TY - JOUR
AU - Werner E. G. Müller
AB - Sponges (Porifera) are the phylogenetically oldest metazoan phylum still extant today; they share the closest relationship with the hypothetical common metazoan ancestor, the Urmetazoa. During the past 8 years cDNAs coding for proteins involved in cell-cell- and cell-tissue interaction have been cloned from sponges, primarily from Suberites domuncula and Geodia cydonium and their functions have been studied in vivo as well as in vitro. Also, characteristic elements of the extracellular matrix have been identified and cloned. Those data confirmed that all metazoan phyla originate from one ancestor, the Urmetazoa. The existence of cell adhesion molecules allowed the emergence of a colonial organism. However, for the next higher stage in evolution, individuation, two further innovations had to be formed: the immune- and the apoptotic system. Major defense pathways/molecules to prevent adverse effects against microbes/parasites have been identified in sponges. Furthermore, key molecules of the apoptotic pathway(s), e.g., the pro-apoptotic molecule comprising two death domains, the executing enzyme caspases, as well as the anti-apoptotic/cell survival proteins belonging to the Bcl-2 family have been identified and cloned from sponges. Based on these results—primarily obtained through a molecular biological approach—it is concluded that cell-cell- and cell-matrix adhesion systems were required for the transition to a colonial stage of organization, while the development of an immune system as well as of apoptotic processes were prerequisites for reaching the integrated stage . As the latter stage already exists in sponges, it is therefore likely that the hypothetical ancestor, the Urmetazoa, was also an “integrated colony.” The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology « Previous | Next Article » Table of Contents This Article Integr. Comp. Biol. (2003) 43 (1): 3-10. doi: 10.1093/icb/43.1.3 » Abstract Free Full Text (HTML) Free Full Text (PDF) Free Classifications Regular Article Services Article metrics Alert me when cited Alert me if corrected Find similar articles Similar articles in Web of Science Add to my archive Download citation Request Permissions Citing Articles Load citing article information Citing articles via CrossRef Citing articles via Scopus Citing articles via Web of Science Citing articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Müller, W. E. G. Search for related content Related Content Load related web page information Share Email this article CiteULike Delicious Facebook Google+ Mendeley Twitter What's this? Search this journal: Advanced » Current Issue November 2015 55 (5) Alert me to new issues The Journal About the journal Publishers' Books for Review Rights & Permissions Dispatch date of the next issue This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) We are mobile – find out more Journals Career Network Impact factor: 2.929 5-Yr impact factor: 3.655 Published on behalf of The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Editor-in-Chief Harold Heatwole View full editorial board For Authors Services for authors Instructions to authors Charges Online submission Submit Now! Self-archiving policy Open access options for authors - visit Oxford Open Alerting Services Email table of contents Email Advance Access CiteTrack XML RSS feed Corporate Services What we offer Advertising sales Reprints Supplements var taxonomies = ("SCI00960"); Most Most Read The Ediacaran Biotas in Space and Time Polar Bears in a Warming Climate Causes and Consequences of Stress The relationship between egg size and fertilization success in broadcast-spawning marine invertebrates Mechanisms of Adhesion in Geckos » View all Most Read articles Most Cited Exceptional Fossil Preservation and the Cambrian Explosion Linking immune defenses and life history at the levels of the individual and the species Seminal influences: Drosophila Acps and the molecular interplay between males and females during reproduction Recent progress in understanding larval dispersal: new directions and digressions Grand challenges in organismal biology » View all Most Cited articles Disclaimer: Please note that abstracts for content published before 1996 were created through digital scanning and may therefore not exactly replicate the text of the original print issues. All efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, but the Publisher will not be held responsible for any remaining inaccuracies. If you require any further clarification, please contact our Customer Services Department. Online ISSN 1557-7023 - Print ISSN 1540-7063 Copyright © 2015 The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Oxford Journals Oxford University Press Site Map Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Legal Notices Frequently Asked Questions Other Oxford University Press sites: Oxford University Press Oxford Journals China Oxford Journals Japan Academic & Professional books Children's & Schools Books Dictionaries & Reference Dictionary of National Biography Digital Reference English Language Teaching Higher Education Textbooks International Education Unit Law Medicine Music Online Products & Publishing Oxford Bibliographies Online Oxford Dictionaries Online Oxford English Dictionary Oxford Language Dictionaries Online Oxford Scholarship Online Reference Rights and Permissions Resources for Retailers & Wholesalers Resources for the Healthcare Industry Very Short Introductions World's Classics function fnc_onDomLoaded() { var query_context = getQueryContext(); PF_initOIUnderbar(query_context,":QS:default","","JRN"); PF_insertOIUnderbar(0); }; if (window.addEventListener) { window.addEventListener('load', fnc_onDomLoaded, false); } else if (window.attachEvent) { window.attachEvent('onload', fnc_onDomLoaded); } var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); try { var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-189672-16"); pageTracker._setDomainName(".oxfordjournals.org"); pageTracker._trackPageview(); } catch(err) {}
TI - The Origin of Metazoan Complexity: Porifera as Integrated Animals
JF - Integrative and Comparative Biology
DO - 10.1093/icb/43.1.3
DA - 2003-02-01
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/the-origin-of-metazoan-complexity-porifera-as-integrated-animals-RF0GRD3f4T
SP - 3
VL - 43
IS - 1
DP - DeepDyve
ER -