TY - JOUR AU - Gale, Robert Peter AB - Abstract Eukaryotic cells contain a family of genes termed “cellular oncogenes” or “proto-oncogenes,” thought to regulate normal cell growth and development. In some circumstances, such as following transduction by retroviruses, activation of these genes causes tumors and leukemias in animals. Possible mechanisms of cellular oncogene activation include: 1) DNA point mutation, deletion or insertion, 2) gene amplification, 3) gene activation by internal rearrangement, chromosomal translocation or promoter insertion, 4) recombinative events resulting in the formation of novel chimeric genes, and others. In this review, we consider data which implicates cellular oncogene activation in the pathogenesis of leukemia in humans. We discuss possible mechanisms by which oncogene activation may induce leukemias, as well as potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Oncogenes, Chromosome, Leukemia, Translocation References 1 DeFeo-Jones D , Tatchell K, Robinson LC, et al. Mammalian and yeast ras gene products; biological function in their heterologous systems . Science 1985 ; 228 : 179 – 184 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 2 Bishop MJ , Varmus H. Function and origins of retroviral transforming genes. In: Weiss R, Teich N, Varmus H, Coffin J, eds. RNA Tumor Viruses . Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Publications , 1985 : 249 – 256 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC 3 Wyke J . Principles of viral leukemogenesis . Sem Hematol 1986 ; 23 : 189 – 200 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 4 Hayward WS , Neel BG, Astrin SM. Activation of a cellular onc gene by promoter insertion in ALV-induced lymphoid leukosis . Nature 1981 ; 290 : 475 – 480 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 5 Copeland NG , Cooper GM. Transfection by exogenous and endogenous murine retrovirus DNAs . Cell 1979 ; 16 : 347 – 351 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 6 Bos JL , Verlaan-de Vries M, Jansen AM, van Boom JH, van der Eb AJ. Three different mutations in condon 61 of the human N-ras gene detected by synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization . Nucl Acids Res 1984 ; 12 : 9155 – 9163 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 7 Murray MJ , Cunningham JM, Parad LF, Dantry F, Leibowitz P, Weinberg RA. A ras oncogene coexisting with altered myc genes in hematopoietic tumors . Cell 1983 ; 33 : 749 – 752 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 8 Janssen WG , Steenvoorden ACM, Collard JG, Nusse R. Oncogene activation in human myeloid leukemia . Cancer Res 1985 ; 45 : 3262 – 3267 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 9 Souyri M , Fleissner E. Identification by transfection of transforming sequences in DNA of human T cell leukemias . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983 ; 80 : 6670 – 6679 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 10 Lane MA , Sainten A, Cooper GM. Stage specific transforming genes of human and mouse B and T lymphocyte neoplasms . Cell 1982 ; 28 : 873 – 880 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 11 Eva A , Tronick SR, Gol RA, Pierce JA, Aaronson SA. Transforming genes of human hemopoietic tumors: frequent deletion of ras-related oncogenes whose activation appears to be independent of tumor phenotype . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983 ; 80 : 4926 – 4930 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 12 Bos JL , Toksoz D, Marshall CJ, et al. Amino acid substitution at codon 13 of the N-ras oncogene in human acute myelogenous leukemia . Nature 1985 ; 315 : 726 – 730 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 13 Bos JL , Verlaan-de Vries M, van der Eb A, et al. Mutations in N-ras predominate in acute myeloid leukemia . Blood 1986 ; 69 : 1237 – 1241 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 14 Gambke C , Signer E, Moroni C. Activation of N-ras gene in bone marrow cells from a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia . Nature 1984 ; 307 : 476 – 478 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 15 Hirai H , Tanaka S, Azuma M. Transforming genes in human leukemia cells . Blood 1985 ; 66 : 1371 – 1378 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 16 Needleman SW , Kraus MH, Srivastava SK, Levine PH, Aaronson SA. High frequency of N-ras activation in acute myelogenous leukemia . Blood 1986 ; 67 : 753 – 757 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 17 Taub R , Moulding G, Battey J, et al. Activation and somatic mutation of the translocated c-myc gene in Burkitt lymphoma cell . Cell 1984 ; 36 : 339 – 345 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 18 Diamond A , Cooper GM, Ritz J, Lane MA. Identification and molecular cloning of the human Blym transforming gene activated in Burkitt lymphoma . Nature 1983 ; 305 : 112 – 116 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 19 Ozanne B , Wheeler T, Zack J, Smith G, Dale B. Transforming gene of a human leukemia cell is unrelated to the expressed tumor virus related gene of the cell . Nature 1982 ; 299 : 744 – 747 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 20 Yokota J , Tsunestugu-Yokota Y, Battifora H, LeFevre C, Cline M. Alteration of myc, myb and rasHa proto-oncogenes in cancer are frequent and show clinical correlation . Science 1986 ; 231 : 261 – 265 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 21 Collins S , Groudine M. Amplification of endogenous myc related DNA sequences in a human myeloid leukemia cell line . Nature 1982 ; 298 : 679 – 681 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 22 Dalla Favera R , Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC. Oncogene amplification in promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 and primary leukemia cells of the same patient . Nature 1982 ; 299 : 61 – 63 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 23 McCarthy DM , Rassool FV, Goldman JM, Graham SV, Birnie GD. Genomic alteration involving the c-myc proto-oncogene locus during the evolution of a case of chronic granuloctyic leukemia . Lancet 1984 ; ii : 1362 – 1364 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 24 Alitalo K , Saksela K, Winqvist R, et al. Acute myelogenous leukemia with c-myc amplification and double minute chromosome . Lancet 1985 ; ii : 1035 – 1038 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 25 Collins SJ , Groudine MJ. Rearrangement and amplification of c-abl sequences in the human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983 ; 80 : 4813 – 4817 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 26 Selden JR , Emanuel BS, Wang E, et al. Amplified CLD and c-abl genes are the same marker chromosome in K562 leukemia cells . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983 ; 80 : 7289 – 7292 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 27 Blick M , Andersson BS, Gutterman JU, Keating A, Beran M. The c-abl, bcr and Cλ genes are amplified in a cell line but not in the uncultured cells from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia . Leuk Res 1986 ; 10 : 1401 – 1409 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 28 Collins SJ , Groudine MT. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: amplification of a rearranged c-abl oncogene in both chronic phase and blast crisis . Blood 1987 ; 69 : 893 – 898 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 29 Pelicci PG , Lanfrancone L, Brathwarte MD, Wolman SR, Dalla Favera R. Amplification of the c-myb oncogene in a case of acute myelogenous leukemia . Science 1984 ; 224 : 1117 – 1121 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 30 Barletta C , Pelicci PG, Kenyon LC, Smith SD, Dalla Favera R. Relationship between the c-myc locus and the 6q- chromosomal aberration in leukemias and lymphomas . Science 1987 ; 235 : 1064 – 1067 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 31 Rovigatti U , Watson D, Yunis JJ. Amplification and rearrangement of Hu-ets-1 in leukemia and lymphoma with involvement of 11q23 . Science 1986 ; 232 : 398 – 400 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 32 Yunis JJ , Soreng AL. Constitutive fragilis sites and cancer . Science 1984 ; 226 : 1199 – 1204 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 33 Le Beau MM . Chromosomal fragilis sites and cancer specific rearrangements . Blood 1986 ; 67 : 849 – 858 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 34 Croce CM , Nowell PC. Molecular basis of human B cell neoplasia . Blood 1985 ; 65 : 1 – 7 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 35 Croce CM . Chromosome translocations and human cancer . Cancer Res 1986 ; 46 : 6019 – 6023 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 36 Gale RP , Canaani E. The molecular biology of chronic myelogenous leukemia . Br J Haematol 1985 ; 60 : 395 – 408 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 37 Silver RT , Gale RP. Chronic myeloid leukemia . Am J Med 1986 ; 80 : 1137 – 1148 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 38 Bartram CR . bcr rearrangement without juxtaposition of c-abl in chronic myelogenous leukemia . J Exp Med 1985 ; 162 : 2175 – 2179 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 39 Sthivelman E , Lifshitz B, Gale RP, Roe BA, Canaani E. Alternative splicing of RNAs transcribed from the human abl gene and from the bcr/abl fused gene . Cell 1986 ; 47 : 277 – 284 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 40 Ganesan TS , Rassool F, Gou A-P, et al. Rearrangement of the bcr gene in Philadelphia chromosome negative chronic myelogenous leukemia . Blood 1986 ; 68 : 957 – 960 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 41 Morris CM , Reeve A, Fitzgerald PH, Hollings PE, Beard MEJ, Heaton DC. Genomic diversity correlates with clinical variation in Ph'-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia . Nature 1986 ; 320 : 281 – 284 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 42 Dreazen O , Gorodetsky L, Jones S, Gale RP. Molecular biology of Ph1 positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children . Blood 1986 ; 69 (suppl 1 ): 198a . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 43 De Klein A , Hagemeijer A, Bartram CR, et al. bcr rearrangement and translocation of the c-abl oncogene in Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia . Blood 1986 ; 68 : 1369 – 1375 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 44 Erikson J , Griffin C, ar-Rushidi A, et al. Heterogeneity of chromosone 22 breakpoint in Ph-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 ; 83 : 1403 – 1407 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 45 Pegoraro L , Palumbo A, Erikson J, et al. A (14;18) and (8;14) translocation in a cell line derived from an acute B cell leukemia . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984 ; 81 : 7166 – 7170 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 46 Geary ML , Smith SS, Sklar J. Cloning and structural analysis of cDNA for bcl-2 and a hybrid bcl-2/ immunoglobulin transcript resulting from the t(14;18) translocation . Cell 1986 ; 47 : 19 – 28 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 47 Croce CM , Isobe M, Palumbo A, et al. Gene for a chain of human T cell receptors: location on chromosome 14 region involved in T cell neoplasms . Science 1985 ; 227 : 1044 – 1047 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 48 Erikson J , Finger L, Sum L, et al. Deregulation of the alpha locus in the T cell receptor in T cell leukemia . Science 1986 ; 233 : 884 – 886 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 49 Tsujimoto Y , Yunis J, Onorato-Showe L, Erikson J, Nowell PC, Croce CM. Molecular cloning of the chromosomal breakpoint of B-cell lymphomas and leukemias with the t(11;14) chromosome translocation . Science 1984 ; 224 : 1403 – 1406 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 50 Erikson J , Finan J, Tsujimoto Y, Nowell PC, Croce CM. The chromosome 14 breakpoint in neoplastic B cells with the t(11;14) translocation involves the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984 ; 81 : 4144 – 4148 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 51 Diaz MO , Le Beau MM, Pitha P, Rowley JD. Interferon and c-ets1 genes in the translocation (9;11) (p22;q23) in human acute monocytic leukemia . Science 1985 ; 231 : 265 – 267 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 52 Sacchi N , Watson DK, van Kessel HMG, et al. Hu-ets1 and Hu-ets2 genes are transposed in acute leukemia with (4;11) and (8;21) translocation . Science 1986 ; 231 : 379 – 382 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 53 Morris CM , Fitzgerald PH. Transposition of the oncogene c-ets-1 in a t(11;19) (q23;p13) cell line transient during the clonal evolution of a blast crisis chronic myeloid leukemia . Blood (in press). 54 Diaz MO , Le Beau MM, Rowley JD, Drabkin HA, Patterson D. The role of the c-mos gene in the 8;21 translocation in human acute myeloblastic leukemia . Science 1985 ; 229 : 767 – 769 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 55 Westbrook CA , Le Beau MM, Diaz MO, Graffin J, Rowley JD. Chromosomal localization and characterization of c-abl in the t(6;9) of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985 ; 82 : 8742 – 8746 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 56 Dayton AI , Seldon J, Laws G, et al. A human erb-A oncogene homologue is closely proximal to the chromosome 17 breakpoint in acute promyelocytic leukemia . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984 ; 81 : 4495 – 4499 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 57 Le Beau MM , Westbrook CA, Diaz MO, Rowley JD, Oren M. Translocation of the p53 gene in t(15;17) in acute promyelocytic leukemia . Nature 1985 ; 316 : 826 – 828 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 58 Isobe M , Enamel BS, Givoli D, Oren M, Croce CM. Localization of gene for human p53 tumor antigen to band 17p13 . Nature 1986 ; 320 : 83 – 85 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 59 Nienhuis AW , Bunn HF, Turner P, et al. Expression of the human c-fms proto-oncogene in hematopoietic cells and its deletion in the 5q- syndrome . Cell 1985 ; 42 : 421 – 428 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 60 Le Beau MM , Westbrook CA, Diaz MO, et. al. Evidence for the involvement of GM-CSF and FMS in the deletion (5q) in myeloid disorders . Science 1986 ; 231 : 984 – 987 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 61 Le Beau MM , Westbrook CA, Diaz M, Rowley JD. c-src conserved in the chromosomal deletion (20 q-) observed in myeloid disorders . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985 ; 82 : 6692 – 6696 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 62 Diaz MO , Le Beau MM, Harden A, Rowley JD. Trisomy 8 in human hematologic neoplasia and the c-myc and c-mos oncogenes . Leuk Res 1985 ; 9 : 1437 – 1442 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 63 Westin EH , Gallo RC, Arya SK, et al. Differential expression of the amv gene in human hematopoietic cells . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982 ; 79 : 2194 – 2198 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 64 Leibowitz D , Cubbon R, Bank A. Increased expression of a novel c-abl related RNA in K562 cells . Blood 1985 ; 65 : 526 – 529 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 65 Blick M , Westin E, Wong-Staal F, Gallo R, McCreedie K, Gutterman J. Rearrangement and enhanced expression of c-myc oncogene in fresh tumor cells obtained from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia . Leuk Res 1986 ; 10 : 381 – 387 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 66 Saglio G , Emanuel BS, Guerrasio A, et al. 3′ c-myc rearrangement in a human leukemic cell line . Cancer Res 1986 ; 46 : 1413 – 1417 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 67 Srivastava A , Nahreni P, Heerema N, Antony A, Boswell S. Ki-ras oncogene overex-pression in a human preleukemia syndrome involving chromosome 5 . Exp Hematol 1986 ; 14 : 432 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 68 Canaani E , Gale RP, Steiner-Salz S, Berrebi A, Agahi E, Januszewicz E. Altered transcription of an oncogene in chronic myeloid leukemia . Lancet 1984 ; i : 593 – 595 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 69 Heisterkamp N , Stam K, Groffen J, de Klein A, Grosveld J. Structural organization of the bcr gene and its role in the Ph1 translocation . Nature 1985 ; 315 : 758 – 761 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 70 Shtivelman E , Batia L, Gale RP, Canaani E. Fused transcript of abl and bcr genes in chronic myelogenous leukemia . Nature 1985 ; 315 : 550 – 554 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 71 Sthivelman E , Gale RP, Dreazen O, et al. bcr-abl RNA in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia . Blood 1987 ; 69 : 971 – 973 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 72 Westin EH , Wong-Staal F, Gelmann EP, et al. Expression of cellular homologues of retroviral onc genes in human hematopoietic cells . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982 ; 79 : 2490 – 2494 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 73 Blick M , Westin E, Gutterman J, et al. Oncogene expression in human leukemia . Blood 1984 ; 64 : 1234 – 1239 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 74 Slamon DJ , De Kernon JB, Verna IM, Cline M. Expression of cellular oncogenes in human malignancies . Science 1984 ; 224 : 256 – 262 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 75 Ferrari S , Torelli U, Selleri L, et al. Study of the levels of expression of two oncogenes, c-myc and c-myb in acute and chronic leukemias of both lymphoid and myeloid lineage . Leuk Res 1985 ; 9 : 833 – 842 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 76 Slamon D , Boone TC, Murdock DC, et al. Studies of the human c-myb gene and its product in human acute leukemias . Science 1986 ; 233 : 347 – 351 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 77 de Kretser T , Adams J, Devereux L, Garson M, Michael P, Savin K. Elevation of c-abl-mRNA in leukemic B lymphoblasts . Leuk Res 1986 ; 10 : 1391 – 1400 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 78 Romero P , Blick M, Talpaz M, Murphy E, Hester J, Gutterman J. c-sis and c-abl expression in chronic myelogenous leukemia and other hematologic malignancies . Blood 1986 ; 67 : 839 – 841 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 79 Preisler HD , Kinniburgh AJ, Wei-Dong G, Khan S. Expression of the proto-oncogenes c-myc, c-fos, and c-fms in acute myelocytic leukemia at diagnosis and in remission . Leuk Res (in press). 80 Birnie GD , Warnock AM, Burns JH, Clark P. Expression of the myc gene locus in population of leukocytes from leukemia patients and normal individuals . Leuk Res 1986 ; 10 : 515 – 526 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 81 Mavilio F , Testa U, Sposi MN, et al. Selective expression of fos proto-oncogene in human acute myelomonocytic and monocytic leukemias: a molecular marker of terminal differentiation . Blood 1987 ; 69 : 160 – 164 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 82 Birnie GD , Burns JH, Clark P, Warnock AM. Lineage-specific and differentiation stage-specific gene expression in normal and leukemic human myeloid cells . J Royal Soc Med 1984 ; 77 : 289 – 294 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 83 Birnie GD , Burns JH, Widemann LM, et al. A new approach to the classification of human leukemias: measurement of the relative abundance of a specific RNA sequence by means of molecular hybridization . Lancet 1983 ; i : 197 – 200 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 84 Shiosaka T , Saunders GF. Differential expression of selected genes in human leukemia leukocytes . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982 ; 79 : 4668 – 4671 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 85 Reed JC , Alpers JD, Nowell PC, Hoover RG. Sequential expression of proto-oncogenes during lectin-stimulated mitogenesis of normal human lymphocytes . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 ; 83 : 3982 – 3986 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 86 Gowda SD , Koler RD, Bagby GC. Regulation of c-myc expression during growth and differentiation of normal and leukemic human myeloid progenitor cells . J Clin Invest 1986 ; 77 : 271 – 278 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 87 Duprey SP , Boettinger D. Developmental regulation of c-myb in normal myeloid progenitor cells . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985 ; 82 : 6937 – 6941 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 88 Lee J , Metha K, Blick MB, Gutterman JU, Lopez-Berestein G. Expression of c-fos, c-myb and c-myc in human monocytes: correlation with monocytic differentiation . Blood 1987 ; 69 : 1553 – 1545 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 89 Popenoe D , Schaefer-Rego K, Mears JG, Bank A, Leibowitz D. c-abl oncogene expression during erythroleukemia cell differentiation . Blood 1985 ; 66 (suppl 1 ): 243a . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 90 Bianchi Scarrà GL , Romani M, Coviello DA, et al. Terminal erythroid differentiation in the K-562 cell line by 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine: accompaniment by c-myc messenger RNA decrease . Cancer Res 1986 ; 46 : 6327 – 6332 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 91 Craig RW , Block A. Early decline in c-myb oncogene expression in the differentiation of human myeloblastic leukemia (ML-1) cells induced with 12–0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate . Cancer Res 1984 ; 44 : 442 – 446 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 92 Muller R , Curran T, Muller D, Guilbert D. Induction of c-fos during myelomonocytic differentiation and macrophage proliferation . Nature 1986 ; 314 : 546 – 548 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 93 Mitchell RL , Zokas L, Schreiber RD, Verma IM. Rapid induction of the expression of proto-oncogene fos during human monocytic differentiation . Cell 1985 ; 40 : 209 – 217 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 94 Konopka JB , Watanabe SM, Witte O. An alteration of the human c-abl protein in K562 leukemia cells unmasks associated tyrosine kinase activity . Cell 1984 ; 37 : 1035 – 1042 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 95 Kloetzer W , Kurzrock R, Smith L, et al. The human cellular abl gene product in the chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 has an associated tyrosine protein kinase activity . Virology 1985 ; 140 : 230 – 238 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 96 Clark SS , McLaughlin J, Crist WM, Champlin R, Witte ON. Unique form of the abl tyrosine kinase distinguish Ph' positive CML from Ph' positive ALL . Science 1987 ; 235 : 85 – 88 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 97 Kurzock R , Shtalrid M, Romero P, et al. A novel c-abl protein product in Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia . Nature 1987 ; 325 : 631 – 635 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 98 Chan LL , Karhi KK, Rayter SI, et al. A novel abl protein expressed in Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia . Nature 1987 ; 325 : 635 – 637 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 99 Witten ON , Dasgupta A, Baltimore D. Abelson murine leukemia virus protein is phosphorylated in vitro to phosphorylated . Nature 1980 ; 283 : 826 – 831 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 100 Collect MS , Erikson RL. Protein kinase activity associated to the avian sarcoma virus src gene product . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978 ; 75 : 2021 – 2024 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 101 Feldman RA , Gabrilove JL, Tarn JP, Moore MAS, Hanafusa H. Specific expression of the human cellular fps/fes encoded protein NCP92 in normal and leukemic cells . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985 ; 82 : 2379 – 2383 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 102 Dreazen O , Klisak I, Fey R, Goldman JM, Gale RP. Chronic myelogenous leukemia with and without the Ph1 chromosome: molecular identity with clinical heterogeneity . Lancet 1987 ; ii : 1403 – 1405 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 103 Pierce JH , Eva A, Aaronson SA. Interaction of oncogenes with haematopoietic cells . Clin Haematol 1986 ; 15 : 573 – 596 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 104 Feramisco JR , Clark R, Wong G, Arnheim N, Milley R, McCormick F. Transient reversion of ras oncogene-induced cell transformation by antibodies specific for amino acid 12 of ras protein . Nature 1985 ; 314 : 639 – 642 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 105 Holt JT , Nienhuis AW. Antisense RNA c-myc oligonucleotide induce myeloid differentiation of HL60 cells . Blood 1986 ; 69 (suppl 1 ): 196a . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat 106 Michalevicz R , Francis GE, Price GM, Hoffbrand AV. The role of platelet-derived growth factor on human pluripotent progenitor (CFU-GEMM) growth in vitro . Leuk Res 1985 ; 9 : 399 – 405 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 107 Armelin HA , Armelin MCS, Kelly K, et al. Functional role for c-myc in mitogenic response to platelet-derivated growth factor . Nature 1984 ; 310 : 655 – 660 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 108 Kelly K , Cochran BH, Stiles CD, Leder P. Cell specific regulation of the c-myc gene by lymphocyte mitogens and platelet derived growth factor . Cell 1985 ; 35 : 603 – 610 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat 109 Yamamoto T , Mishida T, Miyajima N, Kawa S, Ooi T, Toyoshima K. The erb-B gene of avian erythroblastosis virus is a member of the src gene family . Cell 1983 ; 35 : 71 – 78 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 110 Yamamoto T , Ikawa S, Akiyama T, et al. Similarity of protein encoded by the human c-erb-B-2 gene to epidermal growth factor receptor . Nature 1986 ; 319 : 230 – 234 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 111 Sherr JC , Rottemier CW, Sacca R, Roussel MF, Look AT, Stanley ER. The c-fms proto-oncogene product is related to the receptor for the mononuclear phagocyte growth factor, CSF-1 . Cell 1985 ; 41 : 665 – 676 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 112 Sap J , Munoz A, Damm K, et al. The c-erb-K protein is a high-affinity receptor for thyroid hormone . Nature 1986 ; 324 : 635 – 640 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 113 Weinberger C , Thompson CC, Ong ES, Lebo R, Gruol DJ, Evans RM. The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor . Nature 1986 ; 324 : 641 – 646 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 114 Green S , Chambon P. A super family of potentially oncogenic hormone receptors . Nature 1986 ; 324 : 615 – 617 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 115 Rapp UR , Cleveland JL, Brightman K, Scott A, Ihle JN. Abrogation of IL2 and IL3 dependence by recombinant murine retrovirus expressing v-myc oncogenes . Nature 1985 ; 317 : 434 – 438 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 116 Studzinski GP , Brelvi ZS, Feldman SC, Watt RA. Participation of c-myc protein in DNA synthesis of human cells . Science 1986 ; 234 : 467 – 470 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat 117 Ching-Hon Pui , Raimondi SC, Behm FG, et al. Shifts in blast cell phenotype and karyotype at relapse of childhood lymphoblastic leukemia . Blood 1986 ; 68 : 1306 – 1310 . Google Scholar PubMed OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF. © 1988 AlphaMed Press This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) TI - Oncogenes and human leukemias JF - Stem Cells DO - 10.1002/stem.5530060103 DA - 1988-01-01 UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/oncogenes-and-human-leukemias-Hc0IqLT0M0 SP - 2 EP - 24 VL - 6 IS - 1 DP - DeepDyve ER -