TY - JOUR AU - Quesenberry, Peter J. AB - Abstract A number of growth factors acting on hematopoietic stem cells have now been purified and characterized. These include erythropoietin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity (GM-CSA), granulocyte colony-stimulating activity and colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1). Factors which act in concert with these defined factors and appear to act relatively early in the hematopoietic stem cell lineage are currently under study. Interleukin 3 appears to have both the characteristics of a differentiating hormone and the ability to generate proliferation of relatively early stem cells. Interleukin 3 acts in concert with at least CSF-1 and erythropoietin to enhance their effect on stem cell proliferation and differentiation. A new class of hematopoietic growth factor activities termed synergizing activities also exist. These activities appear to have no intrinsic capacity to stimulate hematopoietic colony formation by themselves but enhance the effects of other differentiating hormones such as GM-CSA and CSF-1. Activities which appear to represent synergizing activities have now been found to evolve from a human bladder carcinoma line, a cell line derived from murine marrow adherent cells and normal murine marrow and thymic cells. These activities may act on very primitive hematopoietic progenitors to allow them to express receptors to various differentiating hormones or alternatively they may act as commitment factors in a commitment-progression model of stem cell regulation. Synergistic activity, Interleukin 3, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity, Colony-stimulating activity, Colony-stimulating factor-I, Erythropoietin, Granulocyte colony-stimulating activity, Hematopoietic stem cell, Growth factor, Marrow renewal References 1 Erslev AJ . Humoral regulation of red blood cell production . Blood 1953 ; 8 : 349 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 2 Plzak LF , Fried W, Jacobson LO, Bethard WF. Demonstration of stimulation of erythropoiesis by plasma from anemic rats using Fe59 . J Lab Clin Med 1955 ; 46 : 671 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 3 Erslev AJ . The renal biogenesis of erythropoietin . Am J Med 1975 ; 58 : 25 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 4 Fried W . The liver as a source of extrarenal erythropoietin . Blood 1973 ; 40 : 671 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 5 Bradley TR , Metcalf D. The growth of mouse bone marrow cells in vitro . Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1966 ; 44 : 287 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 6 Pluznik DH , Sachs L. The induction of clones of normal mast cells by a substance from conditioned medium . Exp Cell Res 1966 ; 43 : 553 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 7 Chervenick PA , LoBuglio AF. Human blood monocytes: stimulators of granulocytes and mononuclear colony formation in vitro . Science 1966 ; 178 : 164 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 8 Moore MAJ , Williams N. Physical separation of colony-stimulating cells from in vitro colony-forming cells in hemopoietic tissues . J Cell Physiol 1972 ; 80 : 195 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 9 Parker JW , Metcalf D. Production of colony-stimulating factor in mitogen-stimulating lymphocyte cultures . J Immunol 1974 ; 112 : 502 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 10 Knudtson S , Mortensen BI. Growth stimulation of human bone marrow cells in agar culture by vascular cells . Blood 1975 ; 46 : 937 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 11 Quesenberry P , Gimbrone M. Endothelium as a regulator of granulopoiesis: studies on production of colony-stimulating activity by cultured endothelial cells . Blood 1980 ; 56 : 1060 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 12 Quesenberry PJ , Gimbrone MA, Doukas MA, Goldwasser E. Vascular derived tissue as a source of colony-stimulating activity . Clin Res 1981 ; 29 : 830 A. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 13 Metcalf D . Acute antigen-induced elevation of serum colony-stimulating factor (CSF) levels . Immunology 1971 ; 21 : 427 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 14 Quesenberry P , Cohen H, Levin J, Sullivan R, Belmear P, Ryan M. Effects of bacterial infection and irradiation on serum colony-stimulating factor levels in tolerant and non-tolerant CF1 mice . Blood 1978 ; 51 : 229 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 15 Burgess AW , Camakares J, Metcalf D. Purification and properties of colony-stimulating factor from mouse lung conditioned medium . J Biol Chem 1977 ; 252 : 1998 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 16 Waheed A , Shadduck RF. Purification and properties of L cell-derived colony-stimulating factor . J Lab Clin Med 1979 ; 94 : 180 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 17 Stanley ER , Guilbert LJ. Methods of purification, assay, characterization and target cell binding of a colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) . J Immunol Meth 1981 ; 42 : 253 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 18 Nicola NA , Metcalf D, Matsamoto M, Johnson GR. Purification of a factor inducing differentiation in murine myelomonocytic leukemia cells . J Biol Chem 1983 ; 258 : 9017 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 19 Abramson S , Miller RG, Phillips RA. The identification in adult bone marrow of pluripotent and restricted stem cells of the myeloid and lymphoid systems . J Exp Med 1977 ; 145 : 1567 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 20 Niskanen E , Isakson PC, Pirsch G, Wharton WW III, Lyda S. Murine leukemic B cells (BCL1) release a diffusable hemopoietic stimulator demonstrable in vivo . Exp Hematol 1984 ; 12 : 414 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 21 Nathan DG , Chess L, Hellman DG, et al. Human erythroid burst-forming unit: T cell requirement for proliferation in vitro . J Exp Med 1978 ; 147 : 324 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 22 Hansson M , Beran M, Andersson B, Kiessling R. Inhibition of in vitro granulopoiesis by autologous allogeneic human NK cells . J Immunol 1982 ; 129 : 126 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 23 Mangan KF , Hartnett ME, Matis SA, Winkelstein A, Abo T. Natural killer cells suppress human erythroid stem cell proliferation in vitro . Blood 1984 ; 63 : 260 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 24 Quesenberry P , Levitt L. Hematopoietic stem cells . N Engl J Med 1979 ; 301 : 755 – 760 , 819 – 823 , 868 – 872 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 25 Miyake T , Kung CK-H, Goldwasser E. Purification of human erythropoietin . J Biol Chem 1977 ; 252 : 5558 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 26 Jacobs K , Shoemaker C, Rudersdorf R, et al. Isolation and characterization of genomic and cDNA clones of human erythropoietin . Nature 1985 ; 313 : 806 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 27 Sherwood JB , Goldwasser E. A radioimmunoassay for erythropoietin . Blood 1979 ; 54 : 885 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 28 Gough NM , Gough J, Metcalf D, et al. Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding a murine haemopoietic growth regulator, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor . Nature 1984 ; 309 : 763 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 29 Wong GG , Witek JS, Temple PA, et al. Human GM-CSF: molecular cloning of the cDNA and purification of the natural and recombinant proteins . Science 1985 ; 228 : 810 – 815 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 30 Sherr CJ , Rettenmeer EX, Sacea R, Roussel MF, Look AT, Stanley ER. The c-fms proto-oncogene product is related to the receptor for the mononuclear phagocyte growth factor, CSF-I . Cell 1985 ; 41 : 665 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 31 Magli MC , Iscove NN, Odartchenko V. Transient nature of early haematopoietic spleen colonies . Nature 1982 ; 295 : 527 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 32 Hodgson GS , Bradley TR. Properties of haemopoietic stem cells surviving 5-fluorouracil treatment: evidence for a pre-CFU-s cell? Nature 1979 ; 281 : 381 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 33 Bradley TR , Hodgson GS, Kriegler AB, McNiece IK. Generation of CFU-s13 in vitro. In: Cronkite E, Dainiak N, McCaffrey R, Palek J, Quesenberry P, eds. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Physiology . New York : Alan R. Liss, Inc. , 1985 : 39 – 56 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 34 McLeod DL , Shreeve ML, Axelrod AA. Chromosome marker evidence for bipotentiality of BFU-e . J Supramol Struct 1980 : suppl 4; 211 . 35 Nakahata T , Ogawa M. Clonal origin of murine hemopoietic colonies with apparent restriction to granulocyte-macrophage-megakaryocyte (GMM) differentiation . J Cell Physiol 1982 ; 111 : 239 – 246 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 36 Ogawa M , Pharr PN, Suda T. Stochastic nature of stem cell functions in culture. In: Cronkite E, Dainiak N, McCaffrey R, Palek J, Quesenberry P, eds. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Physiology . New York : Alan R. Liss, Inc. , 1985 : 11 – 19 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 37 Suda J , Suda T, Ogawa M. Analysis of differentiation of mouse hemopoietic stem cells in cultures by sequential replating of paired progenitors . Blood 1984 ; 64 : 393 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 38 Nakahata T , Ogawa M. Hemopoietic colony-forming cells in umbilical cord blood with extensive capability to generate mono- and multipotential hemopoietic progenitors . J Clin Invest 1982 ; 70 : 1324 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 39 Nakahata T , Ogawa M. Identification in culture of a new class of hemopoietic colony-forming units with extensive capability to self-renew and generate multipotential colonies . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982 ; 79 : 3843 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 40 Suda T , Suda J, Ogawa M. Single cell origin of mouse hemopoietic colonies expressing multiple lineages in variable combinations . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983 ; 80 : 6689 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 41 Suda T , Suda J, Ogawa M. Disparate differentiation in mouse hemopoietic colonies derived from paired progenitors . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984 ; 81 : 2520 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 42 Stiles CD , Pledger WJ, Tucker RW, Martin RG, Scher CD. Regulation of the Balb/c-3T3 cell cycle—effects of growth factors . J Supramol Struct 1980 ; 13 : 489 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 43 Schooley JC , Garcia JF. Some properties of serum obtained from rabbits immunized with human urinary erythropoietin . Blood 1965 ; 25 : 204 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 44 Curry JL , Trentin JJ, Wolf N. Hemopoietic spleen colony studies: II. Erythropoiesis . J Exp Med 1967 ; 125 : 703 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 45 Levitt L , Quesenberry PJ. Further studies on the mechanism of marrow granulocytic hyperplasia in mice chronically injected with endotoxin . Br J Haematol 1982 ; 50 : 269 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 46 Metcalf D , MacDonald H, Chester H. Serum potentiation of granulocyte and macrophage colony formation in vitro . Exp Hematol 1975 ; 3 : 261 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 47 Axelrod AA , McLeod DL, Suzuki S, Shreeve MM. Regulation of the population size of erythropoietic progenitor cells. In: Clarkson B, Marks PA, Till JE, eds. Differentiation of Normal and Neoplastic Hematopoietic Cells . New York : Cold Spring Harbor , 1978 : 155 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 48 Johnson GR , Metcalf D. Pure and mixed erythroid colony formation in vitro stimulated by spleen conditioned medium with no detectable erythropoietin . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977 ; 74 : 3879 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 49 Iscove NN . Erythropoietin-independent stimulation of early erythropoiesis in adult marrow cultures by conditioned media from lectin-stimulated mouse spleen cells. In: Golde DW, Cline MJ, Metcalf D, Fox CF, eds. Hematopoietic Cell Differentiation . New York : Academic Press , 1978 : 37 – 52 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 50 Avalos BR , Tomonaga M, Golde DW, Gasson JC. Human erythroid-potentiating activity (EPA): an autocrine growth factor for K562 erythroleukemia cells . Blood 1985 ; 66 ( suppl 1 ): 146a . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 51 Hodgson GS , Bradley TR, Radley JM. The organization of hemopoietic tissue as inferred from the effects of 5-fluorouracil . Exp Hematol 1982 ; 10 : 26 – 35 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 52 Kreigler AB , Bradley TR, Januszewicz E, Hodgson GS, Elms EF. Partial purification and characterization of a growth factor for macrophage progenitor cells with high proliferative potential in mouse bone marrow . Blood 1982 ; 60 : 503 – 508 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 53 McNiece IK , Bradley TR, Kriegler AB, Hodgson GS. A growth factor produced by WEHI-3 cells for murine high proliferative potential GM-progenitor colony-forming cells . Cell Biol Int Rep 1982 ; 6 : 243 – 251 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 54 Hodgson GS , Bradley TR. The effects of endotoxin and extracts of pregnant mouse uterus on the recovery of hemopoiesis after 5-fluorouracil . Cancer Treat Rep 1979 ; 63 : 1769 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 55 Stanley ER , Jubinsky PT. Factors affecting the growth and differentiation of hemo-poietic cells in culture . Clin Haematol 1984 ; 13 : 329 – 348 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 56 Ihle JN . Biochemical and biological properties of interleukin 3: a lymphokine mediating the differentiation of a lineage of cells which includes prothymocytes and mast-like cells . J Immunol 1983 ; 131 : 282 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 57 Weinstein Y , Lindes HR, Eckstein B. Thymus metabolizes progesterone, a possible enzymatic marker for T lymphocytes . Nature 1977 ; 266 : 632 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 58 Ihle JN , Pepersack L, Rebar L. Regulation of T cell differentiation: in vitro induction of 20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in splenic lymphocytes from athymic mice by a unique lymphokine . J Immunol 1981 ; 126 : 2184 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 59 Dexter TM , Garland J, Scott D, Scolnick E, Metcalf F. Growth of factor-dependent hemopoietic precursor cell lines . J Exp Med 1980 ; 152 : 1036 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 60 Prystowsy MB , Ihle JN, Rich I, et al. Two biologically distinct colony-stimulating factors are secreted by a T lymphocyte clone . J Cell Biochem 1983 ; 6 ( suppl 7B ): 37 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 61 Schroeder JW , Lewis SJ, Clark-Lewis I, Culvenor JG. The persisting (P) cell, histamine content regulation by a T cell-derived factor, origin from a bone marrow precursor, and relationship to mast cells . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981 ; 78 : 323 – 327 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 62 Garland JM , Crompton S. A preliminary report: preparations containing interleukin 3 (IL-3) promote proliferation of multipotential stem cells (CFU-s) in the mouse . Exp Hematol 1983 ; 11 : 757 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 63 Koike K , Ihle JN, Ogawa M. Selective culture of murine hemopoietic blast cell colonies based on cell-cycle dormancy and requirement for low concentrations of interleukin 3 . Blood 1985 ; 66 ( suppl 1 ): 168a . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 64 Quesenberry PJ , Ihle JN, McGrath E. The effect of interleukin 3 and GM-CSA-2 on megakaryocyte and myeloid clonal colony formation . Blood 1985 ; 65 : 214 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 65 Ihle JN , Keller J, Henderson L, Klein F, Palaszynski W. Procedures for the purification of interleukin 3 to homogeneity . J Immunol 1982 ; 129 : 2431 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 66 Fung MC , Hapel AJ, Ymer S, et al. Molecular cloning of cDNA for murine interleukin 3 . Nature 1984 ; 307 : 233 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 67 Sieff C , Emerson S, Clark S, et al. Responses of highly enriched human bone marrow erythroid progenitors to recombinant growth factors . Blood 1985 ; 66 ( suppl 1 ): 162a . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 68 Quesenberry PJ . Personal observation. 69 Jubinsky PT , Stanley ER. Purification of hemopoietin 1: a multilineage hemopoietic growth factor . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985 ; 82 : 2764 – 2768 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 70 Song XZ , Shadduck RK, Innes DJ Jr, Waheed A. Quesenberry PJ. Hematopoietic factor production by a cell line (TC-1) derived from adherent murine marrow cells . Blood 1985 ; 66 : 273 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 71 Iscove NN , Keller G, Roitsch C. Factors required by pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells in culture. In: Cronkite E, Dainiak N, McCaffrey R, Palek J, Quesenberry P, eds. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Physiology . New York : Alan R. Liss, Inc. , 1985 : 105 – 115 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC This content is only available as a PDF. © 1986 AlphaMed Press This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) TI - Synergistic hematopoietic growth factors JF - Stem Cells DO - 10.1002/stem.5530040102 DA - 1986-01-01 UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/synergistic-hematopoietic-growth-factors-Nw1HRMryAP SP - 3 EP - 15 VL - 4 IS - 1 DP - DeepDyve ER -