TY - JOUR
AU - Gruetzmacher, C. S.
AB - By C. S. GRUETZMACHER (Engineer of Distribution, Milwaukee Water Works, Milwaukee, Wis.) Professor Daniel Meade of the University of Wisconsin Engineer­ ing School has told us that "swamps are the visible evidence of the presence of ground water." In like manner, we may say that the hydrants and the valve boxes in the city streets are also visible evidences of the presence of a buried water distribution system. The hydrants and valves are important adjuncts thereto and their number roughly indicates the strength of the underground system. HYDRANTS Hydrants are usually made of cast iron with bronze mountings for the wearing surfaces and are hand operated by means of an easily transported wrench. This ease of operation is too often a cause for their misuse by irresponsible parties. Hydrants are designated by the length of barrel necessary to provide the proper bury above the water main, and their size by the diameter of the main valve opening. Modern trends in hydrants design have sought to beautify them through the use of the octagonal shape, to save on damageable parts through the use of special breakdown sections and to improve upon the various features of its construction. The use of 
TI - Hydrants and Gate Valves
JF - Journal - American Water Works Association
DO - 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1937.tb13892.x
DA - 1937-01-01
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/hydrants-and-gate-valves-U6j308CETh
SP - 36
EP - 40
VL - 29
IS - 1
DP - DeepDyve
ER -