TY - JOUR
AU1 - Shi, Run, Zhang
AU2 - Ho,, Yee-Ping
AU3 - Yeung, John Hok, Keung
AU4 - Or, Penelope Mei, Yu
AU5 - To, Kenneth Kin, Wah
AU6 - Lau, Mary Wai, Man
AU7 - Arumanayagam,, Mano
AB - Abstract A monoclonal antibody to homovanillic acid (HVA) was prepared by synthesis of a HVA-protein conjugate (HVA-ovalbumin) as an immunogen, immunization of mice, and the subsequent hybridization technique. Monoclonal antibodies were screened on the basis of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. An indirect ELISA was developed for quantification of HVA in human urine. The assay was characterized and shown to have high specificity, with cross-reactivities to vanillylmandelic acid and normetanephrine at 0.18% and <0.1%, respectively. The assay coefficients of variation were <10% within the working range of 0.5–40 mg/L. Initial results from testing urine samples of patients with neuroblastoma and other diseases were validated by HPLC, suggesting that this ELISA method is a reliable and convenient system for quantification of HVA in urine and can be used in the mass screening of neuroblastoma in infants. Neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumor of childhood with an incidence of ∼1 in 7000 in children under the age of 5 (1)(2). It arises from cells of the sympathetic nervous system and has the characteristic of secreting dopamine (DA)1 and its chief metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), in excess (3)(4)(5). Improvements in methodologies for measuring concentrations of HVA and/or DA have led to an increasing use of these compounds as markers in diagnosis of neuroblastoma in infants. The routine measurement of HVA and DA involves analytical methods such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (6)(7) and HPLC with electrochemical detection (8)(9)(10). Although regarded as accurate and reliable in HVA quantification, HPLC with electrochemical detection and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry are unsuitable as screening methods because they are time-consuming, technically complicated, and expensive. Moreover, they involve sample pretreatment, and rates of requesting repeat tests are high if the compounds are not resolved by these two methods. An immunoassay that uses monoclonal antibodies against HVA or vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) has been described previously for the screening of neuroblastoma (11). Large-scale mass screening of neuroblastomas in Austria, using this assay, has shown that an immunoassay method can be used for neuroblastoma screening, but it requires a backup analytical technique such as HPLC with electrochemical detection or gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to exclude false-positive samples (12). More recently, a competitive enzyme immunoassay utilizing a monoclonal antibody to HVA has been reported (13). We present here a sensitive and specific indirect competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantification of HVA in urine samples, using a different strategy in immunogen synthesis, which produces a monoclonal antibody against a possibly different epitope of HVA-immunogen conjugate. The sensitivity, specificity, and validity of the assay are reported. Materials and Methods apparatus Indirect solid-phase ELISAs were performed with 96-well microtiter plates (Microtest III, Falcon 3912; Becton Dickinson), and results were read by a microplate reader (Dynatech MR5000). Thin-layer chromatography plates (silica gel F-254, aluminum backing) were from Alltech Associates, Inc. Dialysis membrane (Spectra/Por®; Mr cutoff, 12 000–14 000) was from Spectrum (Spectrum Medical Industries, Inc.). chemicals HVA, VMA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, DA, normetanephrine, metanephrine, epinephrine (adrenaline), vanillic acid, vanillin, phenylacetic acid, dry 1,2-dimethoxyethane, ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide, N-hydroxysuccinimide, diphenyldiazomethane, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), ovalbumin (OVA, chicken egg), human serum albumin, pyridine, and goat anti-mouse IgG peroxidase were from Sigma Chemical Co. Benzophenone hydrazone and methylbromoacetate were from Aldrich Chemical Co. Acetonitrile (HiperSolvTM for HPLC), methanol (HiperSolv for HPLC), and flash column chromatography silica (22–40 μm) were from BDH Limited. Dichloromethane was from Mallinckrodt Baker Inc. All other chemicals used were of reagent grade and were from Sigma. hva-protein carrier synthesis A previously reported synthetic scheme (Fig. 1) was followed for the production of HVA-immunogen conjugates, HVA-OVA and HVA-KLH (14). In brief, benzhydryl-protected HVA (Fig. 1 , I) was synthesized by mixing diphenyldiazomethane in dichloromethane (57.4 mL of a 200 g/L solution) and HVA (5 g, 27.4 mmol) in 100 mL of a mixture of 800 mL/L dichloromethane and 200 mL/L methanol. HVA diester (II) was produced by dissolving I in dry dimethoxyethane (111.8 mL) and treated with sodium hydride (600 g/L dispersion, 0.98 g, 24.6 mmol), and methylbromoacetate (4.1 g, 2.5 mL) was subsequently added. Two portions of aqueous sodium hydroxide (1 mol/L, 17 mL) were added to the mixture of II and tetrahydrofuran (170 mL) with water to give benzhydryl-protected HVA derivative (III). Benzhydryl-protected immunogen HVA-OVA or HVA-KLH (IV) was then synthesized by treating III (dissolved in acetonitrile) with N-hydroxysuccinimide (97 mg, 0.8 mmol) and dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (0.4 g, 2.1 mmol) and mixed with 0.5 g of OVA or KLH in 50 mL of 10 g/L NaCl. The protecting benzhydryl ester group of compound IV (HVA-OVA or HVA-KLH) was removed by treating IV with aqueous sodium hydroxide (1 mol/L), cooled, and sufficient aqueous citric acid (1 mol/L) was added to adjust the pH to ∼13. The mixture was then dialyzed and lyophilized to give V (immunogen HVA-OVA or HVA-KLH). Figure 1. Open in new tabDownload slide Synthesis of HVA derivatives I, II, and III and HVA-protein conjugates IV and V. Figure 1. Open in new tabDownload slide Synthesis of HVA derivatives I, II, and III and HVA-protein conjugates IV and V. monoclonal antibody production Ten male C57 mice (25–30 g) were initially immunized intraperitoneally with 1.4 mg of immunogen (Fig. 1 , V) dissolved in 2 mL of normal saline and 2 mL of Freund’s complete adjuvant (water-in-oil emulsification). Freund’s incomplete adjuvant was used for four subsequent booster injections at 4-week intervals. The final booster of 1.4 mg of HVA-OVA in 2 mL of normal saline only was injected 3 days before the harvesting of lymphoid cells. Spleen cells of the mice with the highest affinity antiserum for HVA were selected and fused with NS1 myeloma cells as described (15). After cloning, cells were cryopreserved and subcultured in flasks; the supernatant was collected and kept at 0–4 °C for subsequent use in the indirect ELISA. indirect competitive elisa Microtiter plates (96-well) were coated with HVA-KLH (10 mg/L) in coating buffer (0.05 mol/L phosphate buffer, pH 7.2) and incubated at 4 °C overnight. To each well washed with phosphate-buffered saline-Tween (9.0 g of NaCl in 74 mL of 0.6 mol/L NaH2PO4, 176 mL of 0.6 mol/L Na2HPO4, and 0.5 mL of Tween 20, made up to 1 liter with deionized distilled water, pH 7.2), we added 50 μL of urine sample and HVA calibrator (HVA in phosphate buffer, pH 7.2) or phosphate-buffered saline-Tween buffer, premixed with 50 μL of culture supernatant (1:100 dilution) containing monoclonal antibody against HVA, and incubated overnight at 4 °C. After the plates were incubated 1 h at room temperature, 100 μL of goat anti-mouse IgG peroxidase (1:1000 dilution) was added to each well, and the plates were incubated for 1 h at room temperature. One hundred microliters of o-phenylenediamine (10 mg in 25 mL of citrate-phosphate buffer with 0.3 g/L H2O2) were added to each washed well, and the wells were incubated at room temperature for 10–15 min, according to color development. To stop the reaction, 250 g/L H2SO4 was added, and the plates were read by an automatic plate reader at 490 nm. calculations A linear log-logit transformation method was used for the fitting of the calibration curve (16). The ratio B/Bo (B and Bo represent the bound enzyme activity measured in the presence and absence of competitor, respectively) was expressed as a function of the logarithm of the antigen concentration. All measurements for samples and calibrators were duplicated and quadruplicated for determining Bo values. Nonspecific binding was obtained by using an incubation mixture in which the specific monoclonal antibody was replaced by an equal volume of buffer. In all cases, nonspecific binding did not exceed 0.2% of the total enzyme activity introduced in the assay. The minimum detectable concentration was calculated as the concentration of the competitor inducing a significant decrease (3 SD) in Bo. The precision profile of the calibration curve was obtained by eight measurements of each HVA concentration in control urine samples with added HVA and expressed in terms of the CV vs HVA concentration (17). assay characterization The specificity of the established indirect ELISA was studied by examining its capability to detect compounds of analogous structure to HVA. By establishing the corresponding calibration curves for each of HVA, its analogs, or protein carriers, the concentrations for each at a B/Bo value of 50% (EC50) were determined. The cross-reactivities were thus expressed in terms of percentage of ratio of the EC50 of HVA over those of other compounds. The optimum dilution of hybridoma cell culture supernatant that contained monoclonal antibody against HVA was determined. The method by which the calibration curve for each assay was constructed was also determined. Intra- and interassay variations were determined by measurements of a urine sample eight times. human urine samples Random urine samples were obtained from the Prince of Wales Hospital (Shatin, Hong Kong). Urine samples from 12 patients, ages from newborn to 13 years, with neuroblastoma and at various clinical disease stages were obtained at diagnosis. Seventeen urine samples from patients, ages from newborn to 16 years, suffering from various diseases (excluding any malignant diseases) were also used. All samples were analyzed by ELISA and HPLC, and the results were compared. hplc analysis A previously reported reversed-phase HPLC method was used for the preparation and analysis of urine samples (18). Briefly, ethyl acetate (3 mL) was added to a 3-mL urine sample, and the organic phase was separated and collected. The process was repeated twice with 2 mL of ethyl acetate. The extracts were pooled and evaporated to dryness under a stream of dry nitrogen; the residue was redissolved in 0.5 mL of water and filtered by 0.25 μm filters. Samples were kept frozen until analysis. A Hewlett-Packard Series 1050 System and HPLC 3D Chem Station software (Hewlett-Packard Co.) were used. An HP 1050 Series Diode-Array Detector was used for acquisition of signals at 280 and 285 nm, as well as spectra. A spherisorb ODS2 5U reversed-phase column (Jones Chromatography Ltd.) was used for the separation of catecholamines in samples. A 45-min gradient from 0% to 60% of buffer A (a mixture of 600 mL/L acetonitrile and 400 mL/L water) and from 100% to 40% of buffer B (0.1 mol/L KH2PO4, pH 2.5) was utilized. Peak identification was performed on the criteria of retention time and comparison of the spectrum with those of standard compounds. Results synthesis of hva-ova and hva-klh Pure benzyl-protected HVA (I) was obtained as a light yellow oil with an infrared (IR) spectrum of 3400 and 3475 broad (OH), 1720 (C⋕O), and 1590 (Ar) cm−1. Diester (II) was obtained as a viscous light yellow oil with an IR spectrum of 1755 (methyl ester), 1730 (benzhydryl ester), and 1590 (Ar) cm−1. Pure HVA derivative (III) was obtained as recrystallized and nonrecrystallized products with IR spectra of 1750 (methyl ester) and 1590 (Ar), and 1725 (benzhydryl ester) and 1590 (Ar) cm−1, respectively. The reactions for the final steps of the synthesis of HVA-OVA and HVA-KLH were monitored by thin-layer chromatography. monoclonal antibody specificity The monoclonal antibody used in the ELISA was selected on the basis of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Three representative clones, 1G, 4A, and 9F, yielded a high-titer ELISA endpoint at a dilution of 1:3125 after coating of microtiter plates with HVA-KLH but contained no activity against KLH. Specificities of all three clones were examined, and the results are shown in Table 1 . Clone 1G was the best of the three and was selected for further studies. Tissue culture supernatants from clones 1G, 4A, and 9F all showed low specificity to VMA, which is abundant in control and patient urine samples. The EC50s of 1G, 4A, and 9F at a 1:100 dilution were 3.6, 155, and 160 g/L, respectively, making 1G the most sensitive clone of the three. The tissue culture supernatant from clone 1G was collected twice a week and pooled. When an antibody dilution curve was used , there was no difference between (a) the tissue culture supernatants that were collected at different times, 1 week apart over a period of 3 months from the initiation of the culture; (b) one tissue culture supernatant that was stored under different conditions for up to 1 year, including storage at 4 °C, −20 °C and freeze-dried; and (c) one tissue culture supernatant either subjected to fractionation by IgG cut with sodium sulfate, or not (results not shown). Table 1. Structures and abbreviations of catecholamine urinary metabolites and cross-reactivities of monoclonal antibody batches 1G, 4A, and 9F. R1 . R2 . R3 . R4 . Compound . Cross-reactivity, % . . . . . . . . 1G . 4A . 9F . OH OCH3 H COOH HVA1 100 100 100 OH OCH3 OH COOH VMA 0.18 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH H COOH DOPAC 0.22 <0.1 0.7 OH H H COOH HPAA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH OH COOH DOMA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH H CH2NH2 DA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH CH3 OH CH2NH2 NM <0.1 0.15 <0.1 OH CH2OH OH CH2NHCH2 M <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH OH CH2NHCH2 E <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OVA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 HSA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 KLH <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OCH3 =O OH VA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OCH3 =O VAN <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 H H H COOH PAA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 EC50 value, mg/L 3.6 155 160 R1 . R2 . R3 . R4 . Compound . Cross-reactivity, % . . . . . . . . 1G . 4A . 9F . OH OCH3 H COOH HVA1 100 100 100 OH OCH3 OH COOH VMA 0.18 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH H COOH DOPAC 0.22 <0.1 0.7 OH H H COOH HPAA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH OH COOH DOMA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH H CH2NH2 DA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH CH3 OH CH2NH2 NM <0.1 0.15 <0.1 OH CH2OH OH CH2NHCH2 M <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH OH CH2NHCH2 E <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OVA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 HSA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 KLH <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OCH3 =O OH VA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OCH3 =O VAN <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 H H H COOH PAA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 EC50 value, mg/L 3.6 155 160 1 DOPAC, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; HPAA, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid; DOMA, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid; NM, normetanephrine; M, metanephrine; E, epinephrine; HSA, human serum albumin; VA, vanillic acid; VAN, vanillin; and PAA, phenylacetic acid. Open in new tab Table 1. Structures and abbreviations of catecholamine urinary metabolites and cross-reactivities of monoclonal antibody batches 1G, 4A, and 9F. R1 . R2 . R3 . R4 . Compound . Cross-reactivity, % . . . . . . . . 1G . 4A . 9F . OH OCH3 H COOH HVA1 100 100 100 OH OCH3 OH COOH VMA 0.18 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH H COOH DOPAC 0.22 <0.1 0.7 OH H H COOH HPAA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH OH COOH DOMA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH H CH2NH2 DA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH CH3 OH CH2NH2 NM <0.1 0.15 <0.1 OH CH2OH OH CH2NHCH2 M <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH OH CH2NHCH2 E <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OVA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 HSA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 KLH <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OCH3 =O OH VA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OCH3 =O VAN <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 H H H COOH PAA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 EC50 value, mg/L 3.6 155 160 R1 . R2 . R3 . R4 . Compound . Cross-reactivity, % . . . . . . . . 1G . 4A . 9F . OH OCH3 H COOH HVA1 100 100 100 OH OCH3 OH COOH VMA 0.18 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH H COOH DOPAC 0.22 <0.1 0.7 OH H H COOH HPAA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH OH COOH DOMA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH H CH2NH2 DA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH CH3 OH CH2NH2 NM <0.1 0.15 <0.1 OH CH2OH OH CH2NHCH2 M <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OH OH CH2NHCH2 E <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OVA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 HSA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 KLH <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OCH3 =O OH VA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 OH OCH3 =O VAN <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 H H H COOH PAA <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 EC50 value, mg/L 3.6 155 160 1 DOPAC, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; HPAA, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid; DOMA, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid; NM, normetanephrine; M, metanephrine; E, epinephrine; HSA, human serum albumin; VA, vanillic acid; VAN, vanillin; and PAA, phenylacetic acid. Open in new tab calibration curve A routine ELISA calibration curve at 1:100 dilution of supernatant containing monoclonal antibody (1G) is shown in Fig. 2 . A typical fivefold dilution curve for urine samples, using the same dilution of supernatant, was shown to be parallel to the calibration curve (Fig. 2). Figure 2. Open in new tabDownload slide Typical calibration curve (□) for HVA assayed with the indirect ELISA and typical dilution curve (▵) for the urine samples. Figure 2. Open in new tabDownload slide Typical calibration curve (□) for HVA assayed with the indirect ELISA and typical dilution curve (▵) for the urine samples. precision and cross-reactivities The day-to-day assay CVs (n = 8) were consistently <10% within the range of 0.5–40 mg/L HVA (2.7 to 220 μmol/L, Fig. 3); this range was thus defined as the working range of the assay. The minimum detectable concentration was 0.3 mg/L (1.6 μmol/L). The assay cross-reactivities are shown in Table 1 . Figure 3. Open in new tabDownload slide The precision profile of the indirect ELISA illustrates nonuniform error, expressed as CV (%), in the concentration estimate as a function of HVA concentration. The working range of the indirect ELISA was established as 0.5–40 mg/L HVA (2.7–220 μmol/L), where imprecision was <10%. Figure 3. Open in new tabDownload slide The precision profile of the indirect ELISA illustrates nonuniform error, expressed as CV (%), in the concentration estimate as a function of HVA concentration. The working range of the indirect ELISA was established as 0.5–40 mg/L HVA (2.7–220 μmol/L), where imprecision was <10%. comparison with an hplc method The present ELISA method was used to assay 29 urine samples that were also analyzed by HPLC (for details, see Materials and Methods). From the 12 patients diagnosed with neuroblastoma, 3 showed clearly increased urinary HVA by both methods, compared with a reference interval of 2–8 mg/L for the age range of patients whose urine samples were analyzed (19). Linear regression analysis of ELISA and HPLC results gave a line with a slope of 1.06, an intercept of −0.50 (Sy‖x = 4.63), and r of 0.95 (Fig. 4). Figure 4. Open in new tabDownload slide HVA in 29 random urine samples from patients with neuroblastoma (•) and other diseases (○), assayed by ELISA vs HPLC. The correlation coefficient was 0.95. Figure 4. Open in new tabDownload slide HVA in 29 random urine samples from patients with neuroblastoma (•) and other diseases (○), assayed by ELISA vs HPLC. The correlation coefficient was 0.95. Discussion Catecholamines are analogous in structure, and both HVA and VMA have high concentrations in control and patient urine samples (20). Thus the development of quantitative immunoassays for HVA or VMA requires very specific monoclonal antibodies against each of the metabolites. In 1989, a urinary mass screening system using monoclonal antibodies against HVA and VMA was first reported (11). Preparation of the antigens involved the Mannich reaction, which linked protein carrier human serum albumin directly to VMA or HVA (21). The monoclonal antibodies generated were shown to have cross-reactivities against HVA and VMA, although the extent was not detailed. Only one other immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody against HVA has been reported (13). In this recent report, the antigen HVA-KLH was synthesized by linking KLH to the R4 group of HVA (Table 1). The monoclonal antibody against HVA selected for the ELISA assay was shown to have cross-reactivity to VMA and normetanephrine at 0.5% and 0.8%, respectively. In our study, we used a different approach, as reported previously (14). Derivatives from each synthetic step were purified and characterized before coupling onto a protein carrier, OVA or KLH, at the final step (Fig. 1). Esterification of HVA gave I (Fig. 1), in which the carboxyl group was protected from participating in subsequent reactions. The phenol hydroxyl was then alkylated with methyl bromoacetate to give diester II. The methyl ester was successfully deprotected without concomitant hydrolysis of benzhydryl ester-protected HVA (III), and was suitable for subsequent coupling to protein carrier OVA or KLH. These reactions gave good yields, and structural assignment for compounds I, II, III was supported by IR spectroscopy, melting point determination, and thin-layer chromatography. The most common functional group among all the groups in catecholamine structures is R1. It is desirable to direct the specificity of monoclonal antibodies towards R3 and/or R4. Antigens in which HVA was coupled to protein carrier OVA or KLH via R1 in theory would generate more-specific monoclonal antibodies against it. It is also a strategy for generating monoclonal antibodies against other catecholamines with high specificity. The specificity study confirmed that monoclonal antibodies generated in our study indeed had high specificity against HVA, and cross-reactivity to other structural analogs, VMA in particular, was negligible. The ELISA method developed was accurate and reliable for quantification of HVA in urine samples, as was confirmed by HPLC analysis. The good correlation of the immunoassay with HPLC can be attributed to the design of the antibody and the subsequent improved specificity. The advantages of our ELISA method also include large amount of monoclonal antibody readily available from culture medium of hybridoma cells instead of from mouse ascites, as reported (13). After testing more urine samples, particularly those from infants suffering from neuroblastoma, we believe that this indirect ELISA method can be used effectively in the mass screening of neuroblastoma in infants. 1 Nonstandard abbreviations: DA, dopamine; HVA, homovanillic acid; VMA, vanillylmandelic acid; KLH, keyhole limpet hemocyanin; OVA, ovalbumin (chicken egg); IR, infrared; and EC50, concentration of the inhibitor at a B/Bo value of 50% in an inhibition curve. This study was supported by Direct Grant No. MD 94031 (to Y.-P. Ho) and a postdoctoral fellowship (to R. Z. Shi) from The Chinese University of Hong Kong, which we gratefully acknowledge. We also thank Chung Shun Ho at the Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, for providing patient urine samples. References 1 Young JL, Ries LG, Silverberg E, Horm JW, Miller RW. Cancer incidence, survival and mortality for children under 15 years of age. Cancer 1986 ; 58 : 598 -602. 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Clin Chem 1991 ; 37 : 1854 -1867. Crossref Search ADS PubMed 21 Yoshioka M, Aso C, Amano J, Tamura Z, Sugi M, Kuroda M. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies to vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid. Biogenic Amines 1987 ; 4 : 229 -235. © 1998 The American Association for Clinical Chemistry This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)
TI - Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibody for quantification of homovanillic in human urine samples
JF - Clinical Chemistry
DO - 10.1093/clinchem/44.8.1674
DA - 1998-08-01
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/development-of-an-enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay-with-monoclonal-9ajfd42L5b
SP - 1674
EP - 1679
VL - 44
IS - 8
DP - DeepDyve
ER -