 PHM7 YOL084W Protein of unknown function 2.5 5.5 PHM8 YER037W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 PRM10 YJL108C Pheromone-regulated membrane protein 2.4 5.3 PST2 YDR032C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 RIO1 YOR119C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 RTA1 YGR213C Involved in 7-aminocholesterol resistance 1.4 2.5 SDS24 YBR214W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 SLZ1 YNL196C Sporulation-specific protein 4.0 15.5 SPG1 YGR236C Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.9 SPS100 YHR139C Involved in spore wall formation, 2.8 6.7 SRL3 YKR091W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 SSH4 YKL124W Confers leflunomide resistance when overexpressed 1.9 3.6 TOS3 YGL179C Putative serine/threonine protein kinase 1.2 2.2 TOS5 YKR011C Protein of unknown function 2.0 3.9 UGX2 YDL169C Protein of unknown function 2.2 4.4 WHI4 YDL224C Putative RNA binding protein 2.3 4.9 YAR027W YAR027W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.9 YBL048W YBL048W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YBL049W YBL049W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 YBL065W YBL065W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YBR005W YBR005W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YBR047W YBR047W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YBR053C YBR053C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YBR062C YBR062C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YBR085c-a YBR085c-a Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.1 YBR116C YBR116C Protein of unknown function 2.8 6.7 YBR137W YBR137W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YBR230C YBR230C Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.3 YBR280C YBR280C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YCL042W YCL042W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.2 YCL044C YCL044C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YCR082W YCR082W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YCR105W YCR105W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YDL113C YDL113C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDL124W YDL124W Protein of unknown function 3.3 9.5 YDL204W YDL204W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YDL218W YDL218W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YDL222C YDL222C Protein of unknown function 2.6 6.1 YDL223C YDL223C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 YDR034W-B YDR034W-B Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YDR036C YDR036C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDR070C YDR070C Protein of unknown function 3.0 7.7 YDR247W YDR247W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YDR306C YDR306C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDR366C YDR366C Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.1 YDR391C YDR391C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDR425W YDR425W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YDR476C YDR476C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YDR540C YDR540C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YER028C YER028C Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YER034W YER034W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YER067W YER067W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YER079W YER079W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 YER121W YER121W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 YET1 YKL065C Yeast BAP31 homolog 1.3 2.4 YFL030W YFL030W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.4 YFL044C YFL044C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YFR003C YFR003C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YFR017C YFR017C Protein of unknown function 2.0 3.9 YGL045W YGL045W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YGL121C YGL121C Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YGL144C YGL144C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YGL157W YGL157W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YGL185C YGL185C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YGR052W YGR052W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.2 YGR066C YGR066C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YGR110W YGR110W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YGR131W YGR131W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YGR146C YGR146C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YGR161C YGR161C Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YGR237C YGR237C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YGR243W YGR243W Protein of unknown function 3.4 10.6 YGR268C YGR268C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YHL021C YHL021C Protein of unknown function 3.5 10.9 YHR033W YHR033W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 YHR087W YHR087W Protein of unknown function 4.7 26.0 YHR122W YHR122W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YHR140W YHR140W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YHR159W YHR159W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YHR198C YHR198C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YHR199C YHR199C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YHR209W YHR209W Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.1 YIL055C YIL055C Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YIL057C YIL057C Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.3 YIL077C YIL077C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YIL108W YIL108W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YIL113W YIL113W protein tyrosine phosphatase 3.5 10.9 YIR014W YIR014W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YJL107C YJL107C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.5 YJL144W YJL144W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.8 YJL161W YJL161W Protein of unknown function 2.2 4.6 YJL185C YJL185C Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.3 YJL213W YJL213W Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YJR008W YJR008W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YJR096W YJR096W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YJR119C YJR119C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YKL034W YKL034W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YKL071W YKL071W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YKL086W YKL086W Protein of unknown function 3.2 8.9 YKL107W YKL107W Protein of unknown function 4.1 16.6 YKL123W YKL123W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YKL151C YKL151C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YKL161C YKL161C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YKR049C YKR049C Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YLR042C YLR042C Protein of unknown function 3.6 11.7 YLR054C YLR054C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YLR080W YLR080W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR132C YLR132C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YLR149C YLR149C Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YLR194C YLR194C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.7 YLR202C YLR202C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR225C YLR225C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR247C YLR247C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YLR251W YLR251W Protein of unknown function 2.5 5.7 YLR252W YLR252W Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.3 YLR257W YLR257W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR270W YLR270W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YLR271W YLR271W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YLR323C YLR323C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YLR346C YLR346C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YLR350W YLR350W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YLR408C YLR408C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR414C YLR414C Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YLR454W YLR454W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YML083C YML083C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YMR034C YMR034C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR040W YMR040W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YMR090W YMR090W Protein of unknown function 2.2 4.6 YMR103C YMR103C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR107W YMR107W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.9 YMR114C YMR114C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR173W-A YMR173W-A Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR181C YMR181C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR191W YMR191W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YMR196W YMR196W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.4 YMR210W YMR210W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YMR315W YMR315W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.8 YMR318C YMR318C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YMR322C YMR322C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YNL092W YNL092W Protein of unknown function 3.5 11.3 YNL094W YNL094W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YNL115C YNL115C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YNL134C YNL134C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YNL195C YNL195C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YNL200C YNL200C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YNR014W YNR014W Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YNR034w-a YNR034w-a Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YOL032W YOL032W Protein of unknown function 2.0 3.9 YOL048C YOL048C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YOL083W YOL083W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YOL131W YOL131W Protein of unknown function 5.4 42.2 YOL150C YOL150C Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YOL161C YOL161C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YOR019W YOR019W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YOR049C YOR049C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YOR052C YOR052C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YOR054C YOR054C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YOR062C YOR062C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YOR137C YOR137C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YOR173W YOR173W Protein of unknown function 2.8 6.7 YOR220W YOR220W Protein of unknown function 2.6 6.1 YOR289W YOR289W Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YOR338W YOR338W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.5 YOR385W YOR385W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.7 YPL004C YPL004C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPL047W YPL047W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPL052W YPL052W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YPL070W YPL070W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YPL113C YPL113C Protein of unknown function 3.0 8.0 YPL168W YPL168W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YPL222W YPL222W Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.1 YPL247C YPL247C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPR093C YPR093C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPR127W YPR127W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 ZTA1 YBR046C Zeta-crystalline homolog 1.9 3.6 32. Vesicular transport APG1 YGL180W Protein serine/threonine kinase 2.0 3.9 APG5 YPL149W Involved in autophagy 1.7 3.1 AST2 YER101C Protein involved in targeting of plasma membrane [H+] ATPase 1.0 2.0 AUT7 YBL078C Microtubule-binding 1.3 2.5 DDI1 YER143W T- and V-snare complex binding protein 1.7 3.1 GYP7 YDL234C GTPase-activating protein 1.4 2.6 PEP12 YOR036W t-SNARE 1.7 3.2 VPS36 YLR417W Protein involved in vacuolar sorting 1.6 2.9 YKL091C YKL091C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 Gene name ORF Description SLRa Fold changeb 1. Aging NCA3 YJL116C Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.3 PDE1 YGL248W 3′,5′-Cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1.0 2.0 TPK1 YJL164C Putative catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent PKA 1.6 2.9 2. Amino acid metabolism ALD2 YMR170C Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1.4 2.6 ARG3 YJL088W Ornithine carbamoyltransferase 1.1 2.1 ARO10 YDR380W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 ARO9 YHR137W Aromatic amino acid aminotransferase II 3.3 9.5 BAP2 YBR068C Branched-chain amino acid permease 3.6 11.7 CHA1 YCL064C Threonine dehydratase 1.3 2.5 GAD1 YMR250W Glutamate decarboxylase 2.5 5.5 GAT1 YFL021W Transcription factor 1.2 2.3 GDH3 YAL062W Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.5 2.7 MET13 YGL125W Putative methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 1.3 2.5 PUT2 YHR037W 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase 1.1 2.1 PUT4 YOR348C Proline-specific permease 3.1 8.6 TKL2 YBR117C Transketolase 3.6 12.1 UGA1 YGR019W 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase 2.7 6.5 UGA2 YBR006W Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) 1.7 3.2 VPS36 YLR417W Protein involved in vacuolar sorting 1.6 2.9 3. Carbohydrate metabolism ALD4 YOR374W Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) 4.0 15.5 ALD6 YPL061W Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.9 3.7 AMS1 YGL156W α-Mannosidase 2.3 4.8 ATH1 YPR026W α,α-Trehalase 1.2 2.2 CAT8 YMR280C Transcription factor 2.9 7.2 CYB2 YML054C L-Lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) 2.2 4.6 DOG2 YHR043C 2-Deoxyglucose-6-phosphatase 1.0 2.0 GCY1 YOR120W Aldo-keto reductase(putative glycerol dehydrogenase) 2.5 5.7 GLK1 YCL040W Glucokinase 1.1 2.1 GLO1 YML004C Lactoylglutathione lyase 1.1 2.1 GLO2 YDR272W Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase 1.5 2.7 GLO4 YOR040W Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase 1.1 2.1 GND2 YGR256W Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 2.1 4.3 GPD1 YDL022W Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) 1.1 2.1 GPH1 YPR160W Glycine amidinotransferase 1.3 2.5 GRE3 YHR104W Induced by osmotic stress 2.2 4.6 GSC2 YGR032W 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase 1.5 2.8 GSY1 YFR015C Glycogen synthase 1.2 2.2 GPP2 YER062C D L-glycerol-3-phosphatase 3.5 11.3 HXT5 YHR096C Hexose transporter 2.6 6.1 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+ antiporter 1.2 2.3 MLS1 YNL117W Malate synthase 1.5 2.8 MSS11 YMR164C Multicopy suppressor of STA10 −11 1.0 2.0 NTH1 YDR001C α,α-Trehalase 1.5 2.8 PDC6 YGR087C Pyruvate decarboxylase 4.7 26.0 PGM2 YMR105C Phosphoglucomutase 1.6 2.9 PIG1 YLR273C Regulatory subunit, interacts with Gsy2p 1.2 2.2 PYC1 YGL062W Pyruvate carboxylase 1.5 2.7 SFA1 YDL168W Acylglycerone-phosphate reductase 1.0 2.0 SOL1 YNR034W Possible 6-phosphogluconolactonase 1.4 2.5 SOL4 YGR248W Possible 6-phosphogluconolactonase 1.3 2.5 TKL2 YBR117C Transketolase 3.6 12.1 TPS1 YBR126C α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 1.3 2.5 TPS2 YDR074W Trehalose phosphatase 2.5 5.5 TSL1 YML100W α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 2.4 5.3 YBR056W YBR056W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YDR516C YDR516C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 XYL2 YLR070C Xylitol dehydrogenase 1.3 2.4 4. Cell cycle control PCL1 YNL289W Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 1.2 2.3 PCL5 YHR071W Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 1.4 2.5 TFS1 YLR178C Putative lipid-binding protein 2.0 4.0 YAK1 YJL141C Serine-threonine protein kinase 1.2 2.2 5. Cell stress AAD4 YDL243C Putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase 1.4 2.5 ATH1 YPR026W α,α-Trehalase 1.2 2.2 CRS5 YOR031W Metallothionein-like protein 1.0 2.0 CTA1 YDR256C Catalase 1.5 2.7 CTT1 YGR088W Catalase 3.3 9.8 CUP2 YGL166W Transcriptional activator 1.5 2.8 DAK1 YML070W Glycerone kinase 1.8 3.5 DDR48 YMR173W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 GCY1 YOR120W Aldo-keto reductase(putative glycerol dehydrogenase) 2.5 5.7 GLO1 YML004C Lactoylglutathione lyase 1.1 2.1 GPD1 YDL022W Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) 1.1 2.1 GPH1 YPR160W Glycine amidinotransferase 1.3 2.5 GPX2 YBR244W Glutathione peroxidase 1.8 3.5 GRE2 YOL151W Induced by osmotic stress 3.8 13.9 GTS1 YGL181W Putative zinc-finger transcription factor 1.1 2.1 GTT1 YIR038C Glutathione transferase 1.3 2.5 HAL5 YJL165C Protein kinase homolog 1.1 2.1 GPP2 YER062C D L-glycerol-3-phosphatase 3.5 11.3 HOR7 YMR251W-A Hyperosmolarity-responsive gene 1.1 2.1 HSP104 YLL026W Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP12 YFL014W Heat shock protein 3.6 11.7 HSP26 YBR072W Heat shock protein 2.3 4.8 HSP30 YCR021C Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP42 YDR171W Chaperone 2.4 5.3 HSP78 YDR258C Chaperone 2.1 4.3 HSP82 YPL240C Heat shock protein 2.2 4.4 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+ antiporter 1.2 2.3 NTH1 YDR001C α,α-Trehalase 1.5 2.8 PAI3 YMR174C Endopeptidase inhibitor 2.4 5.3 PNC1 YGL037C Nicotinamidase 1.7 3.2 PPZ2 YDR436W Protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1.5 2.8 PTP2 YOR208W Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1.2 2.2 SFA1 YDL168W Acylglycerone-phosphate reductase 1.0 2.0 SHC1 YER096W Sporulation-specific protein similar to Skt5p 1.5 2.8 SIP18 YMR175W Salt-induced protein 2.2 4.4 SLT2 YHR030C MAP kinase 1.1 2.1 SSA3 YBL075C Heat shock protein 1.8 3.5 SSA4 YER103W Chaperone 3.6 11.7 TPS1 YBR126C α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 1.3 2.5 TPS2 YDR074W Trehalose phosphatase 2.5 5.5 TRX3 YCR083W Thioredoxin 1.1 2.1 TSL1 YML100W α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 2.4 5.3 TTR1 YDR513W Glutaredoxin 1.2 2.3 UBI4 YLL039C Protein degradation tagging 2.2 4.4 XBP1 YIL101C Transcriptional repressor 1.8 3.4 YAK1 YJL141C Serine-threonine protein kinase 1.2 2.2 YBL064C YBL064C Thioredoxin peroxidase 1.6 2.9 YDR453C YDR453C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YGR086C YGR086C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YNL077W YNL077W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YNL194C YNL194C Protein of unknown function 4.9 29.9 PIN3 YPR154W [PSI+] induction 1.6 3.0 VRP1 YLR337C Actin-binding 1.3 2.4 YSC84 YHR016C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2 6. Cell wall maintenance CHS1 YNL192W Chitin synthase 1.3 2.5 CWP1 YKL096W Cell wall mannoprotein 1.2 2.3 DDR48 YMR173W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 ECM29 YHL030W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 ECM4 YKR076W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 GSC2 YGR032W 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase 1.5 2.8 HAL5 YJL165C Protein kinase homolog 1.1 2.1 KTR2 YKR061W Mannosyltransferase 1.4 2.5 PIR3 YKL163W Cell wall structural protein 1.0 2.0 SHC1 YER096W Sporulation-specific protein similar to Skt5p 1.5 2.8 SLT2 YHR030C MAP kinase 1.1 2.1 SPI1 YER150W Has similarity to Sed1p 3.1 8.6 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 STF2 YGR008C ATPase-stabilizing factor 2.5 5.5 7. Chromatin/chromosome structure HAT1 YPL001W Histone acetyltransferase 1.1 2.1 HPA2 YPR193C Histone acetyltransferase 2.2 4.6 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 SPO13 YHR014W Meiosis-specific protein 1.3 2.5 8. Cytokinesis CTS1 YLR286C Chitinase 1.0 2.0 VRP1 YLR337C Actin binding 1.3 2.4 9. Differentiation APG7 YHR171W Ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme 1.0 2.0 MSS11 YMR164C Multicopy suppressor of STA10 −12 1.0 2.0 SGA1 YIL099W Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase 1.5 2.8 SHC1 YER096W Sporulation-specific protein similar to Skt5p 1.5 2.8 SPO1 YNL012W Phospholipase 1.1 2.1 SPO13 YHR014W Meiosis-specific protein 1.3 2.5 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 10. DNA repair DDR48 YMR173W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 DNL4 YOR005C DNA ligase (ATP) 1.4 2.6 MAG1 YER142C DNA-3-methyladenine glycosidase II 2.2 4.6 MGT1 YDL200C 6-O-methylguanine-DNA methylase 1.1 2.1 MMS21 YEL019C Protein involved in DNA repair 4.2 18.4 PHR1 YOR386W Deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase 1.2 2.2 RAD2 YGR258C Structure-specific single-stranded DNA endonuclease 1.1 2.1 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 RAD59 YDL059C Involved in mitotic recombination 1.6 3.0 THI4 YGR144W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 11. Energy generation COX5B YIL111W Cytochrome-c oxidase 1.6 2.9 CYB2 YML054C L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) 2.2 4.6 CYC7 YEL039C Iso-2-cytochrome c 2.0 3.9 STF1 YDL130W-A ATPase-stabilizing factor 1.3 2.5 YEL020C YEL020C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YLR164W YLR164W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.2 YLR327C YLR327C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.5 YMR118C YMR118C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 12. Lipid, fatty-acid and sterol metabolism CHO1 YER026C CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase 1.0 2.0 CHO2 YGR157W Methylene-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase 1.7 3.2 ECI1 YLR284C Dodecenoyl-CoA delta-isomerase 1.3 2.4 FOX2 YKR009C 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 2.4 5.3 MCT1 YOR221C Malonyl-CoA:ACP transferase 1.3 2.5 OPI3 YJR073C Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase 1.8 3.5 OYE3 YPL171C NADPH dehydrogenase 2.7 6.5 PDC6 YGR087C Pyruvate decarboxylase 4.7 26.0 PDR1 YGL013C Transcription factor 1.3 2.5 POT1 YIL160C Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase 1.7 3.1 YDC1 YPL087W Alkaline dihydroceramidase 1.3 2.4 YEL020C YEL020C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 13. Mating response AFR1 YDR085C Receptor-signaling protein 1.2 2.3 CMK2 YOL016C Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2.1 4.1 PTP2 YOR208W Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1.2 2.2 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 14. Meiosis APG1 YGL180W Protein serine/threonine kinase 2.0 3.9 AUT7 YBL078C Microtubule-binding 1.3 2.5 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 RAD59 YDL059C Involved in mitotic recombination 1.6 3.0 SAE3 YHR079C-A Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.1 SMA1 YPL027W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 SPO1 YNL012W Phospholipase 1.1 2.1 SPO13 YHR014W Meiosis-specific protein 1.3 2.5 SPO71 YDR104C Protein involved in spore wall formation 1.0 2.0 TPS1 YBR126C α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 1.3 2.5 XBP1 YIL101C Transcriptional repressor 1.8 3.4 15. Membrane fusion PEP12 YOR036W t-SNARE 1.7 3.2 YHR138C YHR138C Homologous to PBI2 2.0 4.0 16. Mitosis RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 17. Nuclear-cytoplasmic transport GSP2 YOR185C GTP-binding protein 2.7 6.3 NPL4 YBR170C Structural protein 1.5 2.8 18. Nucleotide metabolism DAL1 YIR027C Allantoinase 1.2 2.2 FUI1 YBL042C Uridine permease 1.3 2.4 THI11 YJR156C Involved in thiamine utilization pathway 1.6 3.0 URA10 YMR271C Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase 1.4 2.5 YNK1 YKL067W Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 1.0 2.0 19. Other metabolism BTN2 YGR142W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 CWP1 YKL096W Cell wall mannoprotein 1.2 2.3 HSP30 YCR021C Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 XBP1 YIL101C Transcriptional repressor 1.8 3.4 AAD4 YDL243C Putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase 1.4 2.5 ALD3 YMR169C Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2.6 5.9 ARG3 YJL088W Ornithine carbamoyltransferase 1.1 2.1 ARO9 YHR137W Aromatic amino acid aminotransferase II 3.3 9.5 COQ4 YDR204W Involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis 1.1 2.0 CTA1 YDR256C Catalase 1.5 2.7 DAL1 YIR027C Allantoinase 1.2 2.2 DAL3 YIR032C Ureidoglycolate hydrolase 1.5 2.8 FRE4 YNR060W Protein of unknown function 2.3 5.0 GAT1 YFL021W Transcription factor 1.2 2.3 GCY1 YOR120W Aldo-keto reductase(putative glycerol dehydrogenase) 2.5 5.7 PNC1 YGL037C Nicotinamidase 1.7 3.2 THI4 YGR144W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 UGA1 YGR019W 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase 2.7 6.5 YAL061W YAL061W Putative polyol dehydrogenase 2.1 4.3 YFL057C YFL057C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YMR226C YMR226C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YNL274C YNL274C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 20. Pol II transcription CAF17 YJR122W CCR4 transcriptional complex component 1.1 2.1 CAT8 YMR280C Transcription factor 2.9 7.2 CUP2 YGL166W Transcription factor 1.5 2.8 GAT1 YFL021W Transcription factor 1.2 2.3 GTS1 YGL181W Putative zinc-finger transcription factor 1.1 2.1 PDR1 YGL013C Transcription factor 1.3 2.5 YER064C YER064C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YGL131C YGL131C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 21. Protein complex assembly UMP1 YBR173C Involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis 1.2 2.2 22. Protein degradation APG1 YGL180W Protein serine/threonine kinase 2.0 3.9 APG5 YPL149W Involved in autophagy 1.7 3.1 APG7 YHR171W Ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme 1.0 2.0 AUT7 YBL078C Microtubule-binding 1.3 2.5 LAP4 YKL103C Vacuolar aminopeptidase I 1.3 2.5 MDJ1 YFL016C Heat shock protein 1.4 2.5 PAI3 YMR174C Proteinase inhibitor 2.4 5.3 RPT5 YOR117W Adenosinetriphosphatase 1.0 2.0 SNX4 YJL036W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 TFS1 YLR178C Putative lipid-binding protein 2.0 4.0 UBC5 YDR059C Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 1.4 2.5 UBC8 YEL012W Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 1.2 2.2 UBI4 YLL039C Protein degradation tagging 2.2 4.4 UBP5 YER144C Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.1 2.1 UBP6 YFR010W Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.2 2.2 UFD1 YGR048W Molecular function unknown 1.3 2.4 UMP1 YBR173C Involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis 1.2 2.2 YDR330W YDR330W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YLR387C YLR387C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 23. Protein folding CPR6 YLR216C Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase 1.4 2.5 ERO1 YML130C Involved in protein disulfide bond formation in the ER 1.2 2.2 HSP104 YLL026W Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP12 YFL014W Heat shock protein 3.6 11.7 HSP26 YBR072W Heat shock protein 2.3 4.8 HSP30 YCR021C Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP42 YDR171W Chaperone 2.4 5.3 HSP78 YDR258C Chaperone 2.1 4.3 HSP82 YPL240C Heat shock protein 2.2 4.4 MDJ1 YFL016C Heat shock protein 1.4 2.5 SSA1 YAL005C Adenosine triphosphatase 1.1 2.1 SSA3 YBL075C Heat shock protein 1.8 3.5 SSA4 YER103W Chaperone 3.6 11.7 SSE2 YBR169C Heat shock protein 2.0 3.9 YNL077W YNL077W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 24. Protein modification HAT1 YPL001W Histone acetyltransferase 1.1 2.1 HPA2 YPR193C Histone acetyltransferase 2.2 4.6 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+ antiporter 1.2 2.3 KTR2 YKR061W Mannosyl transferase 1.4 2.5 PGM2 YMR105C Phosphoglucomutase 1.6 2.9 UBC8 YEL012W Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 1.2 2.2 UBP15 YMR304W Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.1 2.1 UBP5 YER144C Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.1 2.1 UBP6 YFR010W Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.2 2.2 25. Protein synthesis MRP8 YKL142W Structural protein of ribosomes 1.9 3.6 YGR201C YGR201C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.7 26. Protein translocation APG7 YHR171W Ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme 1.0 2.0 HSP78 YDR258C Chaperone 2.1 4.3 PEX18 YHR160C Protein binding 1.8 3.4 SSA1 YAL005C Adenosine triphosphatase 1.1 2.1 SSA3 YBL075C Heat shock protein 1.8 3.5 SSA4 YER103W Chaperone 3.6 11.7 27. Recombination MMS21 YEL019C Protein involved in DNA repair 4.2 18.4 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 RAD59 YDL059C Involved in mitotic recombination 1.6 3.0 28. RNA processing/modification NCA3 YJL116C Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.3 NGR1 YBR212W Negative growth regulatory protein 1.9 3.7 REX3 YLR107W 3′-5′ Exonuclease 1.0 2.0 SOL1 YNR034W Possible 6-phosphogluconolactonase 1.4 2.5 SYF2 YGR129W Involved in pre-mRNA splicing 1.2 2.3 YGR250C YGR250C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YTH1 YPR107C Polyadenylation factor subunit 1.1 2.1 ISF1 YMR081C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 SYF2 YGR129W Involved in pre-mRNA splicing 1.2 2.3 29. Signal transduction BAG7 YOR134W GTPase activating protein 5.5 43.7 CMK1 YFR014C Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I 1.1 2.1 PDE1 YGL248W 3′,5′-Cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1.0 2.0 PPZ2 YDR436W Protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1.5 2.8 PTP2 YOR208W Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1.2 2.2 SLT2 YHR030C MAP kinase 1.1 2.1 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 TPK1 YJL164C Protein serine/threonine kinase 1.6 2.9 YGR043C YGR043C Transaldolase 3.5 11.0 30. Small molecule transport BAP2 YBR068C Branched chain amino acid permease 3.6 11.7 COX5B YIL111W Cytochrome-c oxidase 1.6 2.9 ENA2 YDR039C Putative Na+ pump 1.2 2.3 ENA5 YDR038C Na+ ATPase 1.2 2.2 FRE4 YNR060W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.8 FUI1 YBL042C Uridine permease 1.3 2.4 HXT5 YHR096C Hexose transporter 2.6 6.1 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+antiporter 1.2 2.3 ODC1 YPL134C Oxodicarboxylate carrier 1.4 2.5 PDR1 YGL013C Transcription factor 1.3 2.5 PDR10 YOR328W member of ATP-binding casette (ABC) family 1.2 2.3 PTK2 YJR059W Putative serine/threonine protein kinase 1.4 2.6 PUT4 YOR348C Proline-specific permease 3.1 8.6 RAV2 YDR202C Regulator of (H+)-ATPase in Vacuolar membrane 1.1 2.1 STL1 YDR536W Sugar transporter-like protein 6.5 87.4 VPS36 YLR417W Protein involved in vacuolar sorting 1.6 2.9 YBR241C YBR241C Putative hexose transporter 2.0 4.0 YER119C YER119C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YIL166C YIL166C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YKL146W YKL146W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YLR004C YLR004C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 31. Genes of unknown function ADY2 YCR010C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 CSR2 YPR030W Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 DGA1 YOR245C Diacyl glycerol acyltransferase 1.2 2.2 FMS1 YMR020W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 FYV10 YIL097W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 GPM2 YDL021W Phosphoglycerate mutase 1.3 2.4 GRE1 YPL223C Osmotic stress induced 3.1 8.3 KKQ8 YKL168C Protein kinase 1.1 2.1 MGA1 YGR249W Heat shock transcription factor homolog 1.4 2.6 MPM1 YJL066C Mitochondrial membrane protein 1.1 2.1 MSC1 YML128C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 NGL3 YML118W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 OM45 YIL136W 45 kDa mitochondrial outer membrane protein 1.9 3.7 PHM7 YOL084W Protein of unknown function 2.5 5.5 PHM8 YER037W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 PRM10 YJL108C Pheromone-regulated membrane protein 2.4 5.3 PST2 YDR032C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 RIO1 YOR119C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 RTA1 YGR213C Involved in 7-aminocholesterol resistance 1.4 2.5 SDS24 YBR214W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 SLZ1 YNL196C Sporulation-specific protein 4.0 15.5 SPG1 YGR236C Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.9 SPS100 YHR139C Involved in spore wall formation, 2.8 6.7 SRL3 YKR091W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 SSH4 YKL124W Confers leflunomide resistance when overexpressed 1.9 3.6 TOS3 YGL179C Putative serine/threonine protein kinase 1.2 2.2 TOS5 YKR011C Protein of unknown function 2.0 3.9 UGX2 YDL169C Protein of unknown function 2.2 4.4 WHI4 YDL224C Putative RNA binding protein 2.3 4.9 YAR027W YAR027W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.9 YBL048W YBL048W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YBL049W YBL049W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 YBL065W YBL065W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YBR005W YBR005W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YBR047W YBR047W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YBR053C YBR053C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YBR062C YBR062C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YBR085c-a YBR085c-a Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.1 YBR116C YBR116C Protein of unknown function 2.8 6.7 YBR137W YBR137W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YBR230C YBR230C Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.3 YBR280C YBR280C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YCL042W YCL042W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.2 YCL044C YCL044C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YCR082W YCR082W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YCR105W YCR105W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YDL113C YDL113C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDL124W YDL124W Protein of unknown function 3.3 9.5 YDL204W YDL204W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YDL218W YDL218W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YDL222C YDL222C Protein of unknown function 2.6 6.1 YDL223C YDL223C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 YDR034W-B YDR034W-B Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YDR036C YDR036C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDR070C YDR070C Protein of unknown function 3.0 7.7 YDR247W YDR247W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YDR306C YDR306C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDR366C YDR366C Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.1 YDR391C YDR391C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDR425W YDR425W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YDR476C YDR476C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YDR540C YDR540C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YER028C YER028C Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YER034W YER034W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YER067W YER067W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YER079W YER079W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 YER121W YER121W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 YET1 YKL065C Yeast BAP31 homolog 1.3 2.4 YFL030W YFL030W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.4 YFL044C YFL044C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YFR003C YFR003C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YFR017C YFR017C Protein of unknown function 2.0 3.9 YGL045W YGL045W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YGL121C YGL121C Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YGL144C YGL144C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YGL157W YGL157W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YGL185C YGL185C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YGR052W YGR052W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.2 YGR066C YGR066C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YGR110W YGR110W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YGR131W YGR131W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YGR146C YGR146C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YGR161C YGR161C Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YGR237C YGR237C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YGR243W YGR243W Protein of unknown function 3.4 10.6 YGR268C YGR268C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YHL021C YHL021C Protein of unknown function 3.5 10.9 YHR033W YHR033W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 YHR087W YHR087W Protein of unknown function 4.7 26.0 YHR122W YHR122W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YHR140W YHR140W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YHR159W YHR159W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YHR198C YHR198C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YHR199C YHR199C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YHR209W YHR209W Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.1 YIL055C YIL055C Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YIL057C YIL057C Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.3 YIL077C YIL077C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YIL108W YIL108W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YIL113W YIL113W protein tyrosine phosphatase 3.5 10.9 YIR014W YIR014W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YJL107C YJL107C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.5 YJL144W YJL144W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.8 YJL161W YJL161W Protein of unknown function 2.2 4.6 YJL185C YJL185C Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.3 YJL213W YJL213W Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YJR008W YJR008W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YJR096W YJR096W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YJR119C YJR119C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YKL034W YKL034W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YKL071W YKL071W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YKL086W YKL086W Protein of unknown function 3.2 8.9 YKL107W YKL107W Protein of unknown function 4.1 16.6 YKL123W YKL123W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YKL151C YKL151C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YKL161C YKL161C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YKR049C YKR049C Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YLR042C YLR042C Protein of unknown function 3.6 11.7 YLR054C YLR054C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YLR080W YLR080W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR132C YLR132C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YLR149C YLR149C Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YLR194C YLR194C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.7 YLR202C YLR202C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR225C YLR225C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR247C YLR247C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YLR251W YLR251W Protein of unknown function 2.5 5.7 YLR252W YLR252W Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.3 YLR257W YLR257W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR270W YLR270W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YLR271W YLR271W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YLR323C YLR323C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YLR346C YLR346C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YLR350W YLR350W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YLR408C YLR408C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR414C YLR414C Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YLR454W YLR454W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YML083C YML083C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YMR034C YMR034C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR040W YMR040W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YMR090W YMR090W Protein of unknown function 2.2 4.6 YMR103C YMR103C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR107W YMR107W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.9 YMR114C YMR114C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR173W-A YMR173W-A Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR181C YMR181C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR191W YMR191W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YMR196W YMR196W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.4 YMR210W YMR210W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YMR315W YMR315W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.8 YMR318C YMR318C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YMR322C YMR322C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YNL092W YNL092W Protein of unknown function 3.5 11.3 YNL094W YNL094W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YNL115C YNL115C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YNL134C YNL134C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YNL195C YNL195C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YNL200C YNL200C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YNR014W YNR014W Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YNR034w-a YNR034w-a Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YOL032W YOL032W Protein of unknown function 2.0 3.9 YOL048C YOL048C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YOL083W YOL083W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YOL131W YOL131W Protein of unknown function 5.4 42.2 YOL150C YOL150C Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YOL161C YOL161C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YOR019W YOR019W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YOR049C YOR049C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YOR052C YOR052C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YOR054C YOR054C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YOR062C YOR062C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YOR137C YOR137C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YOR173W YOR173W Protein of unknown function 2.8 6.7 YOR220W YOR220W Protein of unknown function 2.6 6.1 YOR289W YOR289W Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YOR338W YOR338W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.5 YOR385W YOR385W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.7 YPL004C YPL004C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPL047W YPL047W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPL052W YPL052W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YPL070W YPL070W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YPL113C YPL113C Protein of unknown function 3.0 8.0 YPL168W YPL168W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YPL222W YPL222W Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.1 YPL247C YPL247C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPR093C YPR093C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPR127W YPR127W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 ZTA1 YBR046C Zeta-crystalline homolog 1.9 3.6 32. Vesicular transport APG1 YGL180W Protein serine/threonine kinase 2.0 3.9 APG5 YPL149W Involved in autophagy 1.7 3.1 AST2 YER101C Protein involved in targeting of plasma membrane [H+] ATPase 1.0 2.0 AUT7 YBL078C Microtubule-binding 1.3 2.5 DDI1 YER143W T- and V-snare complex binding protein 1.7 3.1 GYP7 YDL234C GTPase-activating protein 1.4 2.6 PEP12 YOR036W t-SNARE 1.7 3.2 VPS36 YLR417W Protein involved in vacuolar sorting 1.6 2.9 YKL091C YKL091C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 Genes were grouped into cellular-role categories according to YPD™. a SLR, average of two sets of data. b Fold change calculated from average SLR. Open in new tab 1 Genes in S. cerevisiae that were up-regulated more than two-fold when cells were grown in grape juice containing 40% (w/v) sugars after growing to mid-exponential phase in grape juice with 22% (w/v) sugars Gene name ORF Description SLRa Fold changeb 1. Aging NCA3 YJL116C Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.3 PDE1 YGL248W 3′,5′-Cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1.0 2.0 TPK1 YJL164C Putative catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent PKA 1.6 2.9 2. Amino acid metabolism ALD2 YMR170C Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1.4 2.6 ARG3 YJL088W Ornithine carbamoyltransferase 1.1 2.1 ARO10 YDR380W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 ARO9 YHR137W Aromatic amino acid aminotransferase II 3.3 9.5 BAP2 YBR068C Branched-chain amino acid permease 3.6 11.7 CHA1 YCL064C Threonine dehydratase 1.3 2.5 GAD1 YMR250W Glutamate decarboxylase 2.5 5.5 GAT1 YFL021W Transcription factor 1.2 2.3 GDH3 YAL062W Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.5 2.7 MET13 YGL125W Putative methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 1.3 2.5 PUT2 YHR037W 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase 1.1 2.1 PUT4 YOR348C Proline-specific permease 3.1 8.6 TKL2 YBR117C Transketolase 3.6 12.1 UGA1 YGR019W 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase 2.7 6.5 UGA2 YBR006W Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) 1.7 3.2 VPS36 YLR417W Protein involved in vacuolar sorting 1.6 2.9 3. Carbohydrate metabolism ALD4 YOR374W Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) 4.0 15.5 ALD6 YPL061W Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.9 3.7 AMS1 YGL156W α-Mannosidase 2.3 4.8 ATH1 YPR026W α,α-Trehalase 1.2 2.2 CAT8 YMR280C Transcription factor 2.9 7.2 CYB2 YML054C L-Lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) 2.2 4.6 DOG2 YHR043C 2-Deoxyglucose-6-phosphatase 1.0 2.0 GCY1 YOR120W Aldo-keto reductase(putative glycerol dehydrogenase) 2.5 5.7 GLK1 YCL040W Glucokinase 1.1 2.1 GLO1 YML004C Lactoylglutathione lyase 1.1 2.1 GLO2 YDR272W Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase 1.5 2.7 GLO4 YOR040W Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase 1.1 2.1 GND2 YGR256W Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 2.1 4.3 GPD1 YDL022W Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) 1.1 2.1 GPH1 YPR160W Glycine amidinotransferase 1.3 2.5 GRE3 YHR104W Induced by osmotic stress 2.2 4.6 GSC2 YGR032W 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase 1.5 2.8 GSY1 YFR015C Glycogen synthase 1.2 2.2 GPP2 YER062C D L-glycerol-3-phosphatase 3.5 11.3 HXT5 YHR096C Hexose transporter 2.6 6.1 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+ antiporter 1.2 2.3 MLS1 YNL117W Malate synthase 1.5 2.8 MSS11 YMR164C Multicopy suppressor of STA10 −11 1.0 2.0 NTH1 YDR001C α,α-Trehalase 1.5 2.8 PDC6 YGR087C Pyruvate decarboxylase 4.7 26.0 PGM2 YMR105C Phosphoglucomutase 1.6 2.9 PIG1 YLR273C Regulatory subunit, interacts with Gsy2p 1.2 2.2 PYC1 YGL062W Pyruvate carboxylase 1.5 2.7 SFA1 YDL168W Acylglycerone-phosphate reductase 1.0 2.0 SOL1 YNR034W Possible 6-phosphogluconolactonase 1.4 2.5 SOL4 YGR248W Possible 6-phosphogluconolactonase 1.3 2.5 TKL2 YBR117C Transketolase 3.6 12.1 TPS1 YBR126C α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 1.3 2.5 TPS2 YDR074W Trehalose phosphatase 2.5 5.5 TSL1 YML100W α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 2.4 5.3 YBR056W YBR056W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YDR516C YDR516C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 XYL2 YLR070C Xylitol dehydrogenase 1.3 2.4 4. Cell cycle control PCL1 YNL289W Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 1.2 2.3 PCL5 YHR071W Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 1.4 2.5 TFS1 YLR178C Putative lipid-binding protein 2.0 4.0 YAK1 YJL141C Serine-threonine protein kinase 1.2 2.2 5. Cell stress AAD4 YDL243C Putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase 1.4 2.5 ATH1 YPR026W α,α-Trehalase 1.2 2.2 CRS5 YOR031W Metallothionein-like protein 1.0 2.0 CTA1 YDR256C Catalase 1.5 2.7 CTT1 YGR088W Catalase 3.3 9.8 CUP2 YGL166W Transcriptional activator 1.5 2.8 DAK1 YML070W Glycerone kinase 1.8 3.5 DDR48 YMR173W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 GCY1 YOR120W Aldo-keto reductase(putative glycerol dehydrogenase) 2.5 5.7 GLO1 YML004C Lactoylglutathione lyase 1.1 2.1 GPD1 YDL022W Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) 1.1 2.1 GPH1 YPR160W Glycine amidinotransferase 1.3 2.5 GPX2 YBR244W Glutathione peroxidase 1.8 3.5 GRE2 YOL151W Induced by osmotic stress 3.8 13.9 GTS1 YGL181W Putative zinc-finger transcription factor 1.1 2.1 GTT1 YIR038C Glutathione transferase 1.3 2.5 HAL5 YJL165C Protein kinase homolog 1.1 2.1 GPP2 YER062C D L-glycerol-3-phosphatase 3.5 11.3 HOR7 YMR251W-A Hyperosmolarity-responsive gene 1.1 2.1 HSP104 YLL026W Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP12 YFL014W Heat shock protein 3.6 11.7 HSP26 YBR072W Heat shock protein 2.3 4.8 HSP30 YCR021C Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP42 YDR171W Chaperone 2.4 5.3 HSP78 YDR258C Chaperone 2.1 4.3 HSP82 YPL240C Heat shock protein 2.2 4.4 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+ antiporter 1.2 2.3 NTH1 YDR001C α,α-Trehalase 1.5 2.8 PAI3 YMR174C Endopeptidase inhibitor 2.4 5.3 PNC1 YGL037C Nicotinamidase 1.7 3.2 PPZ2 YDR436W Protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1.5 2.8 PTP2 YOR208W Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1.2 2.2 SFA1 YDL168W Acylglycerone-phosphate reductase 1.0 2.0 SHC1 YER096W Sporulation-specific protein similar to Skt5p 1.5 2.8 SIP18 YMR175W Salt-induced protein 2.2 4.4 SLT2 YHR030C MAP kinase 1.1 2.1 SSA3 YBL075C Heat shock protein 1.8 3.5 SSA4 YER103W Chaperone 3.6 11.7 TPS1 YBR126C α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 1.3 2.5 TPS2 YDR074W Trehalose phosphatase 2.5 5.5 TRX3 YCR083W Thioredoxin 1.1 2.1 TSL1 YML100W α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 2.4 5.3 TTR1 YDR513W Glutaredoxin 1.2 2.3 UBI4 YLL039C Protein degradation tagging 2.2 4.4 XBP1 YIL101C Transcriptional repressor 1.8 3.4 YAK1 YJL141C Serine-threonine protein kinase 1.2 2.2 YBL064C YBL064C Thioredoxin peroxidase 1.6 2.9 YDR453C YDR453C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YGR086C YGR086C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YNL077W YNL077W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YNL194C YNL194C Protein of unknown function 4.9 29.9 PIN3 YPR154W [PSI+] induction 1.6 3.0 VRP1 YLR337C Actin-binding 1.3 2.4 YSC84 YHR016C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2 6. Cell wall maintenance CHS1 YNL192W Chitin synthase 1.3 2.5 CWP1 YKL096W Cell wall mannoprotein 1.2 2.3 DDR48 YMR173W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 ECM29 YHL030W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 ECM4 YKR076W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 GSC2 YGR032W 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase 1.5 2.8 HAL5 YJL165C Protein kinase homolog 1.1 2.1 KTR2 YKR061W Mannosyltransferase 1.4 2.5 PIR3 YKL163W Cell wall structural protein 1.0 2.0 SHC1 YER096W Sporulation-specific protein similar to Skt5p 1.5 2.8 SLT2 YHR030C MAP kinase 1.1 2.1 SPI1 YER150W Has similarity to Sed1p 3.1 8.6 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 STF2 YGR008C ATPase-stabilizing factor 2.5 5.5 7. Chromatin/chromosome structure HAT1 YPL001W Histone acetyltransferase 1.1 2.1 HPA2 YPR193C Histone acetyltransferase 2.2 4.6 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 SPO13 YHR014W Meiosis-specific protein 1.3 2.5 8. Cytokinesis CTS1 YLR286C Chitinase 1.0 2.0 VRP1 YLR337C Actin binding 1.3 2.4 9. Differentiation APG7 YHR171W Ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme 1.0 2.0 MSS11 YMR164C Multicopy suppressor of STA10 −12 1.0 2.0 SGA1 YIL099W Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase 1.5 2.8 SHC1 YER096W Sporulation-specific protein similar to Skt5p 1.5 2.8 SPO1 YNL012W Phospholipase 1.1 2.1 SPO13 YHR014W Meiosis-specific protein 1.3 2.5 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 10. DNA repair DDR48 YMR173W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 DNL4 YOR005C DNA ligase (ATP) 1.4 2.6 MAG1 YER142C DNA-3-methyladenine glycosidase II 2.2 4.6 MGT1 YDL200C 6-O-methylguanine-DNA methylase 1.1 2.1 MMS21 YEL019C Protein involved in DNA repair 4.2 18.4 PHR1 YOR386W Deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase 1.2 2.2 RAD2 YGR258C Structure-specific single-stranded DNA endonuclease 1.1 2.1 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 RAD59 YDL059C Involved in mitotic recombination 1.6 3.0 THI4 YGR144W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 11. Energy generation COX5B YIL111W Cytochrome-c oxidase 1.6 2.9 CYB2 YML054C L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) 2.2 4.6 CYC7 YEL039C Iso-2-cytochrome c 2.0 3.9 STF1 YDL130W-A ATPase-stabilizing factor 1.3 2.5 YEL020C YEL020C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YLR164W YLR164W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.2 YLR327C YLR327C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.5 YMR118C YMR118C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 12. Lipid, fatty-acid and sterol metabolism CHO1 YER026C CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase 1.0 2.0 CHO2 YGR157W Methylene-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase 1.7 3.2 ECI1 YLR284C Dodecenoyl-CoA delta-isomerase 1.3 2.4 FOX2 YKR009C 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 2.4 5.3 MCT1 YOR221C Malonyl-CoA:ACP transferase 1.3 2.5 OPI3 YJR073C Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase 1.8 3.5 OYE3 YPL171C NADPH dehydrogenase 2.7 6.5 PDC6 YGR087C Pyruvate decarboxylase 4.7 26.0 PDR1 YGL013C Transcription factor 1.3 2.5 POT1 YIL160C Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase 1.7 3.1 YDC1 YPL087W Alkaline dihydroceramidase 1.3 2.4 YEL020C YEL020C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 13. Mating response AFR1 YDR085C Receptor-signaling protein 1.2 2.3 CMK2 YOL016C Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2.1 4.1 PTP2 YOR208W Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1.2 2.2 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 14. Meiosis APG1 YGL180W Protein serine/threonine kinase 2.0 3.9 AUT7 YBL078C Microtubule-binding 1.3 2.5 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 RAD59 YDL059C Involved in mitotic recombination 1.6 3.0 SAE3 YHR079C-A Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.1 SMA1 YPL027W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 SPO1 YNL012W Phospholipase 1.1 2.1 SPO13 YHR014W Meiosis-specific protein 1.3 2.5 SPO71 YDR104C Protein involved in spore wall formation 1.0 2.0 TPS1 YBR126C α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 1.3 2.5 XBP1 YIL101C Transcriptional repressor 1.8 3.4 15. Membrane fusion PEP12 YOR036W t-SNARE 1.7 3.2 YHR138C YHR138C Homologous to PBI2 2.0 4.0 16. Mitosis RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 17. Nuclear-cytoplasmic transport GSP2 YOR185C GTP-binding protein 2.7 6.3 NPL4 YBR170C Structural protein 1.5 2.8 18. Nucleotide metabolism DAL1 YIR027C Allantoinase 1.2 2.2 FUI1 YBL042C Uridine permease 1.3 2.4 THI11 YJR156C Involved in thiamine utilization pathway 1.6 3.0 URA10 YMR271C Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase 1.4 2.5 YNK1 YKL067W Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 1.0 2.0 19. Other metabolism BTN2 YGR142W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 CWP1 YKL096W Cell wall mannoprotein 1.2 2.3 HSP30 YCR021C Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 XBP1 YIL101C Transcriptional repressor 1.8 3.4 AAD4 YDL243C Putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase 1.4 2.5 ALD3 YMR169C Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2.6 5.9 ARG3 YJL088W Ornithine carbamoyltransferase 1.1 2.1 ARO9 YHR137W Aromatic amino acid aminotransferase II 3.3 9.5 COQ4 YDR204W Involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis 1.1 2.0 CTA1 YDR256C Catalase 1.5 2.7 DAL1 YIR027C Allantoinase 1.2 2.2 DAL3 YIR032C Ureidoglycolate hydrolase 1.5 2.8 FRE4 YNR060W Protein of unknown function 2.3 5.0 GAT1 YFL021W Transcription factor 1.2 2.3 GCY1 YOR120W Aldo-keto reductase(putative glycerol dehydrogenase) 2.5 5.7 PNC1 YGL037C Nicotinamidase 1.7 3.2 THI4 YGR144W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 UGA1 YGR019W 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase 2.7 6.5 YAL061W YAL061W Putative polyol dehydrogenase 2.1 4.3 YFL057C YFL057C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YMR226C YMR226C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YNL274C YNL274C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 20. Pol II transcription CAF17 YJR122W CCR4 transcriptional complex component 1.1 2.1 CAT8 YMR280C Transcription factor 2.9 7.2 CUP2 YGL166W Transcription factor 1.5 2.8 GAT1 YFL021W Transcription factor 1.2 2.3 GTS1 YGL181W Putative zinc-finger transcription factor 1.1 2.1 PDR1 YGL013C Transcription factor 1.3 2.5 YER064C YER064C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YGL131C YGL131C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 21. Protein complex assembly UMP1 YBR173C Involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis 1.2 2.2 22. Protein degradation APG1 YGL180W Protein serine/threonine kinase 2.0 3.9 APG5 YPL149W Involved in autophagy 1.7 3.1 APG7 YHR171W Ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme 1.0 2.0 AUT7 YBL078C Microtubule-binding 1.3 2.5 LAP4 YKL103C Vacuolar aminopeptidase I 1.3 2.5 MDJ1 YFL016C Heat shock protein 1.4 2.5 PAI3 YMR174C Proteinase inhibitor 2.4 5.3 RPT5 YOR117W Adenosinetriphosphatase 1.0 2.0 SNX4 YJL036W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 TFS1 YLR178C Putative lipid-binding protein 2.0 4.0 UBC5 YDR059C Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 1.4 2.5 UBC8 YEL012W Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 1.2 2.2 UBI4 YLL039C Protein degradation tagging 2.2 4.4 UBP5 YER144C Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.1 2.1 UBP6 YFR010W Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.2 2.2 UFD1 YGR048W Molecular function unknown 1.3 2.4 UMP1 YBR173C Involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis 1.2 2.2 YDR330W YDR330W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YLR387C YLR387C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 23. Protein folding CPR6 YLR216C Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase 1.4 2.5 ERO1 YML130C Involved in protein disulfide bond formation in the ER 1.2 2.2 HSP104 YLL026W Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP12 YFL014W Heat shock protein 3.6 11.7 HSP26 YBR072W Heat shock protein 2.3 4.8 HSP30 YCR021C Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP42 YDR171W Chaperone 2.4 5.3 HSP78 YDR258C Chaperone 2.1 4.3 HSP82 YPL240C Heat shock protein 2.2 4.4 MDJ1 YFL016C Heat shock protein 1.4 2.5 SSA1 YAL005C Adenosine triphosphatase 1.1 2.1 SSA3 YBL075C Heat shock protein 1.8 3.5 SSA4 YER103W Chaperone 3.6 11.7 SSE2 YBR169C Heat shock protein 2.0 3.9 YNL077W YNL077W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 24. Protein modification HAT1 YPL001W Histone acetyltransferase 1.1 2.1 HPA2 YPR193C Histone acetyltransferase 2.2 4.6 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+ antiporter 1.2 2.3 KTR2 YKR061W Mannosyl transferase 1.4 2.5 PGM2 YMR105C Phosphoglucomutase 1.6 2.9 UBC8 YEL012W Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 1.2 2.2 UBP15 YMR304W Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.1 2.1 UBP5 YER144C Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.1 2.1 UBP6 YFR010W Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.2 2.2 25. Protein synthesis MRP8 YKL142W Structural protein of ribosomes 1.9 3.6 YGR201C YGR201C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.7 26. Protein translocation APG7 YHR171W Ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme 1.0 2.0 HSP78 YDR258C Chaperone 2.1 4.3 PEX18 YHR160C Protein binding 1.8 3.4 SSA1 YAL005C Adenosine triphosphatase 1.1 2.1 SSA3 YBL075C Heat shock protein 1.8 3.5 SSA4 YER103W Chaperone 3.6 11.7 27. Recombination MMS21 YEL019C Protein involved in DNA repair 4.2 18.4 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 RAD59 YDL059C Involved in mitotic recombination 1.6 3.0 28. RNA processing/modification NCA3 YJL116C Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.3 NGR1 YBR212W Negative growth regulatory protein 1.9 3.7 REX3 YLR107W 3′-5′ Exonuclease 1.0 2.0 SOL1 YNR034W Possible 6-phosphogluconolactonase 1.4 2.5 SYF2 YGR129W Involved in pre-mRNA splicing 1.2 2.3 YGR250C YGR250C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YTH1 YPR107C Polyadenylation factor subunit 1.1 2.1 ISF1 YMR081C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 SYF2 YGR129W Involved in pre-mRNA splicing 1.2 2.3 29. Signal transduction BAG7 YOR134W GTPase activating protein 5.5 43.7 CMK1 YFR014C Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I 1.1 2.1 PDE1 YGL248W 3′,5′-Cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1.0 2.0 PPZ2 YDR436W Protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1.5 2.8 PTP2 YOR208W Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1.2 2.2 SLT2 YHR030C MAP kinase 1.1 2.1 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 TPK1 YJL164C Protein serine/threonine kinase 1.6 2.9 YGR043C YGR043C Transaldolase 3.5 11.0 30. Small molecule transport BAP2 YBR068C Branched chain amino acid permease 3.6 11.7 COX5B YIL111W Cytochrome-c oxidase 1.6 2.9 ENA2 YDR039C Putative Na+ pump 1.2 2.3 ENA5 YDR038C Na+ ATPase 1.2 2.2 FRE4 YNR060W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.8 FUI1 YBL042C Uridine permease 1.3 2.4 HXT5 YHR096C Hexose transporter 2.6 6.1 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+antiporter 1.2 2.3 ODC1 YPL134C Oxodicarboxylate carrier 1.4 2.5 PDR1 YGL013C Transcription factor 1.3 2.5 PDR10 YOR328W member of ATP-binding casette (ABC) family 1.2 2.3 PTK2 YJR059W Putative serine/threonine protein kinase 1.4 2.6 PUT4 YOR348C Proline-specific permease 3.1 8.6 RAV2 YDR202C Regulator of (H+)-ATPase in Vacuolar membrane 1.1 2.1 STL1 YDR536W Sugar transporter-like protein 6.5 87.4 VPS36 YLR417W Protein involved in vacuolar sorting 1.6 2.9 YBR241C YBR241C Putative hexose transporter 2.0 4.0 YER119C YER119C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YIL166C YIL166C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YKL146W YKL146W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YLR004C YLR004C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 31. Genes of unknown function ADY2 YCR010C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 CSR2 YPR030W Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 DGA1 YOR245C Diacyl glycerol acyltransferase 1.2 2.2 FMS1 YMR020W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 FYV10 YIL097W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 GPM2 YDL021W Phosphoglycerate mutase 1.3 2.4 GRE1 YPL223C Osmotic stress induced 3.1 8.3 KKQ8 YKL168C Protein kinase 1.1 2.1 MGA1 YGR249W Heat shock transcription factor homolog 1.4 2.6 MPM1 YJL066C Mitochondrial membrane protein 1.1 2.1 MSC1 YML128C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 NGL3 YML118W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 OM45 YIL136W 45 kDa mitochondrial outer membrane protein 1.9 3.7 PHM7 YOL084W Protein of unknown function 2.5 5.5 PHM8 YER037W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 PRM10 YJL108C Pheromone-regulated membrane protein 2.4 5.3 PST2 YDR032C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 RIO1 YOR119C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 RTA1 YGR213C Involved in 7-aminocholesterol resistance 1.4 2.5 SDS24 YBR214W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 SLZ1 YNL196C Sporulation-specific protein 4.0 15.5 SPG1 YGR236C Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.9 SPS100 YHR139C Involved in spore wall formation, 2.8 6.7 SRL3 YKR091W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 SSH4 YKL124W Confers leflunomide resistance when overexpressed 1.9 3.6 TOS3 YGL179C Putative serine/threonine protein kinase 1.2 2.2 TOS5 YKR011C Protein of unknown function 2.0 3.9 UGX2 YDL169C Protein of unknown function 2.2 4.4 WHI4 YDL224C Putative RNA binding protein 2.3 4.9 YAR027W YAR027W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.9 YBL048W YBL048W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YBL049W YBL049W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 YBL065W YBL065W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YBR005W YBR005W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YBR047W YBR047W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YBR053C YBR053C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YBR062C YBR062C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YBR085c-a YBR085c-a Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.1 YBR116C YBR116C Protein of unknown function 2.8 6.7 YBR137W YBR137W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YBR230C YBR230C Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.3 YBR280C YBR280C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YCL042W YCL042W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.2 YCL044C YCL044C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YCR082W YCR082W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YCR105W YCR105W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YDL113C YDL113C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDL124W YDL124W Protein of unknown function 3.3 9.5 YDL204W YDL204W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YDL218W YDL218W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YDL222C YDL222C Protein of unknown function 2.6 6.1 YDL223C YDL223C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 YDR034W-B YDR034W-B Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YDR036C YDR036C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDR070C YDR070C Protein of unknown function 3.0 7.7 YDR247W YDR247W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YDR306C YDR306C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDR366C YDR366C Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.1 YDR391C YDR391C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDR425W YDR425W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YDR476C YDR476C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YDR540C YDR540C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YER028C YER028C Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YER034W YER034W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YER067W YER067W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YER079W YER079W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 YER121W YER121W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 YET1 YKL065C Yeast BAP31 homolog 1.3 2.4 YFL030W YFL030W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.4 YFL044C YFL044C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YFR003C YFR003C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YFR017C YFR017C Protein of unknown function 2.0 3.9 YGL045W YGL045W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YGL121C YGL121C Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YGL144C YGL144C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YGL157W YGL157W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YGL185C YGL185C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YGR052W YGR052W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.2 YGR066C YGR066C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YGR110W YGR110W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YGR131W YGR131W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YGR146C YGR146C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YGR161C YGR161C Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YGR237C YGR237C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YGR243W YGR243W Protein of unknown function 3.4 10.6 YGR268C YGR268C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YHL021C YHL021C Protein of unknown function 3.5 10.9 YHR033W YHR033W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 YHR087W YHR087W Protein of unknown function 4.7 26.0 YHR122W YHR122W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YHR140W YHR140W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YHR159W YHR159W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YHR198C YHR198C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YHR199C YHR199C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YHR209W YHR209W Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.1 YIL055C YIL055C Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YIL057C YIL057C Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.3 YIL077C YIL077C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YIL108W YIL108W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YIL113W YIL113W protein tyrosine phosphatase 3.5 10.9 YIR014W YIR014W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YJL107C YJL107C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.5 YJL144W YJL144W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.8 YJL161W YJL161W Protein of unknown function 2.2 4.6 YJL185C YJL185C Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.3 YJL213W YJL213W Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YJR008W YJR008W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YJR096W YJR096W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YJR119C YJR119C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YKL034W YKL034W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YKL071W YKL071W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YKL086W YKL086W Protein of unknown function 3.2 8.9 YKL107W YKL107W Protein of unknown function 4.1 16.6 YKL123W YKL123W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YKL151C YKL151C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YKL161C YKL161C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YKR049C YKR049C Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YLR042C YLR042C Protein of unknown function 3.6 11.7 YLR054C YLR054C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YLR080W YLR080W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR132C YLR132C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YLR149C YLR149C Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YLR194C YLR194C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.7 YLR202C YLR202C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR225C YLR225C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR247C YLR247C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YLR251W YLR251W Protein of unknown function 2.5 5.7 YLR252W YLR252W Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.3 YLR257W YLR257W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR270W YLR270W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YLR271W YLR271W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YLR323C YLR323C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YLR346C YLR346C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YLR350W YLR350W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YLR408C YLR408C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR414C YLR414C Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YLR454W YLR454W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YML083C YML083C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YMR034C YMR034C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR040W YMR040W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YMR090W YMR090W Protein of unknown function 2.2 4.6 YMR103C YMR103C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR107W YMR107W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.9 YMR114C YMR114C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR173W-A YMR173W-A Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR181C YMR181C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR191W YMR191W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YMR196W YMR196W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.4 YMR210W YMR210W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YMR315W YMR315W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.8 YMR318C YMR318C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YMR322C YMR322C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YNL092W YNL092W Protein of unknown function 3.5 11.3 YNL094W YNL094W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YNL115C YNL115C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YNL134C YNL134C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YNL195C YNL195C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YNL200C YNL200C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YNR014W YNR014W Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YNR034w-a YNR034w-a Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YOL032W YOL032W Protein of unknown function 2.0 3.9 YOL048C YOL048C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YOL083W YOL083W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YOL131W YOL131W Protein of unknown function 5.4 42.2 YOL150C YOL150C Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YOL161C YOL161C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YOR019W YOR019W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YOR049C YOR049C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YOR052C YOR052C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YOR054C YOR054C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YOR062C YOR062C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YOR137C YOR137C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YOR173W YOR173W Protein of unknown function 2.8 6.7 YOR220W YOR220W Protein of unknown function 2.6 6.1 YOR289W YOR289W Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YOR338W YOR338W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.5 YOR385W YOR385W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.7 YPL004C YPL004C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPL047W YPL047W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPL052W YPL052W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YPL070W YPL070W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YPL113C YPL113C Protein of unknown function 3.0 8.0 YPL168W YPL168W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YPL222W YPL222W Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.1 YPL247C YPL247C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPR093C YPR093C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPR127W YPR127W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 ZTA1 YBR046C Zeta-crystalline homolog 1.9 3.6 32. Vesicular transport APG1 YGL180W Protein serine/threonine kinase 2.0 3.9 APG5 YPL149W Involved in autophagy 1.7 3.1 AST2 YER101C Protein involved in targeting of plasma membrane [H+] ATPase 1.0 2.0 AUT7 YBL078C Microtubule-binding 1.3 2.5 DDI1 YER143W T- and V-snare complex binding protein 1.7 3.1 GYP7 YDL234C GTPase-activating protein 1.4 2.6 PEP12 YOR036W t-SNARE 1.7 3.2 VPS36 YLR417W Protein involved in vacuolar sorting 1.6 2.9 YKL091C YKL091C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 Gene name ORF Description SLRa Fold changeb 1. Aging NCA3 YJL116C Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.3 PDE1 YGL248W 3′,5′-Cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1.0 2.0 TPK1 YJL164C Putative catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent PKA 1.6 2.9 2. Amino acid metabolism ALD2 YMR170C Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1.4 2.6 ARG3 YJL088W Ornithine carbamoyltransferase 1.1 2.1 ARO10 YDR380W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 ARO9 YHR137W Aromatic amino acid aminotransferase II 3.3 9.5 BAP2 YBR068C Branched-chain amino acid permease 3.6 11.7 CHA1 YCL064C Threonine dehydratase 1.3 2.5 GAD1 YMR250W Glutamate decarboxylase 2.5 5.5 GAT1 YFL021W Transcription factor 1.2 2.3 GDH3 YAL062W Glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.5 2.7 MET13 YGL125W Putative methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 1.3 2.5 PUT2 YHR037W 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase 1.1 2.1 PUT4 YOR348C Proline-specific permease 3.1 8.6 TKL2 YBR117C Transketolase 3.6 12.1 UGA1 YGR019W 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase 2.7 6.5 UGA2 YBR006W Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) 1.7 3.2 VPS36 YLR417W Protein involved in vacuolar sorting 1.6 2.9 3. Carbohydrate metabolism ALD4 YOR374W Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) 4.0 15.5 ALD6 YPL061W Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.9 3.7 AMS1 YGL156W α-Mannosidase 2.3 4.8 ATH1 YPR026W α,α-Trehalase 1.2 2.2 CAT8 YMR280C Transcription factor 2.9 7.2 CYB2 YML054C L-Lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) 2.2 4.6 DOG2 YHR043C 2-Deoxyglucose-6-phosphatase 1.0 2.0 GCY1 YOR120W Aldo-keto reductase(putative glycerol dehydrogenase) 2.5 5.7 GLK1 YCL040W Glucokinase 1.1 2.1 GLO1 YML004C Lactoylglutathione lyase 1.1 2.1 GLO2 YDR272W Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase 1.5 2.7 GLO4 YOR040W Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase 1.1 2.1 GND2 YGR256W Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 2.1 4.3 GPD1 YDL022W Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) 1.1 2.1 GPH1 YPR160W Glycine amidinotransferase 1.3 2.5 GRE3 YHR104W Induced by osmotic stress 2.2 4.6 GSC2 YGR032W 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase 1.5 2.8 GSY1 YFR015C Glycogen synthase 1.2 2.2 GPP2 YER062C D L-glycerol-3-phosphatase 3.5 11.3 HXT5 YHR096C Hexose transporter 2.6 6.1 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+ antiporter 1.2 2.3 MLS1 YNL117W Malate synthase 1.5 2.8 MSS11 YMR164C Multicopy suppressor of STA10 −11 1.0 2.0 NTH1 YDR001C α,α-Trehalase 1.5 2.8 PDC6 YGR087C Pyruvate decarboxylase 4.7 26.0 PGM2 YMR105C Phosphoglucomutase 1.6 2.9 PIG1 YLR273C Regulatory subunit, interacts with Gsy2p 1.2 2.2 PYC1 YGL062W Pyruvate carboxylase 1.5 2.7 SFA1 YDL168W Acylglycerone-phosphate reductase 1.0 2.0 SOL1 YNR034W Possible 6-phosphogluconolactonase 1.4 2.5 SOL4 YGR248W Possible 6-phosphogluconolactonase 1.3 2.5 TKL2 YBR117C Transketolase 3.6 12.1 TPS1 YBR126C α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 1.3 2.5 TPS2 YDR074W Trehalose phosphatase 2.5 5.5 TSL1 YML100W α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 2.4 5.3 YBR056W YBR056W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YDR516C YDR516C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 XYL2 YLR070C Xylitol dehydrogenase 1.3 2.4 4. Cell cycle control PCL1 YNL289W Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 1.2 2.3 PCL5 YHR071W Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 1.4 2.5 TFS1 YLR178C Putative lipid-binding protein 2.0 4.0 YAK1 YJL141C Serine-threonine protein kinase 1.2 2.2 5. Cell stress AAD4 YDL243C Putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase 1.4 2.5 ATH1 YPR026W α,α-Trehalase 1.2 2.2 CRS5 YOR031W Metallothionein-like protein 1.0 2.0 CTA1 YDR256C Catalase 1.5 2.7 CTT1 YGR088W Catalase 3.3 9.8 CUP2 YGL166W Transcriptional activator 1.5 2.8 DAK1 YML070W Glycerone kinase 1.8 3.5 DDR48 YMR173W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 GCY1 YOR120W Aldo-keto reductase(putative glycerol dehydrogenase) 2.5 5.7 GLO1 YML004C Lactoylglutathione lyase 1.1 2.1 GPD1 YDL022W Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) 1.1 2.1 GPH1 YPR160W Glycine amidinotransferase 1.3 2.5 GPX2 YBR244W Glutathione peroxidase 1.8 3.5 GRE2 YOL151W Induced by osmotic stress 3.8 13.9 GTS1 YGL181W Putative zinc-finger transcription factor 1.1 2.1 GTT1 YIR038C Glutathione transferase 1.3 2.5 HAL5 YJL165C Protein kinase homolog 1.1 2.1 GPP2 YER062C D L-glycerol-3-phosphatase 3.5 11.3 HOR7 YMR251W-A Hyperosmolarity-responsive gene 1.1 2.1 HSP104 YLL026W Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP12 YFL014W Heat shock protein 3.6 11.7 HSP26 YBR072W Heat shock protein 2.3 4.8 HSP30 YCR021C Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP42 YDR171W Chaperone 2.4 5.3 HSP78 YDR258C Chaperone 2.1 4.3 HSP82 YPL240C Heat shock protein 2.2 4.4 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+ antiporter 1.2 2.3 NTH1 YDR001C α,α-Trehalase 1.5 2.8 PAI3 YMR174C Endopeptidase inhibitor 2.4 5.3 PNC1 YGL037C Nicotinamidase 1.7 3.2 PPZ2 YDR436W Protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1.5 2.8 PTP2 YOR208W Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1.2 2.2 SFA1 YDL168W Acylglycerone-phosphate reductase 1.0 2.0 SHC1 YER096W Sporulation-specific protein similar to Skt5p 1.5 2.8 SIP18 YMR175W Salt-induced protein 2.2 4.4 SLT2 YHR030C MAP kinase 1.1 2.1 SSA3 YBL075C Heat shock protein 1.8 3.5 SSA4 YER103W Chaperone 3.6 11.7 TPS1 YBR126C α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 1.3 2.5 TPS2 YDR074W Trehalose phosphatase 2.5 5.5 TRX3 YCR083W Thioredoxin 1.1 2.1 TSL1 YML100W α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 2.4 5.3 TTR1 YDR513W Glutaredoxin 1.2 2.3 UBI4 YLL039C Protein degradation tagging 2.2 4.4 XBP1 YIL101C Transcriptional repressor 1.8 3.4 YAK1 YJL141C Serine-threonine protein kinase 1.2 2.2 YBL064C YBL064C Thioredoxin peroxidase 1.6 2.9 YDR453C YDR453C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YGR086C YGR086C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YNL077W YNL077W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YNL194C YNL194C Protein of unknown function 4.9 29.9 PIN3 YPR154W [PSI+] induction 1.6 3.0 VRP1 YLR337C Actin-binding 1.3 2.4 YSC84 YHR016C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2 6. Cell wall maintenance CHS1 YNL192W Chitin synthase 1.3 2.5 CWP1 YKL096W Cell wall mannoprotein 1.2 2.3 DDR48 YMR173W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 ECM29 YHL030W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 ECM4 YKR076W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 GSC2 YGR032W 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase 1.5 2.8 HAL5 YJL165C Protein kinase homolog 1.1 2.1 KTR2 YKR061W Mannosyltransferase 1.4 2.5 PIR3 YKL163W Cell wall structural protein 1.0 2.0 SHC1 YER096W Sporulation-specific protein similar to Skt5p 1.5 2.8 SLT2 YHR030C MAP kinase 1.1 2.1 SPI1 YER150W Has similarity to Sed1p 3.1 8.6 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 STF2 YGR008C ATPase-stabilizing factor 2.5 5.5 7. Chromatin/chromosome structure HAT1 YPL001W Histone acetyltransferase 1.1 2.1 HPA2 YPR193C Histone acetyltransferase 2.2 4.6 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 SPO13 YHR014W Meiosis-specific protein 1.3 2.5 8. Cytokinesis CTS1 YLR286C Chitinase 1.0 2.0 VRP1 YLR337C Actin binding 1.3 2.4 9. Differentiation APG7 YHR171W Ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme 1.0 2.0 MSS11 YMR164C Multicopy suppressor of STA10 −12 1.0 2.0 SGA1 YIL099W Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase 1.5 2.8 SHC1 YER096W Sporulation-specific protein similar to Skt5p 1.5 2.8 SPO1 YNL012W Phospholipase 1.1 2.1 SPO13 YHR014W Meiosis-specific protein 1.3 2.5 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 10. DNA repair DDR48 YMR173W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 DNL4 YOR005C DNA ligase (ATP) 1.4 2.6 MAG1 YER142C DNA-3-methyladenine glycosidase II 2.2 4.6 MGT1 YDL200C 6-O-methylguanine-DNA methylase 1.1 2.1 MMS21 YEL019C Protein involved in DNA repair 4.2 18.4 PHR1 YOR386W Deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase 1.2 2.2 RAD2 YGR258C Structure-specific single-stranded DNA endonuclease 1.1 2.1 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 RAD59 YDL059C Involved in mitotic recombination 1.6 3.0 THI4 YGR144W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 11. Energy generation COX5B YIL111W Cytochrome-c oxidase 1.6 2.9 CYB2 YML054C L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) 2.2 4.6 CYC7 YEL039C Iso-2-cytochrome c 2.0 3.9 STF1 YDL130W-A ATPase-stabilizing factor 1.3 2.5 YEL020C YEL020C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YLR164W YLR164W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.2 YLR327C YLR327C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.5 YMR118C YMR118C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 12. Lipid, fatty-acid and sterol metabolism CHO1 YER026C CDP-diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase 1.0 2.0 CHO2 YGR157W Methylene-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase 1.7 3.2 ECI1 YLR284C Dodecenoyl-CoA delta-isomerase 1.3 2.4 FOX2 YKR009C 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 2.4 5.3 MCT1 YOR221C Malonyl-CoA:ACP transferase 1.3 2.5 OPI3 YJR073C Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase 1.8 3.5 OYE3 YPL171C NADPH dehydrogenase 2.7 6.5 PDC6 YGR087C Pyruvate decarboxylase 4.7 26.0 PDR1 YGL013C Transcription factor 1.3 2.5 POT1 YIL160C Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase 1.7 3.1 YDC1 YPL087W Alkaline dihydroceramidase 1.3 2.4 YEL020C YEL020C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 13. Mating response AFR1 YDR085C Receptor-signaling protein 1.2 2.3 CMK2 YOL016C Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2.1 4.1 PTP2 YOR208W Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1.2 2.2 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 14. Meiosis APG1 YGL180W Protein serine/threonine kinase 2.0 3.9 AUT7 YBL078C Microtubule-binding 1.3 2.5 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 RAD59 YDL059C Involved in mitotic recombination 1.6 3.0 SAE3 YHR079C-A Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.1 SMA1 YPL027W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 SPO1 YNL012W Phospholipase 1.1 2.1 SPO13 YHR014W Meiosis-specific protein 1.3 2.5 SPO71 YDR104C Protein involved in spore wall formation 1.0 2.0 TPS1 YBR126C α,α-Trehalose-phosphate synthase 1.3 2.5 XBP1 YIL101C Transcriptional repressor 1.8 3.4 15. Membrane fusion PEP12 YOR036W t-SNARE 1.7 3.2 YHR138C YHR138C Homologous to PBI2 2.0 4.0 16. Mitosis RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 17. Nuclear-cytoplasmic transport GSP2 YOR185C GTP-binding protein 2.7 6.3 NPL4 YBR170C Structural protein 1.5 2.8 18. Nucleotide metabolism DAL1 YIR027C Allantoinase 1.2 2.2 FUI1 YBL042C Uridine permease 1.3 2.4 THI11 YJR156C Involved in thiamine utilization pathway 1.6 3.0 URA10 YMR271C Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase 1.4 2.5 YNK1 YKL067W Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 1.0 2.0 19. Other metabolism BTN2 YGR142W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 CWP1 YKL096W Cell wall mannoprotein 1.2 2.3 HSP30 YCR021C Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 XBP1 YIL101C Transcriptional repressor 1.8 3.4 AAD4 YDL243C Putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase 1.4 2.5 ALD3 YMR169C Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2.6 5.9 ARG3 YJL088W Ornithine carbamoyltransferase 1.1 2.1 ARO9 YHR137W Aromatic amino acid aminotransferase II 3.3 9.5 COQ4 YDR204W Involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis 1.1 2.0 CTA1 YDR256C Catalase 1.5 2.7 DAL1 YIR027C Allantoinase 1.2 2.2 DAL3 YIR032C Ureidoglycolate hydrolase 1.5 2.8 FRE4 YNR060W Protein of unknown function 2.3 5.0 GAT1 YFL021W Transcription factor 1.2 2.3 GCY1 YOR120W Aldo-keto reductase(putative glycerol dehydrogenase) 2.5 5.7 PNC1 YGL037C Nicotinamidase 1.7 3.2 THI4 YGR144W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 UGA1 YGR019W 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase 2.7 6.5 YAL061W YAL061W Putative polyol dehydrogenase 2.1 4.3 YFL057C YFL057C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YMR226C YMR226C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YNL274C YNL274C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 20. Pol II transcription CAF17 YJR122W CCR4 transcriptional complex component 1.1 2.1 CAT8 YMR280C Transcription factor 2.9 7.2 CUP2 YGL166W Transcription factor 1.5 2.8 GAT1 YFL021W Transcription factor 1.2 2.3 GTS1 YGL181W Putative zinc-finger transcription factor 1.1 2.1 PDR1 YGL013C Transcription factor 1.3 2.5 YER064C YER064C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YGL131C YGL131C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 21. Protein complex assembly UMP1 YBR173C Involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis 1.2 2.2 22. Protein degradation APG1 YGL180W Protein serine/threonine kinase 2.0 3.9 APG5 YPL149W Involved in autophagy 1.7 3.1 APG7 YHR171W Ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme 1.0 2.0 AUT7 YBL078C Microtubule-binding 1.3 2.5 LAP4 YKL103C Vacuolar aminopeptidase I 1.3 2.5 MDJ1 YFL016C Heat shock protein 1.4 2.5 PAI3 YMR174C Proteinase inhibitor 2.4 5.3 RPT5 YOR117W Adenosinetriphosphatase 1.0 2.0 SNX4 YJL036W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 TFS1 YLR178C Putative lipid-binding protein 2.0 4.0 UBC5 YDR059C Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 1.4 2.5 UBC8 YEL012W Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 1.2 2.2 UBI4 YLL039C Protein degradation tagging 2.2 4.4 UBP5 YER144C Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.1 2.1 UBP6 YFR010W Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.2 2.2 UFD1 YGR048W Molecular function unknown 1.3 2.4 UMP1 YBR173C Involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis 1.2 2.2 YDR330W YDR330W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YLR387C YLR387C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 23. Protein folding CPR6 YLR216C Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase 1.4 2.5 ERO1 YML130C Involved in protein disulfide bond formation in the ER 1.2 2.2 HSP104 YLL026W Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP12 YFL014W Heat shock protein 3.6 11.7 HSP26 YBR072W Heat shock protein 2.3 4.8 HSP30 YCR021C Heat shock protein 1.5 2.8 HSP42 YDR171W Chaperone 2.4 5.3 HSP78 YDR258C Chaperone 2.1 4.3 HSP82 YPL240C Heat shock protein 2.2 4.4 MDJ1 YFL016C Heat shock protein 1.4 2.5 SSA1 YAL005C Adenosine triphosphatase 1.1 2.1 SSA3 YBL075C Heat shock protein 1.8 3.5 SSA4 YER103W Chaperone 3.6 11.7 SSE2 YBR169C Heat shock protein 2.0 3.9 YNL077W YNL077W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 24. Protein modification HAT1 YPL001W Histone acetyltransferase 1.1 2.1 HPA2 YPR193C Histone acetyltransferase 2.2 4.6 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+ antiporter 1.2 2.3 KTR2 YKR061W Mannosyl transferase 1.4 2.5 PGM2 YMR105C Phosphoglucomutase 1.6 2.9 UBC8 YEL012W Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 1.2 2.2 UBP15 YMR304W Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.1 2.1 UBP5 YER144C Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.1 2.1 UBP6 YFR010W Ubiquitin-specific protease 1.2 2.2 25. Protein synthesis MRP8 YKL142W Structural protein of ribosomes 1.9 3.6 YGR201C YGR201C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.7 26. Protein translocation APG7 YHR171W Ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme 1.0 2.0 HSP78 YDR258C Chaperone 2.1 4.3 PEX18 YHR160C Protein binding 1.8 3.4 SSA1 YAL005C Adenosine triphosphatase 1.1 2.1 SSA3 YBL075C Heat shock protein 1.8 3.5 SSA4 YER103W Chaperone 3.6 11.7 27. Recombination MMS21 YEL019C Protein involved in DNA repair 4.2 18.4 RAD50 YNL250W Involved in DNA repair 1.0 2.0 RAD52 YML032C Involved in DNA repair 1.3 2.5 RAD59 YDL059C Involved in mitotic recombination 1.6 3.0 28. RNA processing/modification NCA3 YJL116C Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.3 NGR1 YBR212W Negative growth regulatory protein 1.9 3.7 REX3 YLR107W 3′-5′ Exonuclease 1.0 2.0 SOL1 YNR034W Possible 6-phosphogluconolactonase 1.4 2.5 SYF2 YGR129W Involved in pre-mRNA splicing 1.2 2.3 YGR250C YGR250C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YTH1 YPR107C Polyadenylation factor subunit 1.1 2.1 ISF1 YMR081C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 SYF2 YGR129W Involved in pre-mRNA splicing 1.2 2.3 29. Signal transduction BAG7 YOR134W GTPase activating protein 5.5 43.7 CMK1 YFR014C Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I 1.1 2.1 PDE1 YGL248W 3′,5′-Cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1.0 2.0 PPZ2 YDR436W Protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1.5 2.8 PTP2 YOR208W Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1.2 2.2 SLT2 YHR030C MAP kinase 1.1 2.1 STE11 YLR362W MAP kinase kinase kinase 1.2 2.3 TPK1 YJL164C Protein serine/threonine kinase 1.6 2.9 YGR043C YGR043C Transaldolase 3.5 11.0 30. Small molecule transport BAP2 YBR068C Branched chain amino acid permease 3.6 11.7 COX5B YIL111W Cytochrome-c oxidase 1.6 2.9 ENA2 YDR039C Putative Na+ pump 1.2 2.3 ENA5 YDR038C Na+ ATPase 1.2 2.2 FRE4 YNR060W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.8 FUI1 YBL042C Uridine permease 1.3 2.4 HXT5 YHR096C Hexose transporter 2.6 6.1 KHA1 YJL094C Putative K+/H+antiporter 1.2 2.3 ODC1 YPL134C Oxodicarboxylate carrier 1.4 2.5 PDR1 YGL013C Transcription factor 1.3 2.5 PDR10 YOR328W member of ATP-binding casette (ABC) family 1.2 2.3 PTK2 YJR059W Putative serine/threonine protein kinase 1.4 2.6 PUT4 YOR348C Proline-specific permease 3.1 8.6 RAV2 YDR202C Regulator of (H+)-ATPase in Vacuolar membrane 1.1 2.1 STL1 YDR536W Sugar transporter-like protein 6.5 87.4 VPS36 YLR417W Protein involved in vacuolar sorting 1.6 2.9 YBR241C YBR241C Putative hexose transporter 2.0 4.0 YER119C YER119C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YIL166C YIL166C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YKL146W YKL146W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YLR004C YLR004C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 31. Genes of unknown function ADY2 YCR010C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 CSR2 YPR030W Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 DGA1 YOR245C Diacyl glycerol acyltransferase 1.2 2.2 FMS1 YMR020W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 FYV10 YIL097W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 GPM2 YDL021W Phosphoglycerate mutase 1.3 2.4 GRE1 YPL223C Osmotic stress induced 3.1 8.3 KKQ8 YKL168C Protein kinase 1.1 2.1 MGA1 YGR249W Heat shock transcription factor homolog 1.4 2.6 MPM1 YJL066C Mitochondrial membrane protein 1.1 2.1 MSC1 YML128C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 NGL3 YML118W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 OM45 YIL136W 45 kDa mitochondrial outer membrane protein 1.9 3.7 PHM7 YOL084W Protein of unknown function 2.5 5.5 PHM8 YER037W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 PRM10 YJL108C Pheromone-regulated membrane protein 2.4 5.3 PST2 YDR032C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 RIO1 YOR119C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 RTA1 YGR213C Involved in 7-aminocholesterol resistance 1.4 2.5 SDS24 YBR214W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 SLZ1 YNL196C Sporulation-specific protein 4.0 15.5 SPG1 YGR236C Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.9 SPS100 YHR139C Involved in spore wall formation, 2.8 6.7 SRL3 YKR091W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 SSH4 YKL124W Confers leflunomide resistance when overexpressed 1.9 3.6 TOS3 YGL179C Putative serine/threonine protein kinase 1.2 2.2 TOS5 YKR011C Protein of unknown function 2.0 3.9 UGX2 YDL169C Protein of unknown function 2.2 4.4 WHI4 YDL224C Putative RNA binding protein 2.3 4.9 YAR027W YAR027W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.9 YBL048W YBL048W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YBL049W YBL049W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 YBL065W YBL065W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YBR005W YBR005W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YBR047W YBR047W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YBR053C YBR053C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YBR062C YBR062C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YBR085c-a YBR085c-a Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.1 YBR116C YBR116C Protein of unknown function 2.8 6.7 YBR137W YBR137W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YBR230C YBR230C Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.3 YBR280C YBR280C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YCL042W YCL042W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.2 YCL044C YCL044C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YCR082W YCR082W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YCR105W YCR105W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YDL113C YDL113C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDL124W YDL124W Protein of unknown function 3.3 9.5 YDL204W YDL204W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YDL218W YDL218W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YDL222C YDL222C Protein of unknown function 2.6 6.1 YDL223C YDL223C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 YDR034W-B YDR034W-B Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YDR036C YDR036C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDR070C YDR070C Protein of unknown function 3.0 7.7 YDR247W YDR247W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YDR306C YDR306C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDR366C YDR366C Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.1 YDR391C YDR391C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YDR425W YDR425W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YDR476C YDR476C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YDR540C YDR540C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YER028C YER028C Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YER034W YER034W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YER067W YER067W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YER079W YER079W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 YER121W YER121W Protein of unknown function 2.0 4.0 YET1 YKL065C Yeast BAP31 homolog 1.3 2.4 YFL030W YFL030W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.4 YFL044C YFL044C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YFR003C YFR003C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YFR017C YFR017C Protein of unknown function 2.0 3.9 YGL045W YGL045W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YGL121C YGL121C Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YGL144C YGL144C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YGL157W YGL157W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YGL185C YGL185C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YGR052W YGR052W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.2 YGR066C YGR066C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YGR110W YGR110W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YGR131W YGR131W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YGR146C YGR146C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YGR161C YGR161C Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YGR237C YGR237C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YGR243W YGR243W Protein of unknown function 3.4 10.6 YGR268C YGR268C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YHL021C YHL021C Protein of unknown function 3.5 10.9 YHR033W YHR033W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.3 YHR087W YHR087W Protein of unknown function 4.7 26.0 YHR122W YHR122W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YHR140W YHR140W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YHR159W YHR159W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YHR198C YHR198C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YHR199C YHR199C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YHR209W YHR209W Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.1 YIL055C YIL055C Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YIL057C YIL057C Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.3 YIL077C YIL077C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YIL108W YIL108W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YIL113W YIL113W protein tyrosine phosphatase 3.5 10.9 YIR014W YIR014W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YJL107C YJL107C Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.5 YJL144W YJL144W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.8 YJL161W YJL161W Protein of unknown function 2.2 4.6 YJL185C YJL185C Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.3 YJL213W YJL213W Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YJR008W YJR008W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YJR096W YJR096W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YJR119C YJR119C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YKL034W YKL034W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YKL071W YKL071W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YKL086W YKL086W Protein of unknown function 3.2 8.9 YKL107W YKL107W Protein of unknown function 4.1 16.6 YKL123W YKL123W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YKL151C YKL151C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.7 YKL161C YKL161C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YKR049C YKR049C Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YLR042C YLR042C Protein of unknown function 3.6 11.7 YLR054C YLR054C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YLR080W YLR080W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR132C YLR132C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YLR149C YLR149C Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.5 YLR194C YLR194C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.7 YLR202C YLR202C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR225C YLR225C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR247C YLR247C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YLR251W YLR251W Protein of unknown function 2.5 5.7 YLR252W YLR252W Protein of unknown function 2.4 5.3 YLR257W YLR257W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR270W YLR270W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YLR271W YLR271W Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YLR323C YLR323C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YLR346C YLR346C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YLR350W YLR350W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YLR408C YLR408C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YLR414C YLR414C Protein of unknown function 1.7 3.1 YLR454W YLR454W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YML083C YML083C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YMR034C YMR034C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR040W YMR040W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YMR090W YMR090W Protein of unknown function 2.2 4.6 YMR103C YMR103C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR107W YMR107W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.9 YMR114C YMR114C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR173W-A YMR173W-A Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR181C YMR181C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YMR191W YMR191W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YMR196W YMR196W Protein of unknown function 1.8 3.4 YMR210W YMR210W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YMR315W YMR315W Protein of unknown function 2.3 4.8 YMR318C YMR318C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YMR322C YMR322C Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YNL092W YNL092W Protein of unknown function 3.5 11.3 YNL094W YNL094W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.4 YNL115C YNL115C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.2 YNL134C YNL134C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YNL195C YNL195C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YNL200C YNL200C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YNR014W YNR014W Protein of unknown function 2.6 5.9 YNR034w-a YNR034w-a Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YOL032W YOL032W Protein of unknown function 2.0 3.9 YOL048C YOL048C Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YOL083W YOL083W Protein of unknown function 1.9 3.6 YOL131W YOL131W Protein of unknown function 5.4 42.2 YOL150C YOL150C Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 YOL161C YOL161C Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.6 YOR019W YOR019W Protein of unknown function 1.4 2.5 YOR049C YOR049C Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YOR052C YOR052C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YOR054C YOR054C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YOR062C YOR062C Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YOR137C YOR137C Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.8 YOR173W YOR173W Protein of unknown function 2.8 6.7 YOR220W YOR220W Protein of unknown function 2.6 6.1 YOR289W YOR289W Protein of unknown function 1.6 2.9 YOR338W YOR338W Protein of unknown function 2.7 6.5 YOR385W YOR385W Protein of unknown function 1.5 2.7 YPL004C YPL004C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPL047W YPL047W Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPL052W YPL052W Protein of unknown function 1.3 2.5 YPL070W YPL070W Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 YPL113C YPL113C Protein of unknown function 3.0 8.0 YPL168W YPL168W Protein of unknown function 1.0 2.0 YPL222W YPL222W Protein of unknown function 2.1 4.1 YPL247C YPL247C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPR093C YPR093C Protein of unknown function 1.1 2.1 YPR127W YPR127W Protein of unknown function 1.6 3.0 ZTA1 YBR046C Zeta-crystalline homolog 1.9 3.6 32. Vesicular transport APG1 YGL180W Protein serine/threonine kinase 2.0 3.9 APG5 YPL149W Involved in autophagy 1.7 3.1 AST2 YER101C Protein involved in targeting of plasma membrane [H+] ATPase 1.0 2.0 AUT7 YBL078C Microtubule-binding 1.3 2.5 DDI1 YER143W T- and V-snare complex binding protein 1.7 3.1 GYP7 YDL234C GTPase-activating protein 1.4 2.6 PEP12 YOR036W t-SNARE 1.7 3.2 VPS36 YLR417W Protein involved in vacuolar sorting 1.6 2.9 YKL091C YKL091C Protein of unknown function 1.2 2.3 Genes were grouped into cellular-role categories according to YPD™. a SLR, average of two sets of data. b Fold change calculated from average SLR. Open in new tab 2 Genes in S. cerevisiae that were down-regulated more than two-fold when cells were grown in grape juice containing 40% (w/v) sugars after growing to mid-exponential phase in grape juice with 22% (w/v) sugars Gene name ORF Description SLRa Fold changeb 1. Aging SIM1 YIL123W Involved in control of DNA replication −1.6 −2.9 2. Amino acid metabolism ACO1 YLR304C Aconitate hydratase −1.2 −2.2 AGP1 YCL025C Amino acid permease −1.2 −2.2 ARO1 YDR127W 3-Dehydroquinate dehydratase −1.5 −2.7 ASP1 YDR321W Asparaginase −1.7 −3.1 BAP3 YDR046C Branched-chain amino acid permease −1.4 −2.5 GCV1 YDR019C Aminomethyltransferase −2.7 −6.5 GCV2 YMR189W Glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) −1.9 −3.7 GLT1 YDL171C Glutamate synthase −1.4 −2.6 HIS1 YER055C ATP phosphoribosyltransferase −1.5 −2.7 HIS3 YOR202W Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase −1.4 −2.5 HIS4 YCL030C Histidinol dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.6 HIS7 YBR248C Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate synthase −1.4 −2.5 HOM3 YER052C Aspartate kinase −1.0 −2.0 ILV6 YCL009C Acetolactate synthase −1.1 −2.1 LYS1 YIR034C Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-lysine forming) −1.8 −3.5 LYS12 YIL094C Homo-isocitrate dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.6 LYS2 YBR115C Aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase −1.6 −3.0 LYS4 YDR234W Homoaconitate hydratase −1.5 −2.8 LYS9 YNR050C Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate forming) −1.4 −2.5 MET6 YER091C 5-Methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine S-methyltransferase −1.5 −2.8 MIS1 YBR084W Formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase −1.1 −2.1 SAM1 YLR180W Methionine adenosyltransferase −1.3 −2.5 SAM4 YPL273W AdoMet-homocysteine methyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 SER2 YGR208W Phosphoserine phosphatase −1.3 −2.5 SER3 YER081W Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase −1.7 −3.1 SHM2 YLR058C Glycine hydroxymethyltransferase −2.5 −5.5 BNA4 YBL098W Kynurenine 3-mono oxygenase −1.9 −3.7 YDR111C YDR111C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YOR108W YOR108W Protein of unknown function −1.9 −3.6 3. Carbohydrate metabolism ACO1 YLR304C Aconitate hydratase −1.2 −2.2 ADH3 YMR083W Acylglycerone-phosphate reductase −1.0 −2.0 CAT5 YOR125C Regulator of gluconeogenic enzymes −1.3 −2.5 HXT3 YDR345C Hexose transporter −1.6 −2.9 HXT4 YHR092C Hexose transporter −2.8 −7.0 MAE1 YKL029C Malate dehydrogenase −1.7 −3.2 MNN1 YER001W α-1,3-Mannosyltransferase −1.2 −2.2 PDC5 YLR134W Pyruvate decarboxylase −1.3 −2.5 PYC2 YBR218C Pyruvate carboxylase −1.1 −2.1 RKI1 YOR095C Ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase −1.3 −2.5 YJR024C YJR024C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 4. Cell adhesion AGA1 YNR044W Cell adhesion receptor −1.1 −2.1 5. Cell cycle control CBF2 YGR140W Centromere-binding factor −1.0 −2.0 CDC21 YOR074C Thymidylate synthase −1.2 −2.3 CLB2 YPR119W G2/M-specific cyclin −1.0 −2.0 CLB6 YGR109C Cyclin −1.7 −3.2 EGT2 YNL327W Protein of unknown function −2.1 −4.3 FAR1 YJL157C Cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor −3.2 −8.9 FKH1 YIL131C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 GNA1 YFL017C Glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 HSL7 YBR133C Protein kinase inhibitor −1.0 −2.0 MCD1 YDL003W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 PCL9 YDL179W Cyclin-dependent protein kinase −2.0 −3.9 PDS1 YDR113C Control of anaphase −1.1 −2.1 SDA1 YGR245C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 SIM1 YIL123W Involved in control of DNA replication −1.6 −2.9 YBR242W YBR242W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 6. Cell polarity FKH1 YIL131C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 IST2 YBR086C Similarity to Ca and Na channel proteins −1.0 −2.0 SPA2 YLL021W Cytoskeletal regulatory protein-binding −1.3 −2.4 7. Cell stress CST13 YBR158W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 HTB2 YBL002W Histone H2B −1.1 −2.1 IST2 YBR086C Similarity to Ca and Na channel proteins −1.0 −2.0 MTO1 YGL236C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 SUN4 YNL066W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −4.0 ZRC1 YMR243C Di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transporter −1.2 −2.3 8. Cell structure SDA1 YGR245C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 9. Cell wall maintenance ECM13 YBL043W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 ECM22 YLR228C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.2 FEN1 YCR034W Putative 1,3-beta-glucan synthase subunit −1.4 −2.6 FLO9 YAL063C Putative cell wall protein involved in flocculation −2.3 −4.8 GNA1 YFL017C Glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 MUC1 YIR019C Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase −2.6 −6.1 PLB2 YMR006C Lysophospholipase −2.1 −4.1 PMT4 YJR143C Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase −1.1 −2.1 SCW11 YGL028C Soluble cell wall protein −1.4 −2.5 TIR4 YOR009W Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.3 YFL051C YFL051C Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YMR215W YMR215W Protein of unknown function −3.0 −8.0 10. Chromatin/chromosome structure CBF2 YGR140W Centromere-binding factor −1.0 −2.0 ESC4 YHR154W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 FKH1 YIL131C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 HHO1 YPL127C Histone H1 −1.9 −3.6 HTB2 YBL002W Histone H2B −1.1 −2.1 MCD1 YDL003W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 POL2 YNL262W Epsilon-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.5 STU2 YLR045C Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 YHL050C YHL050C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YHM2 YMR241W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 11. Differentiation ASH1 YKL185W Specific transcriptional repressor −1.1 −2.1 EGT2 YNL327W Protein of unknown function −2.1 −4.3 HMS2 YJR147W Transcription factor −1.6 −3.0 MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 MUC1 YIR019C Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase −2.6 −6.1 SPA2 YLL021W Cytoskeletal regulatory protein-binding −1.3 −2.4 12. DNA repair MSH6 YDR097C Required for mismatch repair in mitosis and meiosis −1.4 −2.5 PDS1 YDR113C Control of anaphase −1.1 −2.1 PMS1 YNL082W Required for mismatch repair in mitosis and meiosis −1.0 −2.0 POL2 YNL262W Epsilon-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.5 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 13. DNA synthesis CDC45 YLR103C DNA replication factor −1.2 −2.3 CDC47 YBR202W Chromatin binding −1.0 −2.0 POL1 YNL102W α-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.6 POL2 YNL262W Epsilon-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.5 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 14. Energy generation AAC3 YBR085W ATP/ADP antiporter −2.1 −4.1 ACO1 YLR304C Aconitate hydratase −1.2 −2.2 CAT5 YOR125C Regulator of gluconeogenic enzymes −1.3 −2.5 CEM1 YER061C 3-Oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase −1.6 −2.9 COQ2 YNR041C Para-hydroxybenzoate: polyprenyl transferase −1.1 −2.1 HAP4 YKL109W Transcriptional activator −1.4 −2.6 MAE1 YKL029C Malate dehydrogenase −1.7 −3.2 MTO1 YGL236C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YPR004C YPR004C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 15. Lipid, fatty-acid and sterol metabolism CEM1 YER061C 3-Oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase −1.6 −2.9 CPT1 YNL130C Diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase −1.1 −2.1 ECM22 YLR228C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.2 FEN1 YCR034W Putative 1,3-beta-glucan synthase subunit −1.4 −2.6 LAC1 YKL008C LAG1 longevity gene homolog −1.1 −2.1 PLB2 YMR006C Lysophospholipase −2.1 −4.1 SUR2 YDR297W Sphingosine hydroxylase −1.7 −3.2 SUR4 YLR372W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 16. Mating response AGA1 YNR044W Cell adhesion receptor −1.1 −2.1 FAR1 YJL157C Cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor −3.2 −8.9 MFA2 YNL145W a-Factor mating pheromone precursor −1.9 −3.7 PRY3 YJL078C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.3 17. Meiosis BBP1 YPL255W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.3 −2.5 ISC10 YER180C Protein required for spore formation −1.0 −2.0 SPS1 YDR523C Required for spore wall formation −1.1 −2.1 STU2 YLR045C Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 TYS1 YGR185C Tyrosine-tRNA ligase −1.3 −2.5 WTM2 YOR229W Transcriptional modulator −1.0 −2.0 18. Mitosis ASE1 YOR058C Microtubule-binding −1.0 −2.0 BBP1 YPL255W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.3 −2.5 CBF2 YGR140W Centromere-binding factor −1.0 −2.0 CIN2 YPL241C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 MCD1 YDL003W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 NUD1 YOR373W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.0 −2.0 NUF1 YDR356W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 PDS1 YDR113C Control of anaphase −1.1 −2.1 SCP160 YJL080C RNA-binding protein −1.2 −2.3 STU2 YLR045C Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 19. Nuclear-cytoplasmic transport KAP122 YGL016W Karyopherin-beta family member −1.1 −2.1 KAP123 YER110C Karyopherin-beta family member −1.7 −3.1 TYS1 YGR185C Tyrosine-tRNA ligase −1.3 −2.5 20. Nucleotide metabolism AAH1 YNL141W Adenine deaminase −3.3 −9.5 ADE1 YAR015W Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase −3.0 −7.7 ADE12 YNL220W Adenylosuccinate synthase −1.3 −2.4 ADE13 YLR359W Adenylosuccinate lyase −1.7 −3.1 ADE17 YMR120C IMP cyclohydrolase −2.8 −6.7 ADE2 YOR128C Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase −1.9 −3.7 ADE4 YMR300C Amidophosphoribosyltransferase −3.1 −8.3 ADE5,7 YGL234W Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase −1.7 −3.2 ADE6 YGR061C Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase −2.5 −5.7 ADE8 YDR408C Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase −1.7 −3.2 CDC21 YOR074C Thymidylate synthase −1.2 −2.3 DUT1 YBR252W dUTP pyrophosphatase −1.4 −2.6 FCY2 YER056C Purine-cytosine permease −1.4 −2.6 FUN26 YAL022C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 FUR1 YHR128W Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase −1.8 −3.4 GUA1 YMR217W GMP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing) −1.1 −2.1 GUK1 YDR454C Guanylate kinase −1.1 −2.1 HPT1 YDR399W Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase −1.8 −3.4 IMD1 YAR073W IMP dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.5 IMD4 YML056C IMP dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.5 MIS1 YBR084W Formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase −1.1 −2.1 MTD1 YKR080W Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD+) −2.9 −7.2 RNR1 YER070W Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase −1.6 −3.0 URA1 YKL216W Dihydroorotate oxidase −1.1 −2.1 URA2 YJL130C Aspartate carbamoyltransferase −1.1 −2.1 URA3 YEL021W Orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase −1.0 −2.0 URA7 YBL039C CTP synthase −1.1 −2.1 21. Other metabolism ATF2 YGR177C Alcohol O-acetyltransferase −1.5 −2.8 COQ2 YNR041C Para-hydroxybenzoate: polyprenyl transferase −1.1 −2.1 DPH5 YLR172C Diphthine synthase −1.6 −2.9 FRE2 YKL220C Ferric reductase −1.5 −2.8 HEM13 YDR044W Coproporphyrinogen oxidase −1.0 −2.0 HEM3 YDL205C Hydroxymethylbilane synthase −1.2 −2.2 MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 SAM4 YPL273W AdoMet-homocysteine methyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 SSU1 YPL092W Sulfite transporter −1.7 −3.1 BNA4 YBL098W Kynurenine 3-mono oxygenase −1.9 −3.7 22. Phosphate metabolism PHO11 YAR071W Acid phosphatase −1.0 −2.0 PHO4 YFR034C Transcription factor −1.4 −2.5 23. Pol I transcription RPA135 YPR010C DNA-directed RNA polymerase I −1.7 −3.2 RPA190 YOR341W DNA-directed RNA polymerase I −1.5 −2.8 RPB8 YOR224C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.4 −2.5 RPC10 YHR143W-A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.1 −2.1 RRN7 YJL025W RNA polymerase I transcription factor −2.2 −4.6 SRP40 YKR092C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 24. Pol II transcription ASH1 YKL185W Specific transcriptional repressor −1.1 −2.1 ECM22 YLR228C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.2 HAP4 YKL109W Transcriptional activator −1.4 −2.6 HTB2 YBL002W Histone H2B −1.1 −2.1 RPB8 YOR224C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.4 −2.5 RPC10 YHR143W-A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.1 −2.1 SPT21 YMR179W Involved in transcriptional regulation of Ty1 LTRs −1.1 −2.1 SSU72 YNL222W Complex assembly protein −1.5 −2.7 WTM2 YOR229W Transcriptional modulator −1.0 −2.0 25. Pol III transcription RPB8 YOR224C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.4 −2.5 RPC10 YHR143W-A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.1 −2.1 RPC11 YDR045C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.5 −2.7 SRP40 YKR092C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 26. Protein complex assembly NUF1 YDR356W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 27. Protein folding FPR4 YLR449W Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase −1.2 −2.3 ZUO1 YGR285C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 28. Protein modification DPH5 YLR172C Diphthine synthase −1.6 −2.9 HSL7 YBR133C Protein kinase inhibitor −1.0 −2.0 KTR3 YBR205W Mannosyltransferase −1.2 −2.2 MAK3 YPR051W N-acetyltransferase −1.0 −2.0 MNN1 YER001W α-1,3-Mannosyltransferase −1.2 −2.2 PMT4 YJR143C Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase −1.1 −2.1 29. Protein synthesis GCD6 YDR211W Translation initiation factor −1.0 −2.0 GIS2 YNL255C Transcription factor −1.1 −2.1 MTO1 YGL236C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 RPS22B YLR367W Structural protein of ribosome −1.4 −2.6 TEF4 YKL081W Translation elongation factor −1.2 −2.3 TIF4631 YGR162W Translation initiation factor −1.3 −2.4 TYS1 YGR185C Tyrosine-tRNA ligase −1.3 −2.5 YDR341C YDR341C Arginine-tRNA ligase −1.2 −2.2 ZUO1 YGR285C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 30. Recombination CLB6 YGR109C Cyclin −1.7 −3.2 PMS1 YNL082W Required for mismatch repair in mitosis and meiosis −1.0 −2.0 31. RNA processing/modification DBP2 YNL112W RNA helicase −2.2 −4.4 GAR1 YHR089C Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein −1.1 −2.1 HAS1 YMR290C RNA helicase −2.1 −4.1 HRP1 YOL123W Putative polyadenylated-RNA-binding protein −2.3 −4.8 MAK16 YAL025C Putative nuclear protein −1.5 −2.8 NIP7 YPL211W Protein binding −1.4 −2.6 NOP1 YDL014W Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein −1.4 −2.5 NOP13 YNL175C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 RRP5 YMR229C RNA binding −1.3 −2.4 SCP160 YJL080C RNA-binding protein −1.2 −2.3 TRM1 YDR120C tRNA (guanine-N2-)-methyltransferase −1.2 −2.3 ZUO1 YGR285C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 32. RNA splicing and turnover MRS2 YOR334W Magnesium ion transporter −1.1 −2.1 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 33. Septation SUN4 YNL066W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −4.0 34. Signal transduction MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 MFA2 YNL145W a-Factor mating pheromone precursor −1.9 −3.7 RPI1 YIL119C Small GTPase regulatory/interacting protein −1.6 −2.9 YBR242W YBR242W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 35. Small molecule transport AAC3 YBR085W ATP/ADP antiporter −2.1 −4.1 AGP1 YCL025C Amino acid permease −1.2 −2.2 AUS1 YOR011W Protein involved in uptake of sterols −1.5 −2.7 BAP3 YDR046C Branched-chain amino acid permease −1.4 −2.5 CTP1 YBR291C Tricarboxylate carrier −2.5 −5.7 FCY2 YER056C Purine-cytosine permease −1.4 −2.6 FET4 YMR319C Iron transporter −1.2 −2.3 FRE2 YKL220C Ferric reductase −1.5 −2.8 FUN26 YAL022C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 HXT3 YDR345C Hexose transporter −1.6 −2.9 HXT4 YHR092C Hexose transporter −2.8 −7.0 IST2 YBR086C Similarity to Ca and Na channel proteins −1.0 −2.0 MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 MRS2 YOR334W Magnesium ion transporter −1.1 −2.1 ODC2 YOR222W Mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate transporter −1.7 −3.2 OPT2 YPR194C Oligopeptide transporter −4.1 −16.6 PHO3 YBR092C Acid phosphatase −1.7 −3.1 PHO91 YNR013C Low-affinity phosphate transporter −1.0 −2.0 SSU1 YPL092W Sulfite transporter −1.7 −3.1 YBT1 YLL048C Similarity to mammalian bile transporter −1.5 −2.8 YDR119W YDR119W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.1 YGR096W YGR096W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YHM2 YMR241W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YHR032W YHR032W Protein of unknown function −1.8 −3.4 YMC2 YBR104W Mitochondrial carrier protein −1.5 −2.7 ZRC1 YMR243C Di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transporter −1.2 −2.3 ZRT2 YLR130C Low-affinity zinc ion transporter −1.3 −2.5 36. Genes of unknown function FYV14 YDL213C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 KEL3 YPL263C Kelch-repeat protein −1.0 −2.0 KRR1 YCL059C Involved in cell division and spore germination −2.0 −4.0 MKC7 YDR144C Aspartyl protease related to Yap3p −1.3 −2.4 NEW1 YPL226W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 PPT1 YGR123C Protein serine/threonine phosphatase −1.0 −2.0 RLI1 YDR091C Required for vegetative growth and sporulation −1.3 −2.5 RRP13 YGR103W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 TOS2 YGR221C Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 TOS4 YLR183C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YAL065C YAL065C Protein of unknown function −2.7 −6.5 YAR064W YAR064W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YAR068W YAR068W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YAR075W YAR075W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YBL028C YBL028C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YBL029W YBL029W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YBL032W YBL032W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YBL095W YBL095W Protein of unknown function −1.9 −3.6 YBR028C YBR028C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YBR074W YBR074W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YBR075W YBR075W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.2 YBR147W YBR147W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YBR206W YBR206W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YBR300C YBR300C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YCR051W YCR051W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YCR087C-A YCR087C-A Protein of unknown function −2.1 −4.1 YCR087W YCR087W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YDL121C YDL121C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YDR020C YDR020C Protein of unknown function −1.9 −3.7 YDR089W YDR089W Protein of unknown function −2.2 −4.4 YDR133C YDR133C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YER156C YER156C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YGL101W YGL101W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YGR001C YGR001C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YGR068C YGR068C Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.1 YGR280C YGR280C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YHL026C YHL026C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YHR149C YHR149C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YIL064W YIL064W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YIL096C YIL096C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YIL158W YIL158W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.2 YJL097W YJL097W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YJL118W YJL118W Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 YJL200C YJL200C Putative aconitate hydratase −1.8 −3.5 YJL218W YJL218W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YJR030C YJR030C Protein of unknown function −1.8 −3.4 YJR070C YJR070C Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 YLR049C YLR049C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YLR106C YLR106C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 YLR154C YLR154C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YLR446W YLR446W Protein of unknown function −3.3 −9.5 YLR455W YLR455W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.2 YMR003W YMR003W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −3.0 YMR209C YMR209C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YMR317W YMR317W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YMR321C YMR321C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YNL087W YNL087W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YNL174W YNL174W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YNL246W YNL246W Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.3 YNR009W YNR009W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 YNR065C YNR065C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YOL155C YOL155C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YOR243C YOR243C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YOR315W YOR315W Protein of unknown function −2.6 −5.9 YPL056C YPL056C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YPL158C YPL158C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YPL264C YPL264C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YPR157W YPR157W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YVH1 YIR026C Protein tyrosine phosphatase −1.3 −2.4 37. Vesicular transport AKR2 YOR034C Involved in constitutive endocytosis of Ste3p −1.0 −2.0 EMP70 YLR083C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 GEA1 YJR031C ARF small monomeric GTPase −1.2 −2.3 LAC1 YKL008C LAG1 longevity gene homolog −1.1 −2.1 SVL3 YPL032C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 Gene name ORF Description SLRa Fold changeb 1. Aging SIM1 YIL123W Involved in control of DNA replication −1.6 −2.9 2. Amino acid metabolism ACO1 YLR304C Aconitate hydratase −1.2 −2.2 AGP1 YCL025C Amino acid permease −1.2 −2.2 ARO1 YDR127W 3-Dehydroquinate dehydratase −1.5 −2.7 ASP1 YDR321W Asparaginase −1.7 −3.1 BAP3 YDR046C Branched-chain amino acid permease −1.4 −2.5 GCV1 YDR019C Aminomethyltransferase −2.7 −6.5 GCV2 YMR189W Glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) −1.9 −3.7 GLT1 YDL171C Glutamate synthase −1.4 −2.6 HIS1 YER055C ATP phosphoribosyltransferase −1.5 −2.7 HIS3 YOR202W Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase −1.4 −2.5 HIS4 YCL030C Histidinol dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.6 HIS7 YBR248C Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate synthase −1.4 −2.5 HOM3 YER052C Aspartate kinase −1.0 −2.0 ILV6 YCL009C Acetolactate synthase −1.1 −2.1 LYS1 YIR034C Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-lysine forming) −1.8 −3.5 LYS12 YIL094C Homo-isocitrate dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.6 LYS2 YBR115C Aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase −1.6 −3.0 LYS4 YDR234W Homoaconitate hydratase −1.5 −2.8 LYS9 YNR050C Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate forming) −1.4 −2.5 MET6 YER091C 5-Methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine S-methyltransferase −1.5 −2.8 MIS1 YBR084W Formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase −1.1 −2.1 SAM1 YLR180W Methionine adenosyltransferase −1.3 −2.5 SAM4 YPL273W AdoMet-homocysteine methyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 SER2 YGR208W Phosphoserine phosphatase −1.3 −2.5 SER3 YER081W Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase −1.7 −3.1 SHM2 YLR058C Glycine hydroxymethyltransferase −2.5 −5.5 BNA4 YBL098W Kynurenine 3-mono oxygenase −1.9 −3.7 YDR111C YDR111C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YOR108W YOR108W Protein of unknown function −1.9 −3.6 3. Carbohydrate metabolism ACO1 YLR304C Aconitate hydratase −1.2 −2.2 ADH3 YMR083W Acylglycerone-phosphate reductase −1.0 −2.0 CAT5 YOR125C Regulator of gluconeogenic enzymes −1.3 −2.5 HXT3 YDR345C Hexose transporter −1.6 −2.9 HXT4 YHR092C Hexose transporter −2.8 −7.0 MAE1 YKL029C Malate dehydrogenase −1.7 −3.2 MNN1 YER001W α-1,3-Mannosyltransferase −1.2 −2.2 PDC5 YLR134W Pyruvate decarboxylase −1.3 −2.5 PYC2 YBR218C Pyruvate carboxylase −1.1 −2.1 RKI1 YOR095C Ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase −1.3 −2.5 YJR024C YJR024C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 4. Cell adhesion AGA1 YNR044W Cell adhesion receptor −1.1 −2.1 5. Cell cycle control CBF2 YGR140W Centromere-binding factor −1.0 −2.0 CDC21 YOR074C Thymidylate synthase −1.2 −2.3 CLB2 YPR119W G2/M-specific cyclin −1.0 −2.0 CLB6 YGR109C Cyclin −1.7 −3.2 EGT2 YNL327W Protein of unknown function −2.1 −4.3 FAR1 YJL157C Cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor −3.2 −8.9 FKH1 YIL131C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 GNA1 YFL017C Glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 HSL7 YBR133C Protein kinase inhibitor −1.0 −2.0 MCD1 YDL003W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 PCL9 YDL179W Cyclin-dependent protein kinase −2.0 −3.9 PDS1 YDR113C Control of anaphase −1.1 −2.1 SDA1 YGR245C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 SIM1 YIL123W Involved in control of DNA replication −1.6 −2.9 YBR242W YBR242W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 6. Cell polarity FKH1 YIL131C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 IST2 YBR086C Similarity to Ca and Na channel proteins −1.0 −2.0 SPA2 YLL021W Cytoskeletal regulatory protein-binding −1.3 −2.4 7. Cell stress CST13 YBR158W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 HTB2 YBL002W Histone H2B −1.1 −2.1 IST2 YBR086C Similarity to Ca and Na channel proteins −1.0 −2.0 MTO1 YGL236C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 SUN4 YNL066W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −4.0 ZRC1 YMR243C Di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transporter −1.2 −2.3 8. Cell structure SDA1 YGR245C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 9. Cell wall maintenance ECM13 YBL043W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 ECM22 YLR228C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.2 FEN1 YCR034W Putative 1,3-beta-glucan synthase subunit −1.4 −2.6 FLO9 YAL063C Putative cell wall protein involved in flocculation −2.3 −4.8 GNA1 YFL017C Glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 MUC1 YIR019C Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase −2.6 −6.1 PLB2 YMR006C Lysophospholipase −2.1 −4.1 PMT4 YJR143C Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase −1.1 −2.1 SCW11 YGL028C Soluble cell wall protein −1.4 −2.5 TIR4 YOR009W Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.3 YFL051C YFL051C Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YMR215W YMR215W Protein of unknown function −3.0 −8.0 10. Chromatin/chromosome structure CBF2 YGR140W Centromere-binding factor −1.0 −2.0 ESC4 YHR154W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 FKH1 YIL131C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 HHO1 YPL127C Histone H1 −1.9 −3.6 HTB2 YBL002W Histone H2B −1.1 −2.1 MCD1 YDL003W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 POL2 YNL262W Epsilon-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.5 STU2 YLR045C Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 YHL050C YHL050C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YHM2 YMR241W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 11. Differentiation ASH1 YKL185W Specific transcriptional repressor −1.1 −2.1 EGT2 YNL327W Protein of unknown function −2.1 −4.3 HMS2 YJR147W Transcription factor −1.6 −3.0 MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 MUC1 YIR019C Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase −2.6 −6.1 SPA2 YLL021W Cytoskeletal regulatory protein-binding −1.3 −2.4 12. DNA repair MSH6 YDR097C Required for mismatch repair in mitosis and meiosis −1.4 −2.5 PDS1 YDR113C Control of anaphase −1.1 −2.1 PMS1 YNL082W Required for mismatch repair in mitosis and meiosis −1.0 −2.0 POL2 YNL262W Epsilon-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.5 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 13. DNA synthesis CDC45 YLR103C DNA replication factor −1.2 −2.3 CDC47 YBR202W Chromatin binding −1.0 −2.0 POL1 YNL102W α-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.6 POL2 YNL262W Epsilon-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.5 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 14. Energy generation AAC3 YBR085W ATP/ADP antiporter −2.1 −4.1 ACO1 YLR304C Aconitate hydratase −1.2 −2.2 CAT5 YOR125C Regulator of gluconeogenic enzymes −1.3 −2.5 CEM1 YER061C 3-Oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase −1.6 −2.9 COQ2 YNR041C Para-hydroxybenzoate: polyprenyl transferase −1.1 −2.1 HAP4 YKL109W Transcriptional activator −1.4 −2.6 MAE1 YKL029C Malate dehydrogenase −1.7 −3.2 MTO1 YGL236C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YPR004C YPR004C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 15. Lipid, fatty-acid and sterol metabolism CEM1 YER061C 3-Oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase −1.6 −2.9 CPT1 YNL130C Diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase −1.1 −2.1 ECM22 YLR228C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.2 FEN1 YCR034W Putative 1,3-beta-glucan synthase subunit −1.4 −2.6 LAC1 YKL008C LAG1 longevity gene homolog −1.1 −2.1 PLB2 YMR006C Lysophospholipase −2.1 −4.1 SUR2 YDR297W Sphingosine hydroxylase −1.7 −3.2 SUR4 YLR372W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 16. Mating response AGA1 YNR044W Cell adhesion receptor −1.1 −2.1 FAR1 YJL157C Cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor −3.2 −8.9 MFA2 YNL145W a-Factor mating pheromone precursor −1.9 −3.7 PRY3 YJL078C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.3 17. Meiosis BBP1 YPL255W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.3 −2.5 ISC10 YER180C Protein required for spore formation −1.0 −2.0 SPS1 YDR523C Required for spore wall formation −1.1 −2.1 STU2 YLR045C Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 TYS1 YGR185C Tyrosine-tRNA ligase −1.3 −2.5 WTM2 YOR229W Transcriptional modulator −1.0 −2.0 18. Mitosis ASE1 YOR058C Microtubule-binding −1.0 −2.0 BBP1 YPL255W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.3 −2.5 CBF2 YGR140W Centromere-binding factor −1.0 −2.0 CIN2 YPL241C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 MCD1 YDL003W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 NUD1 YOR373W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.0 −2.0 NUF1 YDR356W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 PDS1 YDR113C Control of anaphase −1.1 −2.1 SCP160 YJL080C RNA-binding protein −1.2 −2.3 STU2 YLR045C Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 19. Nuclear-cytoplasmic transport KAP122 YGL016W Karyopherin-beta family member −1.1 −2.1 KAP123 YER110C Karyopherin-beta family member −1.7 −3.1 TYS1 YGR185C Tyrosine-tRNA ligase −1.3 −2.5 20. Nucleotide metabolism AAH1 YNL141W Adenine deaminase −3.3 −9.5 ADE1 YAR015W Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase −3.0 −7.7 ADE12 YNL220W Adenylosuccinate synthase −1.3 −2.4 ADE13 YLR359W Adenylosuccinate lyase −1.7 −3.1 ADE17 YMR120C IMP cyclohydrolase −2.8 −6.7 ADE2 YOR128C Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase −1.9 −3.7 ADE4 YMR300C Amidophosphoribosyltransferase −3.1 −8.3 ADE5,7 YGL234W Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase −1.7 −3.2 ADE6 YGR061C Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase −2.5 −5.7 ADE8 YDR408C Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase −1.7 −3.2 CDC21 YOR074C Thymidylate synthase −1.2 −2.3 DUT1 YBR252W dUTP pyrophosphatase −1.4 −2.6 FCY2 YER056C Purine-cytosine permease −1.4 −2.6 FUN26 YAL022C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 FUR1 YHR128W Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase −1.8 −3.4 GUA1 YMR217W GMP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing) −1.1 −2.1 GUK1 YDR454C Guanylate kinase −1.1 −2.1 HPT1 YDR399W Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase −1.8 −3.4 IMD1 YAR073W IMP dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.5 IMD4 YML056C IMP dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.5 MIS1 YBR084W Formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase −1.1 −2.1 MTD1 YKR080W Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD+) −2.9 −7.2 RNR1 YER070W Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase −1.6 −3.0 URA1 YKL216W Dihydroorotate oxidase −1.1 −2.1 URA2 YJL130C Aspartate carbamoyltransferase −1.1 −2.1 URA3 YEL021W Orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase −1.0 −2.0 URA7 YBL039C CTP synthase −1.1 −2.1 21. Other metabolism ATF2 YGR177C Alcohol O-acetyltransferase −1.5 −2.8 COQ2 YNR041C Para-hydroxybenzoate: polyprenyl transferase −1.1 −2.1 DPH5 YLR172C Diphthine synthase −1.6 −2.9 FRE2 YKL220C Ferric reductase −1.5 −2.8 HEM13 YDR044W Coproporphyrinogen oxidase −1.0 −2.0 HEM3 YDL205C Hydroxymethylbilane synthase −1.2 −2.2 MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 SAM4 YPL273W AdoMet-homocysteine methyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 SSU1 YPL092W Sulfite transporter −1.7 −3.1 BNA4 YBL098W Kynurenine 3-mono oxygenase −1.9 −3.7 22. Phosphate metabolism PHO11 YAR071W Acid phosphatase −1.0 −2.0 PHO4 YFR034C Transcription factor −1.4 −2.5 23. Pol I transcription RPA135 YPR010C DNA-directed RNA polymerase I −1.7 −3.2 RPA190 YOR341W DNA-directed RNA polymerase I −1.5 −2.8 RPB8 YOR224C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.4 −2.5 RPC10 YHR143W-A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.1 −2.1 RRN7 YJL025W RNA polymerase I transcription factor −2.2 −4.6 SRP40 YKR092C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 24. Pol II transcription ASH1 YKL185W Specific transcriptional repressor −1.1 −2.1 ECM22 YLR228C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.2 HAP4 YKL109W Transcriptional activator −1.4 −2.6 HTB2 YBL002W Histone H2B −1.1 −2.1 RPB8 YOR224C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.4 −2.5 RPC10 YHR143W-A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.1 −2.1 SPT21 YMR179W Involved in transcriptional regulation of Ty1 LTRs −1.1 −2.1 SSU72 YNL222W Complex assembly protein −1.5 −2.7 WTM2 YOR229W Transcriptional modulator −1.0 −2.0 25. Pol III transcription RPB8 YOR224C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.4 −2.5 RPC10 YHR143W-A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.1 −2.1 RPC11 YDR045C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.5 −2.7 SRP40 YKR092C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 26. Protein complex assembly NUF1 YDR356W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 27. Protein folding FPR4 YLR449W Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase −1.2 −2.3 ZUO1 YGR285C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 28. Protein modification DPH5 YLR172C Diphthine synthase −1.6 −2.9 HSL7 YBR133C Protein kinase inhibitor −1.0 −2.0 KTR3 YBR205W Mannosyltransferase −1.2 −2.2 MAK3 YPR051W N-acetyltransferase −1.0 −2.0 MNN1 YER001W α-1,3-Mannosyltransferase −1.2 −2.2 PMT4 YJR143C Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase −1.1 −2.1 29. Protein synthesis GCD6 YDR211W Translation initiation factor −1.0 −2.0 GIS2 YNL255C Transcription factor −1.1 −2.1 MTO1 YGL236C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 RPS22B YLR367W Structural protein of ribosome −1.4 −2.6 TEF4 YKL081W Translation elongation factor −1.2 −2.3 TIF4631 YGR162W Translation initiation factor −1.3 −2.4 TYS1 YGR185C Tyrosine-tRNA ligase −1.3 −2.5 YDR341C YDR341C Arginine-tRNA ligase −1.2 −2.2 ZUO1 YGR285C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 30. Recombination CLB6 YGR109C Cyclin −1.7 −3.2 PMS1 YNL082W Required for mismatch repair in mitosis and meiosis −1.0 −2.0 31. RNA processing/modification DBP2 YNL112W RNA helicase −2.2 −4.4 GAR1 YHR089C Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein −1.1 −2.1 HAS1 YMR290C RNA helicase −2.1 −4.1 HRP1 YOL123W Putative polyadenylated-RNA-binding protein −2.3 −4.8 MAK16 YAL025C Putative nuclear protein −1.5 −2.8 NIP7 YPL211W Protein binding −1.4 −2.6 NOP1 YDL014W Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein −1.4 −2.5 NOP13 YNL175C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 RRP5 YMR229C RNA binding −1.3 −2.4 SCP160 YJL080C RNA-binding protein −1.2 −2.3 TRM1 YDR120C tRNA (guanine-N2-)-methyltransferase −1.2 −2.3 ZUO1 YGR285C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 32. RNA splicing and turnover MRS2 YOR334W Magnesium ion transporter −1.1 −2.1 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 33. Septation SUN4 YNL066W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −4.0 34. Signal transduction MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 MFA2 YNL145W a-Factor mating pheromone precursor −1.9 −3.7 RPI1 YIL119C Small GTPase regulatory/interacting protein −1.6 −2.9 YBR242W YBR242W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 35. Small molecule transport AAC3 YBR085W ATP/ADP antiporter −2.1 −4.1 AGP1 YCL025C Amino acid permease −1.2 −2.2 AUS1 YOR011W Protein involved in uptake of sterols −1.5 −2.7 BAP3 YDR046C Branched-chain amino acid permease −1.4 −2.5 CTP1 YBR291C Tricarboxylate carrier −2.5 −5.7 FCY2 YER056C Purine-cytosine permease −1.4 −2.6 FET4 YMR319C Iron transporter −1.2 −2.3 FRE2 YKL220C Ferric reductase −1.5 −2.8 FUN26 YAL022C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 HXT3 YDR345C Hexose transporter −1.6 −2.9 HXT4 YHR092C Hexose transporter −2.8 −7.0 IST2 YBR086C Similarity to Ca and Na channel proteins −1.0 −2.0 MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 MRS2 YOR334W Magnesium ion transporter −1.1 −2.1 ODC2 YOR222W Mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate transporter −1.7 −3.2 OPT2 YPR194C Oligopeptide transporter −4.1 −16.6 PHO3 YBR092C Acid phosphatase −1.7 −3.1 PHO91 YNR013C Low-affinity phosphate transporter −1.0 −2.0 SSU1 YPL092W Sulfite transporter −1.7 −3.1 YBT1 YLL048C Similarity to mammalian bile transporter −1.5 −2.8 YDR119W YDR119W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.1 YGR096W YGR096W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YHM2 YMR241W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YHR032W YHR032W Protein of unknown function −1.8 −3.4 YMC2 YBR104W Mitochondrial carrier protein −1.5 −2.7 ZRC1 YMR243C Di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transporter −1.2 −2.3 ZRT2 YLR130C Low-affinity zinc ion transporter −1.3 −2.5 36. Genes of unknown function FYV14 YDL213C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 KEL3 YPL263C Kelch-repeat protein −1.0 −2.0 KRR1 YCL059C Involved in cell division and spore germination −2.0 −4.0 MKC7 YDR144C Aspartyl protease related to Yap3p −1.3 −2.4 NEW1 YPL226W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 PPT1 YGR123C Protein serine/threonine phosphatase −1.0 −2.0 RLI1 YDR091C Required for vegetative growth and sporulation −1.3 −2.5 RRP13 YGR103W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 TOS2 YGR221C Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 TOS4 YLR183C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YAL065C YAL065C Protein of unknown function −2.7 −6.5 YAR064W YAR064W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YAR068W YAR068W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YAR075W YAR075W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YBL028C YBL028C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YBL029W YBL029W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YBL032W YBL032W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YBL095W YBL095W Protein of unknown function −1.9 −3.6 YBR028C YBR028C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YBR074W YBR074W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YBR075W YBR075W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.2 YBR147W YBR147W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YBR206W YBR206W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YBR300C YBR300C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YCR051W YCR051W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YCR087C-A YCR087C-A Protein of unknown function −2.1 −4.1 YCR087W YCR087W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YDL121C YDL121C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YDR020C YDR020C Protein of unknown function −1.9 −3.7 YDR089W YDR089W Protein of unknown function −2.2 −4.4 YDR133C YDR133C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YER156C YER156C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YGL101W YGL101W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YGR001C YGR001C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YGR068C YGR068C Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.1 YGR280C YGR280C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YHL026C YHL026C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YHR149C YHR149C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YIL064W YIL064W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YIL096C YIL096C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YIL158W YIL158W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.2 YJL097W YJL097W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YJL118W YJL118W Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 YJL200C YJL200C Putative aconitate hydratase −1.8 −3.5 YJL218W YJL218W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YJR030C YJR030C Protein of unknown function −1.8 −3.4 YJR070C YJR070C Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 YLR049C YLR049C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YLR106C YLR106C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 YLR154C YLR154C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YLR446W YLR446W Protein of unknown function −3.3 −9.5 YLR455W YLR455W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.2 YMR003W YMR003W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −3.0 YMR209C YMR209C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YMR317W YMR317W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YMR321C YMR321C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YNL087W YNL087W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YNL174W YNL174W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YNL246W YNL246W Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.3 YNR009W YNR009W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 YNR065C YNR065C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YOL155C YOL155C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YOR243C YOR243C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YOR315W YOR315W Protein of unknown function −2.6 −5.9 YPL056C YPL056C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YPL158C YPL158C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YPL264C YPL264C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YPR157W YPR157W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YVH1 YIR026C Protein tyrosine phosphatase −1.3 −2.4 37. Vesicular transport AKR2 YOR034C Involved in constitutive endocytosis of Ste3p −1.0 −2.0 EMP70 YLR083C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 GEA1 YJR031C ARF small monomeric GTPase −1.2 −2.3 LAC1 YKL008C LAG1 longevity gene homolog −1.1 −2.1 SVL3 YPL032C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 Genes were grouped into cellular-role categories according to YPD™. a SLR, average of two sets of data. b Fold change calculated from average SLR. Open in new tab 2 Genes in S. cerevisiae that were down-regulated more than two-fold when cells were grown in grape juice containing 40% (w/v) sugars after growing to mid-exponential phase in grape juice with 22% (w/v) sugars Gene name ORF Description SLRa Fold changeb 1. Aging SIM1 YIL123W Involved in control of DNA replication −1.6 −2.9 2. Amino acid metabolism ACO1 YLR304C Aconitate hydratase −1.2 −2.2 AGP1 YCL025C Amino acid permease −1.2 −2.2 ARO1 YDR127W 3-Dehydroquinate dehydratase −1.5 −2.7 ASP1 YDR321W Asparaginase −1.7 −3.1 BAP3 YDR046C Branched-chain amino acid permease −1.4 −2.5 GCV1 YDR019C Aminomethyltransferase −2.7 −6.5 GCV2 YMR189W Glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) −1.9 −3.7 GLT1 YDL171C Glutamate synthase −1.4 −2.6 HIS1 YER055C ATP phosphoribosyltransferase −1.5 −2.7 HIS3 YOR202W Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase −1.4 −2.5 HIS4 YCL030C Histidinol dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.6 HIS7 YBR248C Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate synthase −1.4 −2.5 HOM3 YER052C Aspartate kinase −1.0 −2.0 ILV6 YCL009C Acetolactate synthase −1.1 −2.1 LYS1 YIR034C Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-lysine forming) −1.8 −3.5 LYS12 YIL094C Homo-isocitrate dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.6 LYS2 YBR115C Aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase −1.6 −3.0 LYS4 YDR234W Homoaconitate hydratase −1.5 −2.8 LYS9 YNR050C Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate forming) −1.4 −2.5 MET6 YER091C 5-Methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine S-methyltransferase −1.5 −2.8 MIS1 YBR084W Formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase −1.1 −2.1 SAM1 YLR180W Methionine adenosyltransferase −1.3 −2.5 SAM4 YPL273W AdoMet-homocysteine methyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 SER2 YGR208W Phosphoserine phosphatase −1.3 −2.5 SER3 YER081W Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase −1.7 −3.1 SHM2 YLR058C Glycine hydroxymethyltransferase −2.5 −5.5 BNA4 YBL098W Kynurenine 3-mono oxygenase −1.9 −3.7 YDR111C YDR111C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YOR108W YOR108W Protein of unknown function −1.9 −3.6 3. Carbohydrate metabolism ACO1 YLR304C Aconitate hydratase −1.2 −2.2 ADH3 YMR083W Acylglycerone-phosphate reductase −1.0 −2.0 CAT5 YOR125C Regulator of gluconeogenic enzymes −1.3 −2.5 HXT3 YDR345C Hexose transporter −1.6 −2.9 HXT4 YHR092C Hexose transporter −2.8 −7.0 MAE1 YKL029C Malate dehydrogenase −1.7 −3.2 MNN1 YER001W α-1,3-Mannosyltransferase −1.2 −2.2 PDC5 YLR134W Pyruvate decarboxylase −1.3 −2.5 PYC2 YBR218C Pyruvate carboxylase −1.1 −2.1 RKI1 YOR095C Ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase −1.3 −2.5 YJR024C YJR024C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 4. Cell adhesion AGA1 YNR044W Cell adhesion receptor −1.1 −2.1 5. Cell cycle control CBF2 YGR140W Centromere-binding factor −1.0 −2.0 CDC21 YOR074C Thymidylate synthase −1.2 −2.3 CLB2 YPR119W G2/M-specific cyclin −1.0 −2.0 CLB6 YGR109C Cyclin −1.7 −3.2 EGT2 YNL327W Protein of unknown function −2.1 −4.3 FAR1 YJL157C Cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor −3.2 −8.9 FKH1 YIL131C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 GNA1 YFL017C Glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 HSL7 YBR133C Protein kinase inhibitor −1.0 −2.0 MCD1 YDL003W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 PCL9 YDL179W Cyclin-dependent protein kinase −2.0 −3.9 PDS1 YDR113C Control of anaphase −1.1 −2.1 SDA1 YGR245C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 SIM1 YIL123W Involved in control of DNA replication −1.6 −2.9 YBR242W YBR242W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 6. Cell polarity FKH1 YIL131C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 IST2 YBR086C Similarity to Ca and Na channel proteins −1.0 −2.0 SPA2 YLL021W Cytoskeletal regulatory protein-binding −1.3 −2.4 7. Cell stress CST13 YBR158W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 HTB2 YBL002W Histone H2B −1.1 −2.1 IST2 YBR086C Similarity to Ca and Na channel proteins −1.0 −2.0 MTO1 YGL236C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 SUN4 YNL066W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −4.0 ZRC1 YMR243C Di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transporter −1.2 −2.3 8. Cell structure SDA1 YGR245C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 9. Cell wall maintenance ECM13 YBL043W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 ECM22 YLR228C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.2 FEN1 YCR034W Putative 1,3-beta-glucan synthase subunit −1.4 −2.6 FLO9 YAL063C Putative cell wall protein involved in flocculation −2.3 −4.8 GNA1 YFL017C Glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 MUC1 YIR019C Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase −2.6 −6.1 PLB2 YMR006C Lysophospholipase −2.1 −4.1 PMT4 YJR143C Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase −1.1 −2.1 SCW11 YGL028C Soluble cell wall protein −1.4 −2.5 TIR4 YOR009W Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.3 YFL051C YFL051C Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YMR215W YMR215W Protein of unknown function −3.0 −8.0 10. Chromatin/chromosome structure CBF2 YGR140W Centromere-binding factor −1.0 −2.0 ESC4 YHR154W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 FKH1 YIL131C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 HHO1 YPL127C Histone H1 −1.9 −3.6 HTB2 YBL002W Histone H2B −1.1 −2.1 MCD1 YDL003W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 POL2 YNL262W Epsilon-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.5 STU2 YLR045C Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 YHL050C YHL050C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YHM2 YMR241W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 11. Differentiation ASH1 YKL185W Specific transcriptional repressor −1.1 −2.1 EGT2 YNL327W Protein of unknown function −2.1 −4.3 HMS2 YJR147W Transcription factor −1.6 −3.0 MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 MUC1 YIR019C Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase −2.6 −6.1 SPA2 YLL021W Cytoskeletal regulatory protein-binding −1.3 −2.4 12. DNA repair MSH6 YDR097C Required for mismatch repair in mitosis and meiosis −1.4 −2.5 PDS1 YDR113C Control of anaphase −1.1 −2.1 PMS1 YNL082W Required for mismatch repair in mitosis and meiosis −1.0 −2.0 POL2 YNL262W Epsilon-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.5 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 13. DNA synthesis CDC45 YLR103C DNA replication factor −1.2 −2.3 CDC47 YBR202W Chromatin binding −1.0 −2.0 POL1 YNL102W α-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.6 POL2 YNL262W Epsilon-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.5 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 14. Energy generation AAC3 YBR085W ATP/ADP antiporter −2.1 −4.1 ACO1 YLR304C Aconitate hydratase −1.2 −2.2 CAT5 YOR125C Regulator of gluconeogenic enzymes −1.3 −2.5 CEM1 YER061C 3-Oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase −1.6 −2.9 COQ2 YNR041C Para-hydroxybenzoate: polyprenyl transferase −1.1 −2.1 HAP4 YKL109W Transcriptional activator −1.4 −2.6 MAE1 YKL029C Malate dehydrogenase −1.7 −3.2 MTO1 YGL236C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YPR004C YPR004C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 15. Lipid, fatty-acid and sterol metabolism CEM1 YER061C 3-Oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase −1.6 −2.9 CPT1 YNL130C Diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase −1.1 −2.1 ECM22 YLR228C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.2 FEN1 YCR034W Putative 1,3-beta-glucan synthase subunit −1.4 −2.6 LAC1 YKL008C LAG1 longevity gene homolog −1.1 −2.1 PLB2 YMR006C Lysophospholipase −2.1 −4.1 SUR2 YDR297W Sphingosine hydroxylase −1.7 −3.2 SUR4 YLR372W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 16. Mating response AGA1 YNR044W Cell adhesion receptor −1.1 −2.1 FAR1 YJL157C Cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor −3.2 −8.9 MFA2 YNL145W a-Factor mating pheromone precursor −1.9 −3.7 PRY3 YJL078C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.3 17. Meiosis BBP1 YPL255W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.3 −2.5 ISC10 YER180C Protein required for spore formation −1.0 −2.0 SPS1 YDR523C Required for spore wall formation −1.1 −2.1 STU2 YLR045C Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 TYS1 YGR185C Tyrosine-tRNA ligase −1.3 −2.5 WTM2 YOR229W Transcriptional modulator −1.0 −2.0 18. Mitosis ASE1 YOR058C Microtubule-binding −1.0 −2.0 BBP1 YPL255W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.3 −2.5 CBF2 YGR140W Centromere-binding factor −1.0 −2.0 CIN2 YPL241C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 MCD1 YDL003W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 NUD1 YOR373W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.0 −2.0 NUF1 YDR356W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 PDS1 YDR113C Control of anaphase −1.1 −2.1 SCP160 YJL080C RNA-binding protein −1.2 −2.3 STU2 YLR045C Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 19. Nuclear-cytoplasmic transport KAP122 YGL016W Karyopherin-beta family member −1.1 −2.1 KAP123 YER110C Karyopherin-beta family member −1.7 −3.1 TYS1 YGR185C Tyrosine-tRNA ligase −1.3 −2.5 20. Nucleotide metabolism AAH1 YNL141W Adenine deaminase −3.3 −9.5 ADE1 YAR015W Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase −3.0 −7.7 ADE12 YNL220W Adenylosuccinate synthase −1.3 −2.4 ADE13 YLR359W Adenylosuccinate lyase −1.7 −3.1 ADE17 YMR120C IMP cyclohydrolase −2.8 −6.7 ADE2 YOR128C Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase −1.9 −3.7 ADE4 YMR300C Amidophosphoribosyltransferase −3.1 −8.3 ADE5,7 YGL234W Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase −1.7 −3.2 ADE6 YGR061C Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase −2.5 −5.7 ADE8 YDR408C Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase −1.7 −3.2 CDC21 YOR074C Thymidylate synthase −1.2 −2.3 DUT1 YBR252W dUTP pyrophosphatase −1.4 −2.6 FCY2 YER056C Purine-cytosine permease −1.4 −2.6 FUN26 YAL022C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 FUR1 YHR128W Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase −1.8 −3.4 GUA1 YMR217W GMP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing) −1.1 −2.1 GUK1 YDR454C Guanylate kinase −1.1 −2.1 HPT1 YDR399W Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase −1.8 −3.4 IMD1 YAR073W IMP dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.5 IMD4 YML056C IMP dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.5 MIS1 YBR084W Formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase −1.1 −2.1 MTD1 YKR080W Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD+) −2.9 −7.2 RNR1 YER070W Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase −1.6 −3.0 URA1 YKL216W Dihydroorotate oxidase −1.1 −2.1 URA2 YJL130C Aspartate carbamoyltransferase −1.1 −2.1 URA3 YEL021W Orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase −1.0 −2.0 URA7 YBL039C CTP synthase −1.1 −2.1 21. Other metabolism ATF2 YGR177C Alcohol O-acetyltransferase −1.5 −2.8 COQ2 YNR041C Para-hydroxybenzoate: polyprenyl transferase −1.1 −2.1 DPH5 YLR172C Diphthine synthase −1.6 −2.9 FRE2 YKL220C Ferric reductase −1.5 −2.8 HEM13 YDR044W Coproporphyrinogen oxidase −1.0 −2.0 HEM3 YDL205C Hydroxymethylbilane synthase −1.2 −2.2 MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 SAM4 YPL273W AdoMet-homocysteine methyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 SSU1 YPL092W Sulfite transporter −1.7 −3.1 BNA4 YBL098W Kynurenine 3-mono oxygenase −1.9 −3.7 22. Phosphate metabolism PHO11 YAR071W Acid phosphatase −1.0 −2.0 PHO4 YFR034C Transcription factor −1.4 −2.5 23. Pol I transcription RPA135 YPR010C DNA-directed RNA polymerase I −1.7 −3.2 RPA190 YOR341W DNA-directed RNA polymerase I −1.5 −2.8 RPB8 YOR224C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.4 −2.5 RPC10 YHR143W-A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.1 −2.1 RRN7 YJL025W RNA polymerase I transcription factor −2.2 −4.6 SRP40 YKR092C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 24. Pol II transcription ASH1 YKL185W Specific transcriptional repressor −1.1 −2.1 ECM22 YLR228C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.2 HAP4 YKL109W Transcriptional activator −1.4 −2.6 HTB2 YBL002W Histone H2B −1.1 −2.1 RPB8 YOR224C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.4 −2.5 RPC10 YHR143W-A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.1 −2.1 SPT21 YMR179W Involved in transcriptional regulation of Ty1 LTRs −1.1 −2.1 SSU72 YNL222W Complex assembly protein −1.5 −2.7 WTM2 YOR229W Transcriptional modulator −1.0 −2.0 25. Pol III transcription RPB8 YOR224C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.4 −2.5 RPC10 YHR143W-A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.1 −2.1 RPC11 YDR045C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.5 −2.7 SRP40 YKR092C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 26. Protein complex assembly NUF1 YDR356W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 27. Protein folding FPR4 YLR449W Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase −1.2 −2.3 ZUO1 YGR285C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 28. Protein modification DPH5 YLR172C Diphthine synthase −1.6 −2.9 HSL7 YBR133C Protein kinase inhibitor −1.0 −2.0 KTR3 YBR205W Mannosyltransferase −1.2 −2.2 MAK3 YPR051W N-acetyltransferase −1.0 −2.0 MNN1 YER001W α-1,3-Mannosyltransferase −1.2 −2.2 PMT4 YJR143C Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase −1.1 −2.1 29. Protein synthesis GCD6 YDR211W Translation initiation factor −1.0 −2.0 GIS2 YNL255C Transcription factor −1.1 −2.1 MTO1 YGL236C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 RPS22B YLR367W Structural protein of ribosome −1.4 −2.6 TEF4 YKL081W Translation elongation factor −1.2 −2.3 TIF4631 YGR162W Translation initiation factor −1.3 −2.4 TYS1 YGR185C Tyrosine-tRNA ligase −1.3 −2.5 YDR341C YDR341C Arginine-tRNA ligase −1.2 −2.2 ZUO1 YGR285C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 30. Recombination CLB6 YGR109C Cyclin −1.7 −3.2 PMS1 YNL082W Required for mismatch repair in mitosis and meiosis −1.0 −2.0 31. RNA processing/modification DBP2 YNL112W RNA helicase −2.2 −4.4 GAR1 YHR089C Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein −1.1 −2.1 HAS1 YMR290C RNA helicase −2.1 −4.1 HRP1 YOL123W Putative polyadenylated-RNA-binding protein −2.3 −4.8 MAK16 YAL025C Putative nuclear protein −1.5 −2.8 NIP7 YPL211W Protein binding −1.4 −2.6 NOP1 YDL014W Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein −1.4 −2.5 NOP13 YNL175C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 RRP5 YMR229C RNA binding −1.3 −2.4 SCP160 YJL080C RNA-binding protein −1.2 −2.3 TRM1 YDR120C tRNA (guanine-N2-)-methyltransferase −1.2 −2.3 ZUO1 YGR285C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 32. RNA splicing and turnover MRS2 YOR334W Magnesium ion transporter −1.1 −2.1 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 33. Septation SUN4 YNL066W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −4.0 34. Signal transduction MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 MFA2 YNL145W a-Factor mating pheromone precursor −1.9 −3.7 RPI1 YIL119C Small GTPase regulatory/interacting protein −1.6 −2.9 YBR242W YBR242W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 35. Small molecule transport AAC3 YBR085W ATP/ADP antiporter −2.1 −4.1 AGP1 YCL025C Amino acid permease −1.2 −2.2 AUS1 YOR011W Protein involved in uptake of sterols −1.5 −2.7 BAP3 YDR046C Branched-chain amino acid permease −1.4 −2.5 CTP1 YBR291C Tricarboxylate carrier −2.5 −5.7 FCY2 YER056C Purine-cytosine permease −1.4 −2.6 FET4 YMR319C Iron transporter −1.2 −2.3 FRE2 YKL220C Ferric reductase −1.5 −2.8 FUN26 YAL022C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 HXT3 YDR345C Hexose transporter −1.6 −2.9 HXT4 YHR092C Hexose transporter −2.8 −7.0 IST2 YBR086C Similarity to Ca and Na channel proteins −1.0 −2.0 MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 MRS2 YOR334W Magnesium ion transporter −1.1 −2.1 ODC2 YOR222W Mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate transporter −1.7 −3.2 OPT2 YPR194C Oligopeptide transporter −4.1 −16.6 PHO3 YBR092C Acid phosphatase −1.7 −3.1 PHO91 YNR013C Low-affinity phosphate transporter −1.0 −2.0 SSU1 YPL092W Sulfite transporter −1.7 −3.1 YBT1 YLL048C Similarity to mammalian bile transporter −1.5 −2.8 YDR119W YDR119W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.1 YGR096W YGR096W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YHM2 YMR241W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YHR032W YHR032W Protein of unknown function −1.8 −3.4 YMC2 YBR104W Mitochondrial carrier protein −1.5 −2.7 ZRC1 YMR243C Di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transporter −1.2 −2.3 ZRT2 YLR130C Low-affinity zinc ion transporter −1.3 −2.5 36. Genes of unknown function FYV14 YDL213C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 KEL3 YPL263C Kelch-repeat protein −1.0 −2.0 KRR1 YCL059C Involved in cell division and spore germination −2.0 −4.0 MKC7 YDR144C Aspartyl protease related to Yap3p −1.3 −2.4 NEW1 YPL226W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 PPT1 YGR123C Protein serine/threonine phosphatase −1.0 −2.0 RLI1 YDR091C Required for vegetative growth and sporulation −1.3 −2.5 RRP13 YGR103W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 TOS2 YGR221C Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 TOS4 YLR183C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YAL065C YAL065C Protein of unknown function −2.7 −6.5 YAR064W YAR064W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YAR068W YAR068W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YAR075W YAR075W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YBL028C YBL028C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YBL029W YBL029W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YBL032W YBL032W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YBL095W YBL095W Protein of unknown function −1.9 −3.6 YBR028C YBR028C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YBR074W YBR074W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YBR075W YBR075W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.2 YBR147W YBR147W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YBR206W YBR206W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YBR300C YBR300C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YCR051W YCR051W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YCR087C-A YCR087C-A Protein of unknown function −2.1 −4.1 YCR087W YCR087W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YDL121C YDL121C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YDR020C YDR020C Protein of unknown function −1.9 −3.7 YDR089W YDR089W Protein of unknown function −2.2 −4.4 YDR133C YDR133C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YER156C YER156C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YGL101W YGL101W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YGR001C YGR001C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YGR068C YGR068C Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.1 YGR280C YGR280C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YHL026C YHL026C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YHR149C YHR149C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YIL064W YIL064W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YIL096C YIL096C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YIL158W YIL158W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.2 YJL097W YJL097W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YJL118W YJL118W Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 YJL200C YJL200C Putative aconitate hydratase −1.8 −3.5 YJL218W YJL218W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YJR030C YJR030C Protein of unknown function −1.8 −3.4 YJR070C YJR070C Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 YLR049C YLR049C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YLR106C YLR106C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 YLR154C YLR154C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YLR446W YLR446W Protein of unknown function −3.3 −9.5 YLR455W YLR455W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.2 YMR003W YMR003W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −3.0 YMR209C YMR209C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YMR317W YMR317W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YMR321C YMR321C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YNL087W YNL087W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YNL174W YNL174W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YNL246W YNL246W Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.3 YNR009W YNR009W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 YNR065C YNR065C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YOL155C YOL155C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YOR243C YOR243C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YOR315W YOR315W Protein of unknown function −2.6 −5.9 YPL056C YPL056C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YPL158C YPL158C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YPL264C YPL264C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YPR157W YPR157W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YVH1 YIR026C Protein tyrosine phosphatase −1.3 −2.4 37. Vesicular transport AKR2 YOR034C Involved in constitutive endocytosis of Ste3p −1.0 −2.0 EMP70 YLR083C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 GEA1 YJR031C ARF small monomeric GTPase −1.2 −2.3 LAC1 YKL008C LAG1 longevity gene homolog −1.1 −2.1 SVL3 YPL032C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 Gene name ORF Description SLRa Fold changeb 1. Aging SIM1 YIL123W Involved in control of DNA replication −1.6 −2.9 2. Amino acid metabolism ACO1 YLR304C Aconitate hydratase −1.2 −2.2 AGP1 YCL025C Amino acid permease −1.2 −2.2 ARO1 YDR127W 3-Dehydroquinate dehydratase −1.5 −2.7 ASP1 YDR321W Asparaginase −1.7 −3.1 BAP3 YDR046C Branched-chain amino acid permease −1.4 −2.5 GCV1 YDR019C Aminomethyltransferase −2.7 −6.5 GCV2 YMR189W Glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) −1.9 −3.7 GLT1 YDL171C Glutamate synthase −1.4 −2.6 HIS1 YER055C ATP phosphoribosyltransferase −1.5 −2.7 HIS3 YOR202W Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase −1.4 −2.5 HIS4 YCL030C Histidinol dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.6 HIS7 YBR248C Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate synthase −1.4 −2.5 HOM3 YER052C Aspartate kinase −1.0 −2.0 ILV6 YCL009C Acetolactate synthase −1.1 −2.1 LYS1 YIR034C Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-lysine forming) −1.8 −3.5 LYS12 YIL094C Homo-isocitrate dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.6 LYS2 YBR115C Aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase −1.6 −3.0 LYS4 YDR234W Homoaconitate hydratase −1.5 −2.8 LYS9 YNR050C Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate forming) −1.4 −2.5 MET6 YER091C 5-Methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine S-methyltransferase −1.5 −2.8 MIS1 YBR084W Formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase −1.1 −2.1 SAM1 YLR180W Methionine adenosyltransferase −1.3 −2.5 SAM4 YPL273W AdoMet-homocysteine methyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 SER2 YGR208W Phosphoserine phosphatase −1.3 −2.5 SER3 YER081W Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase −1.7 −3.1 SHM2 YLR058C Glycine hydroxymethyltransferase −2.5 −5.5 BNA4 YBL098W Kynurenine 3-mono oxygenase −1.9 −3.7 YDR111C YDR111C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YOR108W YOR108W Protein of unknown function −1.9 −3.6 3. Carbohydrate metabolism ACO1 YLR304C Aconitate hydratase −1.2 −2.2 ADH3 YMR083W Acylglycerone-phosphate reductase −1.0 −2.0 CAT5 YOR125C Regulator of gluconeogenic enzymes −1.3 −2.5 HXT3 YDR345C Hexose transporter −1.6 −2.9 HXT4 YHR092C Hexose transporter −2.8 −7.0 MAE1 YKL029C Malate dehydrogenase −1.7 −3.2 MNN1 YER001W α-1,3-Mannosyltransferase −1.2 −2.2 PDC5 YLR134W Pyruvate decarboxylase −1.3 −2.5 PYC2 YBR218C Pyruvate carboxylase −1.1 −2.1 RKI1 YOR095C Ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase −1.3 −2.5 YJR024C YJR024C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 4. Cell adhesion AGA1 YNR044W Cell adhesion receptor −1.1 −2.1 5. Cell cycle control CBF2 YGR140W Centromere-binding factor −1.0 −2.0 CDC21 YOR074C Thymidylate synthase −1.2 −2.3 CLB2 YPR119W G2/M-specific cyclin −1.0 −2.0 CLB6 YGR109C Cyclin −1.7 −3.2 EGT2 YNL327W Protein of unknown function −2.1 −4.3 FAR1 YJL157C Cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor −3.2 −8.9 FKH1 YIL131C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 GNA1 YFL017C Glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 HSL7 YBR133C Protein kinase inhibitor −1.0 −2.0 MCD1 YDL003W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 PCL9 YDL179W Cyclin-dependent protein kinase −2.0 −3.9 PDS1 YDR113C Control of anaphase −1.1 −2.1 SDA1 YGR245C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 SIM1 YIL123W Involved in control of DNA replication −1.6 −2.9 YBR242W YBR242W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 6. Cell polarity FKH1 YIL131C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 IST2 YBR086C Similarity to Ca and Na channel proteins −1.0 −2.0 SPA2 YLL021W Cytoskeletal regulatory protein-binding −1.3 −2.4 7. Cell stress CST13 YBR158W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 HTB2 YBL002W Histone H2B −1.1 −2.1 IST2 YBR086C Similarity to Ca and Na channel proteins −1.0 −2.0 MTO1 YGL236C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 SUN4 YNL066W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −4.0 ZRC1 YMR243C Di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transporter −1.2 −2.3 8. Cell structure SDA1 YGR245C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 9. Cell wall maintenance ECM13 YBL043W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 ECM22 YLR228C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.2 FEN1 YCR034W Putative 1,3-beta-glucan synthase subunit −1.4 −2.6 FLO9 YAL063C Putative cell wall protein involved in flocculation −2.3 −4.8 GNA1 YFL017C Glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 MUC1 YIR019C Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase −2.6 −6.1 PLB2 YMR006C Lysophospholipase −2.1 −4.1 PMT4 YJR143C Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase −1.1 −2.1 SCW11 YGL028C Soluble cell wall protein −1.4 −2.5 TIR4 YOR009W Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.3 YFL051C YFL051C Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YMR215W YMR215W Protein of unknown function −3.0 −8.0 10. Chromatin/chromosome structure CBF2 YGR140W Centromere-binding factor −1.0 −2.0 ESC4 YHR154W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 FKH1 YIL131C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 HHO1 YPL127C Histone H1 −1.9 −3.6 HTB2 YBL002W Histone H2B −1.1 −2.1 MCD1 YDL003W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 POL2 YNL262W Epsilon-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.5 STU2 YLR045C Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 YHL050C YHL050C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YHM2 YMR241W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 11. Differentiation ASH1 YKL185W Specific transcriptional repressor −1.1 −2.1 EGT2 YNL327W Protein of unknown function −2.1 −4.3 HMS2 YJR147W Transcription factor −1.6 −3.0 MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 MUC1 YIR019C Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase −2.6 −6.1 SPA2 YLL021W Cytoskeletal regulatory protein-binding −1.3 −2.4 12. DNA repair MSH6 YDR097C Required for mismatch repair in mitosis and meiosis −1.4 −2.5 PDS1 YDR113C Control of anaphase −1.1 −2.1 PMS1 YNL082W Required for mismatch repair in mitosis and meiosis −1.0 −2.0 POL2 YNL262W Epsilon-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.5 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 13. DNA synthesis CDC45 YLR103C DNA replication factor −1.2 −2.3 CDC47 YBR202W Chromatin binding −1.0 −2.0 POL1 YNL102W α-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.6 POL2 YNL262W Epsilon-DNA polymerase −1.4 −2.5 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 14. Energy generation AAC3 YBR085W ATP/ADP antiporter −2.1 −4.1 ACO1 YLR304C Aconitate hydratase −1.2 −2.2 CAT5 YOR125C Regulator of gluconeogenic enzymes −1.3 −2.5 CEM1 YER061C 3-Oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase −1.6 −2.9 COQ2 YNR041C Para-hydroxybenzoate: polyprenyl transferase −1.1 −2.1 HAP4 YKL109W Transcriptional activator −1.4 −2.6 MAE1 YKL029C Malate dehydrogenase −1.7 −3.2 MTO1 YGL236C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YPR004C YPR004C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 15. Lipid, fatty-acid and sterol metabolism CEM1 YER061C 3-Oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase −1.6 −2.9 CPT1 YNL130C Diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase −1.1 −2.1 ECM22 YLR228C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.2 FEN1 YCR034W Putative 1,3-beta-glucan synthase subunit −1.4 −2.6 LAC1 YKL008C LAG1 longevity gene homolog −1.1 −2.1 PLB2 YMR006C Lysophospholipase −2.1 −4.1 SUR2 YDR297W Sphingosine hydroxylase −1.7 −3.2 SUR4 YLR372W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 16. Mating response AGA1 YNR044W Cell adhesion receptor −1.1 −2.1 FAR1 YJL157C Cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor −3.2 −8.9 MFA2 YNL145W a-Factor mating pheromone precursor −1.9 −3.7 PRY3 YJL078C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.3 17. Meiosis BBP1 YPL255W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.3 −2.5 ISC10 YER180C Protein required for spore formation −1.0 −2.0 SPS1 YDR523C Required for spore wall formation −1.1 −2.1 STU2 YLR045C Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 TYS1 YGR185C Tyrosine-tRNA ligase −1.3 −2.5 WTM2 YOR229W Transcriptional modulator −1.0 −2.0 18. Mitosis ASE1 YOR058C Microtubule-binding −1.0 −2.0 BBP1 YPL255W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.3 −2.5 CBF2 YGR140W Centromere-binding factor −1.0 −2.0 CIN2 YPL241C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 MCD1 YDL003W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 NUD1 YOR373W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.0 −2.0 NUF1 YDR356W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 PDS1 YDR113C Control of anaphase −1.1 −2.1 SCP160 YJL080C RNA-binding protein −1.2 −2.3 STU2 YLR045C Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 19. Nuclear-cytoplasmic transport KAP122 YGL016W Karyopherin-beta family member −1.1 −2.1 KAP123 YER110C Karyopherin-beta family member −1.7 −3.1 TYS1 YGR185C Tyrosine-tRNA ligase −1.3 −2.5 20. Nucleotide metabolism AAH1 YNL141W Adenine deaminase −3.3 −9.5 ADE1 YAR015W Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase −3.0 −7.7 ADE12 YNL220W Adenylosuccinate synthase −1.3 −2.4 ADE13 YLR359W Adenylosuccinate lyase −1.7 −3.1 ADE17 YMR120C IMP cyclohydrolase −2.8 −6.7 ADE2 YOR128C Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase −1.9 −3.7 ADE4 YMR300C Amidophosphoribosyltransferase −3.1 −8.3 ADE5,7 YGL234W Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase −1.7 −3.2 ADE6 YGR061C Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase −2.5 −5.7 ADE8 YDR408C Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase −1.7 −3.2 CDC21 YOR074C Thymidylate synthase −1.2 −2.3 DUT1 YBR252W dUTP pyrophosphatase −1.4 −2.6 FCY2 YER056C Purine-cytosine permease −1.4 −2.6 FUN26 YAL022C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 FUR1 YHR128W Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase −1.8 −3.4 GUA1 YMR217W GMP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing) −1.1 −2.1 GUK1 YDR454C Guanylate kinase −1.1 −2.1 HPT1 YDR399W Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase −1.8 −3.4 IMD1 YAR073W IMP dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.5 IMD4 YML056C IMP dehydrogenase −1.4 −2.5 MIS1 YBR084W Formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase −1.1 −2.1 MTD1 YKR080W Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NAD+) −2.9 −7.2 RNR1 YER070W Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase −1.6 −3.0 URA1 YKL216W Dihydroorotate oxidase −1.1 −2.1 URA2 YJL130C Aspartate carbamoyltransferase −1.1 −2.1 URA3 YEL021W Orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase −1.0 −2.0 URA7 YBL039C CTP synthase −1.1 −2.1 21. Other metabolism ATF2 YGR177C Alcohol O-acetyltransferase −1.5 −2.8 COQ2 YNR041C Para-hydroxybenzoate: polyprenyl transferase −1.1 −2.1 DPH5 YLR172C Diphthine synthase −1.6 −2.9 FRE2 YKL220C Ferric reductase −1.5 −2.8 HEM13 YDR044W Coproporphyrinogen oxidase −1.0 −2.0 HEM3 YDL205C Hydroxymethylbilane synthase −1.2 −2.2 MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 SAM4 YPL273W AdoMet-homocysteine methyltransferase −1.3 −2.4 SSU1 YPL092W Sulfite transporter −1.7 −3.1 BNA4 YBL098W Kynurenine 3-mono oxygenase −1.9 −3.7 22. Phosphate metabolism PHO11 YAR071W Acid phosphatase −1.0 −2.0 PHO4 YFR034C Transcription factor −1.4 −2.5 23. Pol I transcription RPA135 YPR010C DNA-directed RNA polymerase I −1.7 −3.2 RPA190 YOR341W DNA-directed RNA polymerase I −1.5 −2.8 RPB8 YOR224C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.4 −2.5 RPC10 YHR143W-A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.1 −2.1 RRN7 YJL025W RNA polymerase I transcription factor −2.2 −4.6 SRP40 YKR092C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 24. Pol II transcription ASH1 YKL185W Specific transcriptional repressor −1.1 −2.1 ECM22 YLR228C Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.2 HAP4 YKL109W Transcriptional activator −1.4 −2.6 HTB2 YBL002W Histone H2B −1.1 −2.1 RPB8 YOR224C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.4 −2.5 RPC10 YHR143W-A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.1 −2.1 SPT21 YMR179W Involved in transcriptional regulation of Ty1 LTRs −1.1 −2.1 SSU72 YNL222W Complex assembly protein −1.5 −2.7 WTM2 YOR229W Transcriptional modulator −1.0 −2.0 25. Pol III transcription RPB8 YOR224C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.4 −2.5 RPC10 YHR143W-A DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.1 −2.1 RPC11 YDR045C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III −1.5 −2.7 SRP40 YKR092C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 26. Protein complex assembly NUF1 YDR356W Structural protein of cytoskeleton −1.1 −2.1 27. Protein folding FPR4 YLR449W Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase −1.2 −2.3 ZUO1 YGR285C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 28. Protein modification DPH5 YLR172C Diphthine synthase −1.6 −2.9 HSL7 YBR133C Protein kinase inhibitor −1.0 −2.0 KTR3 YBR205W Mannosyltransferase −1.2 −2.2 MAK3 YPR051W N-acetyltransferase −1.0 −2.0 MNN1 YER001W α-1,3-Mannosyltransferase −1.2 −2.2 PMT4 YJR143C Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase −1.1 −2.1 29. Protein synthesis GCD6 YDR211W Translation initiation factor −1.0 −2.0 GIS2 YNL255C Transcription factor −1.1 −2.1 MTO1 YGL236C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 RPS22B YLR367W Structural protein of ribosome −1.4 −2.6 TEF4 YKL081W Translation elongation factor −1.2 −2.3 TIF4631 YGR162W Translation initiation factor −1.3 −2.4 TYS1 YGR185C Tyrosine-tRNA ligase −1.3 −2.5 YDR341C YDR341C Arginine-tRNA ligase −1.2 −2.2 ZUO1 YGR285C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 30. Recombination CLB6 YGR109C Cyclin −1.7 −3.2 PMS1 YNL082W Required for mismatch repair in mitosis and meiosis −1.0 −2.0 31. RNA processing/modification DBP2 YNL112W RNA helicase −2.2 −4.4 GAR1 YHR089C Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein −1.1 −2.1 HAS1 YMR290C RNA helicase −2.1 −4.1 HRP1 YOL123W Putative polyadenylated-RNA-binding protein −2.3 −4.8 MAK16 YAL025C Putative nuclear protein −1.5 −2.8 NIP7 YPL211W Protein binding −1.4 −2.6 NOP1 YDL014W Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein −1.4 −2.5 NOP13 YNL175C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 RRP5 YMR229C RNA binding −1.3 −2.4 SCP160 YJL080C RNA-binding protein −1.2 −2.3 TRM1 YDR120C tRNA (guanine-N2-)-methyltransferase −1.2 −2.3 ZUO1 YGR285C Chaperone −1.0 −2.0 32. RNA splicing and turnover MRS2 YOR334W Magnesium ion transporter −1.1 −2.1 RNH35 YNL072W Ribonuclease H −1.8 −3.5 33. Septation SUN4 YNL066W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −4.0 34. Signal transduction MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 MFA2 YNL145W a-Factor mating pheromone precursor −1.9 −3.7 RPI1 YIL119C Small GTPase regulatory/interacting protein −1.6 −2.9 YBR242W YBR242W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 35. Small molecule transport AAC3 YBR085W ATP/ADP antiporter −2.1 −4.1 AGP1 YCL025C Amino acid permease −1.2 −2.2 AUS1 YOR011W Protein involved in uptake of sterols −1.5 −2.7 BAP3 YDR046C Branched-chain amino acid permease −1.4 −2.5 CTP1 YBR291C Tricarboxylate carrier −2.5 −5.7 FCY2 YER056C Purine-cytosine permease −1.4 −2.6 FET4 YMR319C Iron transporter −1.2 −2.3 FRE2 YKL220C Ferric reductase −1.5 −2.8 FUN26 YAL022C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 HXT3 YDR345C Hexose transporter −1.6 −2.9 HXT4 YHR092C Hexose transporter −2.8 −7.0 IST2 YBR086C Similarity to Ca and Na channel proteins −1.0 −2.0 MEP2 YNL142W Ammonium transporter −1.2 −2.3 MRS2 YOR334W Magnesium ion transporter −1.1 −2.1 ODC2 YOR222W Mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate transporter −1.7 −3.2 OPT2 YPR194C Oligopeptide transporter −4.1 −16.6 PHO3 YBR092C Acid phosphatase −1.7 −3.1 PHO91 YNR013C Low-affinity phosphate transporter −1.0 −2.0 SSU1 YPL092W Sulfite transporter −1.7 −3.1 YBT1 YLL048C Similarity to mammalian bile transporter −1.5 −2.8 YDR119W YDR119W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.1 YGR096W YGR096W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YHM2 YMR241W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YHR032W YHR032W Protein of unknown function −1.8 −3.4 YMC2 YBR104W Mitochondrial carrier protein −1.5 −2.7 ZRC1 YMR243C Di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transporter −1.2 −2.3 ZRT2 YLR130C Low-affinity zinc ion transporter −1.3 −2.5 36. Genes of unknown function FYV14 YDL213C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 KEL3 YPL263C Kelch-repeat protein −1.0 −2.0 KRR1 YCL059C Involved in cell division and spore germination −2.0 −4.0 MKC7 YDR144C Aspartyl protease related to Yap3p −1.3 −2.4 NEW1 YPL226W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 PPT1 YGR123C Protein serine/threonine phosphatase −1.0 −2.0 RLI1 YDR091C Required for vegetative growth and sporulation −1.3 −2.5 RRP13 YGR103W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 TOS2 YGR221C Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 TOS4 YLR183C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YAL065C YAL065C Protein of unknown function −2.7 −6.5 YAR064W YAR064W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YAR068W YAR068W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YAR075W YAR075W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YBL028C YBL028C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YBL029W YBL029W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YBL032W YBL032W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YBL095W YBL095W Protein of unknown function −1.9 −3.6 YBR028C YBR028C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YBR074W YBR074W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YBR075W YBR075W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.2 YBR147W YBR147W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YBR206W YBR206W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YBR300C YBR300C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YCR051W YCR051W Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YCR087C-A YCR087C-A Protein of unknown function −2.1 −4.1 YCR087W YCR087W Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YDL121C YDL121C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YDR020C YDR020C Protein of unknown function −1.9 −3.7 YDR089W YDR089W Protein of unknown function −2.2 −4.4 YDR133C YDR133C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YER156C YER156C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YGL101W YGL101W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YGR001C YGR001C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YGR068C YGR068C Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.1 YGR280C YGR280C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YHL026C YHL026C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YHR149C YHR149C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.7 YIL064W YIL064W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YIL096C YIL096C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YIL158W YIL158W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.2 YJL097W YJL097W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YJL118W YJL118W Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 YJL200C YJL200C Putative aconitate hydratase −1.8 −3.5 YJL218W YJL218W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YJR030C YJR030C Protein of unknown function −1.8 −3.4 YJR070C YJR070C Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 YLR049C YLR049C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YLR106C YLR106C Protein of unknown function −1.4 −2.6 YLR154C YLR154C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YLR446W YLR446W Protein of unknown function −3.3 −9.5 YLR455W YLR455W Protein of unknown function −1.7 −3.2 YMR003W YMR003W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −3.0 YMR209C YMR209C Protein of unknown function −1.5 −2.8 YMR317W YMR317W Protein of unknown function −1.6 −2.9 YMR321C YMR321C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YNL087W YNL087W Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YNL174W YNL174W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YNL246W YNL246W Protein of unknown function −1.2 −2.3 YNR009W YNR009W Protein of unknown function −2.0 −3.9 YNR065C YNR065C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YOL155C YOL155C Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YOR243C YOR243C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 YOR315W YOR315W Protein of unknown function −2.6 −5.9 YPL056C YPL056C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.5 YPL158C YPL158C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YPL264C YPL264C Protein of unknown function −1.0 −2.0 YPR157W YPR157W Protein of unknown function −1.1 −2.1 YVH1 YIR026C Protein tyrosine phosphatase −1.3 −2.4 37. Vesicular transport AKR2 YOR034C Involved in constitutive endocytosis of Ste3p −1.0 −2.0 EMP70 YLR083C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 GEA1 YJR031C ARF small monomeric GTPase −1.2 −2.3 LAC1 YKL008C LAG1 longevity gene homolog −1.1 −2.1 SVL3 YPL032C Protein of unknown function −1.3 −2.4 Genes were grouped into cellular-role categories according to YPD™. a SLR, average of two sets of data. b Fold change calculated from average SLR. Open in new tab 1 Open in new tabDownload slide Classification of genes into cellular-role categories according to YPD™. Bars indicate the number of genes classified in a particular cellular role changing two-fold or more. A: cell stress; B: small-molecule transport; C: carbohydrate metabolism; D: nucleotide metabolism; E: amino acid metabolism; F: other metabolism; G: cell wall maintenance; H: protein degradation; I: lipid and fatty-acid and sterol metabolism; J: RNA processing/modification; K: Pol II transcription; L: protein folding; M: meiosis; N: cell cycle control; O: vesicular transport; P: protein modification; Q: DNA repair protein translocation; R: energy generation; S: differentiation; T: chromatin/chromosome structure; U: protein synthesis; V: signal transduction. 1 Open in new tabDownload slide Classification of genes into cellular-role categories according to YPD™. Bars indicate the number of genes classified in a particular cellular role changing two-fold or more. A: cell stress; B: small-molecule transport; C: carbohydrate metabolism; D: nucleotide metabolism; E: amino acid metabolism; F: other metabolism; G: cell wall maintenance; H: protein degradation; I: lipid and fatty-acid and sterol metabolism; J: RNA processing/modification; K: Pol II transcription; L: protein folding; M: meiosis; N: cell cycle control; O: vesicular transport; P: protein modification; Q: DNA repair protein translocation; R: energy generation; S: differentiation; T: chromatin/chromosome structure; U: protein synthesis; V: signal transduction. 3.1 Regulation of carbohydrate metabolic genes by high sugar concentrations (fold change indicated in brackets) Growth of the yeast in 40% (w/v) sugars down-regulated transcription of two of the hexose transport genes, HXT3 (−2.9) and HXT4 (−7.0). However, the HXT1 (+1.8) and HXT5 (+6.1) genes encoding hexose transporters, and the STL1 (+87.0) and YBR241C (+4.0) genes encoding sugar transport-like proteins, were up-regulated in response to high sugar concentrations. Several genes involved in glycolysis, GLK1 (+2.1), GLK1 homolog YDR516C (+2.4), TDH1 (+1.7), GPM2 (+2.3), ENO1 (+1.3), PYK2 (+1.7) and PDC6 (+26) were up-regulated by sugar stress. HXK2 (−1.8), PDC5 (−2.5) and ADH3 (−1.9) were down-regulated. PGI1, PFK2, FBA1, TPI1, PGK1, ENO2, ADH1 and ADH2 showed no change in expression levels when yeast cells were grown in grape juice containing 40% (w/v) sugars. ZWF1 (+1.7), SOL1 (+2.5), SOL4 (+2.5), GND2 (+4.3), TKL2 (+12.1), TAL1 (+1.5) and the TAL1 homolog YGR043C (+11) involved in the pentose phosphate pathway were up-regulated (Fig. 2). However, the RPE1 (−1.6) and RKI1 (−2.5) genes were down-regulated. These two genes encode for D-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase and D-ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase, which link the oxidative and non-oxidative branches of the pentose phosphate pathway. The down-regulation of these two genes by sugar stress might decrease the flow of carbon from the oxidative to the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway. 2 Open in new tabDownload slide Regulation of genes involved in the glycolytic, glycerol, trehalose, glycogen and pentose phosphate pathways in S. cerevisiae by sugar stress. Abbreviations: NC, no change; G-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate; F-6-P, fructose-6-phosphate; F-1,6-BP, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; G-3-P, glycerol-3-phosphate; DHA, dihydroxyacetone; T-6-P, trehalose-6-phosphate; PRPP, 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. 2 Open in new tabDownload slide Regulation of genes involved in the glycolytic, glycerol, trehalose, glycogen and pentose phosphate pathways in S. cerevisiae by sugar stress. Abbreviations: NC, no change; G-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate; F-6-P, fructose-6-phosphate; F-1,6-BP, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; G-3-P, glycerol-3-phosphate; DHA, dihydroxyacetone; T-6-P, trehalose-6-phosphate; PRPP, 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. Our data showed that genes involved in the biosynthetic and dissimilatory pathways for glycerol {GPD1 (+2.1), GPP2 (+11.3), GCY1 (+5.7) and DAK1 (+3.5)}, trehalose, {TPS1 (+2.5), TPS3 (+1.7), TSL1 (+5.3), PGM2 (+2.9), TPS2 (+5.5), NTH1 (+2.8) and ATH1 (+2.2)} and glycogen {GSY1 (2.2), GSY2 (+1.8), GLC3 (+1.9) and GPH1 (+2.5)} are up-regulated by sugar stress. These genes have previously been shown to respond to salt stress [1–3]. The up-regulation of the FBP1 (+1.7) gene, responsible for the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate during gluconeogenesis, is intriguing and unexpected (Fig. 2). It has previously been shown that the FBP1 gene is repressed by 2% (w/v) glucose [49]. In addition, the FBP26 gene encoding fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase was also up-regulated (+1.7). 3.2 Genes responsible for the formation of acetic acid from acetaldehyde, and succinate from glutamate, are up-regulated Four isogenes, ALD2 (+2.6), ALD3 (+5.9), ALD4 (+15.5) and ALD6 (+3.7), encoding NAD(P)+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenases, were up-regulated (Fig. 2). It has previously been shown that Ald4p and Ald6p convert acetaldehyde to acetate [50]. Yeast grown in the 40% (w/v) sugar juice produced 1.35 g l−1 acetic acid compared to 0.3 g l−1 at the lower sugar concentration (22% w/v). Genes involved in the conversion of glutamate to succinate via 4-aminobutanoate and succinate-semialdehyde were all up-regulated (Fig. 3). The GAD1 gene encoding glutamate decarboxylase was induced 5.5-fold, transcription of the UGA1 gene encoding for 4-aminobutyrate amino-transferase increased 6.5-fold, and the UGA2 (UGA5) gene encoding the NADP+-dependent succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, was up-regulated 3.2-fold. Genes encoding enzymes in the main oxidative and minor reductive reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle used by yeast for the formation of succinic acid during fermentation [51] were not affected by osmotic stress (data not shown). 3 Open in new tabDownload slide Schematic presentation of the glutamate catabolic pathway that converts glutamate to succinate in S. cerevisiae under conditions of sugar stress {adapted from [71]}. 3 Open in new tabDownload slide Schematic presentation of the glutamate catabolic pathway that converts glutamate to succinate in S. cerevisiae under conditions of sugar stress {adapted from [71]}. 3.3 Genes involved in the de novo purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis are down-regulated Genes encoding proteins that incorporate pentose phosphate pathway intermediates into nucleotides {PRS1 (−1.7), PRS3 (−1.9), PRS5 (−1.4)} were down-regulated (Fig. 2). Genes involved in purine biosynthesis from phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate were down-regulated in response to sugar-induced osmotic stress. The ADE4 (−8.3), ADE5,7 (−3.2), ADE8 (−3.2), ADE6 (−5.7), ADE2 (−3.7), ADE1 (−7.7), ADE13 (−3.1), ADE17 (−6.7), ADE12 (−2.4), IMD4 (−2.5) and GUA1 (−2.1) genes encoding enzymes responsible for the de novo synthesis of GMP and AMP were down-regulated (Fig. 4). A further three genes, AAH1 (−9.5), GUK1 (−2.1) and RNR1 (−3), involved in biosynthetic pathways down-stream of GMP and AMP, were down-regulated as well. In addition, the URA2 (−2.1), URA1 (−2.1), URA5 (−1.9), URA3 (−2), FUR1 (−3.4) and URA7 (−2.1) genes in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway were also down-regulated (Fig. 4). 4 Open in new tabDownload slide Down-regulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of nucleotides, histidine and lysine in S. cerevisiae by sugar stress {adapted from YPD [47], KEGG [70], [66]}. Abbreviations: PRPP, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate; AICAR, 5′-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide; IMP, inosine 5′-monophosphate; AMP, adenosine 5′-monophosphate; GMP, guanosine 5′-monophosphate; CTP, cytidine 5′-triphosphate; α-Kg, α-ketoglutarate. 4 Open in new tabDownload slide Down-regulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of nucleotides, histidine and lysine in S. cerevisiae by sugar stress {adapted from YPD [47], KEGG [70], [66]}. Abbreviations: PRPP, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate; AICAR, 5′-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide; IMP, inosine 5′-monophosphate; AMP, adenosine 5′-monophosphate; GMP, guanosine 5′-monophosphate; CTP, cytidine 5′-triphosphate; α-Kg, α-ketoglutarate. 3.4 Genes involved in de novo biosynthesis of histidine, lysine and aromatic amino acids are down-regulated Five of the seven genes involved in de novo biosynthesis of histidine, HIS1 (−2.7), HIS4 (−2.6), HIS7 (−2.5), HIS3 (−2.5) and HIS5 (−1.8), were down-regulated in response to osmotic stress (Fig. 4). Genes encoding enzymes involved in five of the eight steps of lysine biosynthesis (Fig. 4) were down-regulated: LYS20 (−1.7), LYS4 (−2.8), LYS21 (−1.5), LYS12 (−2.6), LYS1 (−3.5), LYS2 (−3) and LYS9 (−2.5). The ARO4 (−1.8) and ARO1 (−2.7) genes involved in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids were also down-regulated (Fig. 2). 3.5 Sugar stress decreases the growth rate of S. cerevisiae The growth rate of the yeast in grape juice with the low aw (40% w/v sugars) was considerably lower (μmax=0.023) than the growth rate in grape juice with only 22% (w/v) sugars (μmax=0.071). The final optical density (A600nm) of yeast grown in 22% and 40% (w/v) sugars was 6.0 and 2.70, respectively. The aw of Riesling grape juice containing 22% (w/v) sugars and that of YEPD medium supplemented with 0.7 M NaCl were almost identical (0.982 and 0.981, respectively). The aw of the 40% (w/v) sugar Riesling grape juice was 0.939 and the YEPD media containing 1.4 M and 2 M NaCl had aw values of 0.952 and 0.918, respectively. 4 Discussion 4.1 Genes involved in glycolysis and the synthesis and dissimilation of glycerol, trehalose and glycogen are up-regulated by sugar stress Sugar-induced osmotic stress regulated the expression of six genes encoding hexose transporters and transport-like proteins. The HXT3 and HXT4 genes were down-regulated and the HXT1, HXT5, STL1 and YBR241C genes were up-regulated. The latter four genes are also up-regulated by salt or sorbitol stress [1] and these genes seem to respond to osmotic stress rather than to the type of osmolyte present. The GLK1, YDR516C, GPD1, GPP2, TDH1, GPM2, ENO1, PYK2, and PDC6 genes were all up-regulated while the expression of the PGI1, PFK2, FBA1, TPI1, PGK1, ENO2, ADH1 and ADH2 genes remained unchanged (Fig. 2). Three isogenes, PDC1, PDC5 and PDC6, encode pyruvate decarboxylase that converts pyruvate into acetaldehyde and CO2. Deletion of the PDC1 and PDC5 genes results in the inability of the yeast to ferment low concentrations of glucose (8% w/v) [52,53]. The PDC1 gene encodes for the major pyruvate decarboxylase, and its expression as well as Pdc1p activity are induced by glucose [54,55]. Deletion of PDC5 does not substantially reduce pyruvate decarboxylase activity in actively fermenting yeast cells [55,56]. PDC6 does not contribute to pyruvate decarboxylase activity in either 2% ethanol or 8% glucose [55]. However, Hohmann [53] has reported that PDC6 is required for pyruvate decarboxylase activity in media with ethanol and galactose but not in the fermentation of glucose. In grape juice containing 40% (w/v) sugars (equimolar amounts of glucose and fructose), PDC6 was up-regulated 26-fold compared to growth in only 22% (w/v) sugars. Expression of PDC1 was unaffected and PDC5 was down-regulated under these conditions. Salt and sorbitol stress do not induce PDC6 expression and its response seems to be specific to sugar stress. Modelling of unbranched glycolysis revealed a requirement for at least a six-fold increase in pyruvate decarboxylase activity to attain a stable steady state [36]. Our data indicate that pyruvate decarboxylase activity from the highly induced Pdc6 isozyme may provide additional pyruvate decarboxylase activity required for steady-state levels of pyruvate while yeast cells are fermenting high concentrations of sugar. The hitherto regarded minor form of these three pyruvate decarboxylases seems to contribute to pyruvate decarboxylase activity under high sugar stress conditions. It has been well documented that S. cerevisiae forms glycerol and trehalose during salt or sorbitol stress [31,34,57] and that futile cycles of glycerol, trehalose and glycogen [38,44] are operational under these conditions. Our data confirm the up-regulation of genes in these futile cycles that act as glycolytic safety valves under conditions of high sugar stress. 4.2 The pentose phosphate pathway may act as a shunt to prevent accumulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in the glycolytic pathway The phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, and fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, leads to an increased flux in the upper part of glycolysis [58,59]. The accumulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate [35,38,40,43] deprives the cell of its phosphate pool and may lead to cell death [38]. Furthermore, modelling of unbranched glycolysis has revealed that fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate accumulate when the flux upstream of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate exceeds the flux downstream of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate [36]. This accumulation of sugar phosphates in unbranched glycolysis might lead to cell death, or at least interfere with growth. It has been suggested that the accumulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate can be circumvented in the yeast cell by down-regulating the HXT genes, thereby limiting the glucose flux in glycolysis [39]. Alternatively, feedback inhibition of HXK1 by trehalose-6-phosphate could limit the glucose-6-phosphate concentration in the cell [41,42]. Gene expression profiles obtained in this study indicated that ZWF1 (+1.7), SOL1 (+2.5), SOL4 (+2.5) and GND2 (+4.3) genes in the oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway that encode enzymes responsible for the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to ribulose-5-phosphate, were all up-regulated by sugar stress. If proteins and metabolic regulators follow suit, more glucose-6-phosphate may be shunted from the glycolytic pathway into the pentose phosphate pathway. The RPE1 (−1.6) and RKI1 (−2.5) genes, however, were down-regulated which could limit the flux of ribulose-5-phosphate from the oxidative part to the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway, thus theoretically leading to the accumulation of ribulose-5-phosphate. Furthermore, transcription of the TKL2, YGR034C, and TAL1 genes in the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway was significantly up-regulated under conditions of severe sugar stress (Fig. 2). These results suggest that the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway may function as a shunt to remove fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate from the glycolytic pathway. If glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate indeed flow into the pentose phosphate pathway under conditions of severe osmotic stress, it could limit the build-up of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate during glycolysis. It is conceivable that fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate will flow back into the glycolytic pathway during the later stages of fermentation when sugar stress is no longer severe. 4.3 Hyper-osmotic stress down-regulates genes involved in de novo biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, histidine and lysine Osmotic stress significantly reduced the growth rate of S. cerevisiae in Riesling grape juice containing 40% (w/v) sugars (μmax=0.023 vs. 0.071 at 22% sugars). Growth arrest of yeast that occurs upon transfer to high-osmolarity medium results in a decreased demand for de novo biosynthesized metabolites [1,60]. Down-regulation of the pathway can be implemented by the sudden decrease in ATP consumption for biosynthetic purposes due to growth arrest [38]. Increased AMP levels act via ADP or ATP to repress genes involved in purine and histidine biosynthesis [61]. Our data indicate that genes in the pathways leading to de novo biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, histidine and lysine were down-regulated by osmotic stress (Fig. 4). Purine and histidine biosynthesis share 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide as an intermediate [62] and these pathways are co-regulated by Bas1p, Bas2p as well as Gcn4p [62–67]. 4.4 Sugar stress up-regulates genes in pathways leading to acetic and succinic acids It has often been speculated that bacterial contaminants are responsible for the production of acetic acid during ice wine production. Our data show conclusively that sugar stress up-regulates four isogenes encoding aldehyde dehydrogenases (Fig. 2). Under conditions of severe sugar stress encountered during ice wine production, the yeast produced 1.35 g l−1 of acetic acid compared to 0.3 g l−1 in grape must with only 22% (w/v) sugars. Under conditions of stress, acetate formation plays an important role in maintaining the redox balance in yeast cells since they require NAD+ for this reaction to proceed [10]. Succinic acid is the main dicarboxylic acid produced by S. cerevisiae during wine fermentations [68] and its production is stimulated by the presence of glutamate [69]. According to Radler [51], wine yeast produces succinic acid from glutamate via 2-oxo-glutarate and succinyl-CoA, or from sugars via oxalacetate, L-malate and fumarate. However, our data demonstrated that the pathway for the production of succinic acid from glutamate in grape must that is most activated by high sugar stress is via 4-aminobutanoate and succinate-semialdehyde (Fig. 3). Sugar stress increased the transcription of all genes involved in the production of succinic acid from glutamate through this pathway. 4.5 Conclusions and future perspectives S. cerevisiae has developed extensive regulatory mechanisms to cope with osmotic stress. In addition to the synthesis of glycerol as a compatible solute, glycerol, glycogen and trehalose futile cycles act as safety valves to avoid substrate-accelerated death. Our data show that when the yeast finds itself under severe sugar stress, control of carbon flux through the glycolytic and the pentose phosphate pathways might be more complex than was previously thought. By shunting more glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate into the oxidative and non-oxidative branches of the pentose phosphate pathway, respectively, the yeast cell may prevent accumulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in the glycolytic pathway and concomitant depletion of phosphate resulting in substrate-accelerated death. Kinetic data and the quantification of intermediates in these pathways are required to confirm this hypothesis. Laboratory conditions previously used were inappropriate to detect expression of the Pdc6 isozyme. This isozyme, previously thought to be a minor isozyme, functions under conditions of sugar stress in which the yeast cell often finds itself. It is clear that the yeast, and not bacterial contaminants as was previously thought, produces additional acetic acid during the fermentation of grape musts with high sugar concentrations. It is also evident that the yeast has evolved more than one mechanism to control the redox balance in the cell: activation of trehalose synthesis and degradation, possible up-regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway, and increased acetic acid and succinic acid production are some of the options open to yeast growing under osmotic stress. The growth of S. cerevisiae was inhibited under conditions of severe sugar stress and genes in the pathways leading to purine, pyrimidine, histidine and lysine biosynthesis were down-regulated. This makes sense since the yeast no longer requires these macromolecules when growth is inhibited. We have made good progress to unravel the molecular response of S. cerevisiae to osmotic stress. However, we will not fully understand the molecular mechanisms that this yeast has evolved to cope with stress until we have elucidated the functions of at least some of the 228 orphan genes regulated by sugar-induced osmotic stress. Genomics will yield new insights into fermentation processes and their control only if we study S. cerevisiae under fermentation conditions using high sugar concentrations that this yeast normally encounters in nature. Acknowledgements We thank Terry Cooper, Hans Westerhoff and the UBC Wine Research Centre yeast group for a critical review of the manuscript and Russ Morris of the University of British Columbia Media Group for preparing the artwork. This research was supported by NSERC/AAFC/BCWI Grant 240132 to H.J.J.V.V. References [1] Rep M. Krantz M. Thevelein J.M. Hohmann S. ( 2000 ) The transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to osmotic shock. Hot1p and Msn2p/Msn4p are required for the induction of subsets of high osmolarity glycerol pathway-dependent genes . J. Biol. Chem. 275 , 8290 – 8300 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat [2] Posas F. Chambers J.R. Heyman J.A. Hoeffler J.P. de Nadal E. Arino J. 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TI - Genome-wide expression analyses: Metabolic adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to high sugar stress
JF - FEMS Yeast Research
DO - 10.1016/S1567-1356(02)00203-9
DA - 2003-06-01
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/genome-wide-expression-analyses-metabolic-adaptation-of-saccharomyces-ZlUvU052SP
SP - 375
EP - 399
VL - 3
IS - 4
DP - DeepDyve
ER -