TY - JOUR AU - Ory, Steven J. AB - Abstract Fourteen years ago independent investigations regarding the hypothalamic control of gonadotropin release were simultaneously concluded by two research teams.1,2 These reports presented the isolation and synthesis of a hypothalamic decapeptide now known as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (also known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone [LH-RH] or gonadorelin). When given parenterally to humans, this compound results in stimulation of release of the anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In 1978 the significance of this accomplishment was recognized by the award of the Nobel Prize for Medicine to the heads of the two research teams. Since its discovery GnRH has been widely used as a reproductive endocrine probe to aid our understanding of basic control mechanisms involved in gonadal function in humans. Additionally, GnRH has been extensively used as a diagnostic tool for men and women with gonadal dysfunction; more recently it has also been utilized as a References 1. Matsuo H, Baba Y, Nair RMG, et al: Structure of the porcine LH and FSH releasing hormone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971;43:1334.Crossref 2. Amoss M, Burgus R, Blackwell R, et al: Purification, amino acid composition and N-terminus of the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing factor of ovine origin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971;44: 205.Crossref 3. Belchetz PE, Plant TM, Nakai Y, et al: Hypophysical responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypothalamic GnRH. Science 1978;202:1631.Crossref 4. Yen SSC, Lein A: Reproductive physiology: The human , in Lamming GE (ed): Marshall's Physiology of Reproduction , ed 4. New York, Longmans, Green, in press. 5. Rivier C, Rivier J, Vale W: Chronic effects of [D-Trp6-Pro6-NEt] luteinizing hormone-releasing factor on reproductive processes in the female rat. Endocrinology 1978;103:2299.Crossref 6. Yen SSC: Clinical applications of GnRH and GnRH analogues. Fertil Steril 1983;39:257. 7. Wilk S, Banuck M, Orlowski M, et al: Degradation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) by brain propyl endopeptidase with release of des-glycinamide LH-RH and glycinamide. Neurosci Lett 1979;14: 275.Crossref 8. Kochman R, Kerdlehue B, Zor U, et al: Studies of enzymatic degradation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone by different tissues. FEBS Lett 1975;50:190.Crossref 9. Koch Y, Baram T, Chobsieng P, et al: Enzymatic degradation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) by hypothalamic tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974;6:95.Crossref 10. Hsueh AJW, Jones PBC: Extrapituitary actions of GnRH. Endocr Rev 1981;2:437.Crossref 11. Clayton RN, Catt KJ: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors: Characterization, physiological regulation, and relationship to reproductive function. Endocr Rev 1982;2:186.Crossref 12. Dunaif LA, Kase NG: GnRH: Basic and clinical applications. Post-grad Obstet Gynecol 1983;3( (16) ):1. 13. Soules MR, Jelovsek FR, Wiebe RH, et al: Amenorrhea: Observations based on the analysis of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;135:651. 14. Bergh T, Nillius SJ, Wide L: Serum prolactin and gonadotropin levels before and after luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the investigation of amenorrhea. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1978;85:945.Crossref 15. Yen SSC, Rebar R, Vandenberg G, et al: Hypothalamic amenorrhea and hypogonadotropinism: Response to synthetic LRF. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1973;36:811.Crossref 16. Sherman BM, Halmi KA, Zamudio R: LH and FSH response to gonadotropin releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa: Effect of nutritional rehabilitation. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1975;41:135.Crossref 17. Aono T, Miyake A, Shioji T, et al: Impaired LH release following exogenous estrogen administration in patients with amenorrhea galactorrhea syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1976;42:696.Crossref 18. Thorner MO, McNeilly AS, Hagen C, et al: Long term treatment of galactorrhea and hypogonadism with bromocryptine. Br Med J 1974;2:419.Crossref 19. Chang RJ, Keye WR, Young JR, et al: Detection, evaluation, and treatment of pituitary microadenomas in patients with galactorrhea and amenorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;128:356. 20. Zarate A, Jacobs LS, Canales ES, et al: Functional evaluation of pituitary reserve in patients with the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome utilizing LHRH, L-dopa, and chlorpromazine. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1973;37:855.Crossref 21. Lachelin GCL, Abu-Fadil S, Yen SSC: Functional delineation of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1977;44:1163.Crossref 22. Jewelewicz R, Dyrenfurth I, Warren M, et al: Effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone upon the menstrual cycle in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1974;39:387.Crossref 23. Del Pozo E, Varga L, Schulz KD, et al: Pituitary and ovarian response patterns to stimulation in the postpartum and in galactorrhea-amenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol 1975;46:539. 24. Glass MR, Shaw RW, Butt WR, et al: An abnormality of estrogen feedback in amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Br Med J 1975;3:274.Crossref 25. Bremner WJ, Paulsen CA: Two pools of luteinizing hormone in the human pituitary: Evidence from constant administration of LHRH. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1974;39:118.Crossref 26. Yen SSC, Lein A: The apparent paradox of the negative and positive feedback control system on gonadotropin secretion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976;126:942. 27. Nillius SJ, Wide L: The LHRH test in 31 women with secondary amenorrhea. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1972;79:874.Crossref 28. Wentz AC, Jones GS, Rocco L, et al: Gonadotropin response to LHRH administration in secondary amenorrhea and galactorrhea syndromes. Obstet Gynecol 1975;45:256. 29. Campenhout JV, Papas S, Blanchet P, et al: Pituitary responses to synthetic LHRH in 34 cases of amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea associated with galactorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;127:723. 30. Cantor B, Kalra PS, Buhi WC, et al: Factors influencing the dynamics of gonadotropin response following bolus infusion of luteinizing hormone releasing factor in women with menstrual abnormalities. Fertil Steril 1977;28:526. 31. Mortimer RH, Fleischer N, Lev-Gur M, et al: Correlation between integrated LH and FSH levels and response to LRF. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1976;43:1230. 32. Hammond CB, Wiebe RH, Haney AF, et al: Ovulation induction with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in amenorrheic, infertile women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;135:924. 33. Besser GM: Hypothalamus as an endocrine organ: II. Br Med J 1974;3:613.Crossref 34. Nellius SJ, Fries H, Wide L: Successful induction of follicular maturation and ovulation by prolonged LH-RH in women with anorexia nervosa. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975;122:921. 35. Nellius SJ, Wide L: Gonadotropin releasing hormone treatment for induction of follicular maturation and ovulation in amenorrheic women with anorexia nervosa. Br Med J 1975;3:405.Crossref 36. Knobil E: The neuroendocrine control of the menstrual cycle. Recent Prog Horm Res 1980;36:53. 37. Crowley WF, McArthur JW: Stimulation of the normal menstrual cycle in Kallmann's syndrome by pulsatile administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1980;51: 173.Crossref 38. Leyendecker G, Wildt L, Hansmann M: Pregnancies following chronic intermittent (pulsatile) administration of GnRH by means of a portable pump (Zyklomat): A new approach in the treatment of infertility in hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1980;51:1214.Crossref 39. Schoemaker J, Simons AHM, von Osnabrugge GJC, et al: Pregnancy after prolonged pulsatile administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in a patient with clomiphene-resistant secondary amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1981;52:882.Crossref 40. Reid RL, Leopold GR, Yen SSC: Induction of ovulation and pregnancy with pulsatile luteinizing hormone releasing factor: Dosage and mode of delivery. Fertil Steril 1981;36:553. 41. Miller DS, Reid RR, Cetel NS, et al: Pulsatile administration of low-dose gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Ovulation and pregnancy in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. JAMA 1983;250:2937-2941.Crossref 42. Ory SJ, London SN, Tyrey EL, et al: Ovulation induction with pulsatile luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: Administration in patients with polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil Steril 1985;43:20-25. 43. Hoffman AR, Crowley WF Jr: Induction of puberty in man by long-term pulsatile administration of low-dose GnRH. N Engl J Med 1982;307: 1237.Crossref 44. Happ J, Schmitz V, Cordes U, et al: Treatment of delayed puberty by intranasal application of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Int J Fertil 1980;25:247. 45. Brook CGD, Dombay S: Induction of puberty: Long-term treatment with high-dose LHRH. Clin Endocrinol 1979;11:81.Crossref 46. Mies R: Effects of the LH-RH analogue D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10 in delayed puberty. Acta Endocrinol Suppl 1980;234:77. 47. Jakacki RI, Kelch RP, Sauder SE, et al: Pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1982;55:453.Crossref 48. Wildt L, Marshall G, Knobil E: Experimental induction of puberty in the infantile female rhesus monkey. Science 1980;207:1373.Crossref 49. Marshall JC, Kelch RP: Low dose pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone in anorexia nervosa: A model of human pubertal development. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1979;49:712.Crossref 50. Happ J, Kollmann F, Krawehl C, et al: Treatment of cryptorchidism with pernasal gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy. Fertil Steril 1978; 29:546. 51. Illig R, Torresani T, Bucher H, et al: Effect of intranasal LHRH therapy on plasma LH, FSH, and testosterone, and relation to clinical results in prepubertal boys with cryptorchidism. Clin Endocrinol 1980;12: 91.Crossref 52. Hadziselimovic F, Hoecht B, Herzog B, et al: Success rate, hormonal data and ultrastructure after LH-RH or LH-RH and hCG treatment for cryptorchidism, abstract 88. Presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for the Study of Fertility, Ann Arbor, Mich, Aug 1981. 53. Crowley WF, Beitins IZ, Vale W, et al: The biological activity of a potent analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in normal and hypogonadotropic men. N Engl J Med 1980;302:1052.Crossref 54. Moore MP, Smith R, Donald RA, et al: The effects of different dose regimens of D-Ser(TBU)6-LHRH-EA10 (HOE 766) in subjects with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol 1981;14:93.Crossref 55. Rabin D, McNeil LW: Long-term therapy with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in isolated gonadotropin deficiency: Failure of therapeutic response. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1981;52:557.Crossref 56. Morel Y, Fournier M, Mazenod B, et al: Treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadal male patients with the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analog of D-Ser-(TBU)6EA10 LH-RH: Transient disappearance of gonadotropin stimulation. Fertil Steril 1982;38:85. 57. Jacobson RI, Seyler LE, Tamborlane WV, et al: Pulsatile subcutaneous nocturnal administration of GnRH by portable infusion pump in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: Initiation of gonadotropin responsiveness. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1979;49:652.Crossref 58. Valk TW, Corley KP, Kelch RP, et al: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: Hormonal response to low dose pulsatile administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1980;51:730.Crossref 59. Skarin G, Nillius SJ, Wibell L, et al: Chronic pulsatile low dose GnRH therapy for induction of testosterone production and spermatogenesis in a man with secondary hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1982;55: 723.Crossref 60. Fraser HM: Antifertility effects of GnRH. J Reprod Fertil 1982;64: 503.Crossref 61. Styne DM, Grumbach MM: Puberty in the male and female: Its physiology and disorders , in Yen SSC, Jaffe RB (eds): Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Management . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1978, p 189. 62. Boyar RM, Finklestein JW, David R, et al: Twenty-four-hour patterns of plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in sexual precocity. N Engl J Med 1973;289:292.Crossref 63. Matthews MJ, Parker DC, Rebar RW, et al: Sleep-associated gonadotropin and oestradiol patterns in girls with precocious sexual development. Clin Endocrinol 1982;17:601-607.Crossref 64. Casper RF, Sheehan KL, Erickson GE, et al: Neuroendopeptides and fertility control in the female , in Zatuchni GI, Labbock MH, Sciarra JJ (eds): Research Frontiers in Fertility Regulation . Hagerstown, Md, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, 1980, p 409. 65. Sheehan KL, Casper RF, Yen SSC: Effects of a superactive LRF-agonist on gonadotropin and ovarian function during the menstrual cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;135:759. 66. Crowley WF, Comite F, Vale W, et al: Therapeutic use of pituitary desensitization with a long-acting LH-RH agonist: A potential new treatment for idiopathic precocious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1980;52: 370.Crossref 67. Comite F, Cutler GB, Rivier J, et al: Short-term treatment of idiopathic precocious puberty with a long-acting analogue of luteinizingreleasing hormone. N Engl J Med 1981;305:1546.Crossref 68. Meldrum DR, Chang RJ, Lu J, et al: 'Medical oophorectomy' using a long-acting GnRH agonist: A possible new approach to the treatment of endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1982;54:1081.Crossref 69. Klijn JGM, DeJong FH: Treatment with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue (Buserelin) in premenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet 1982;1:1213.Crossref 70. Faure N, Labrie F, Lemay A, et al: Inhibition of serum androgen levels by chronic intranasal and subcutaneous administration of a potent luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist in adult men. Fertil Steril 1982;37:416. 71. Borgmann V, Hardt W, Schmidt-Gollwitzer M, et al: Sustained suppression of testosterone production by the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist Buserelin in patients with advanced prostate carcinoma: A new therapeutic approach? Lancet 1982;1:1097.Crossref 72. Tolis G, Ackman D, Stellos A, et al: Tumor growth inhibition in patients with prostatic carcinoma treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;79:1658.Crossref 73. Geller J, Albert J, Yen SSC, et al: Medical castration of males with megestrol acetate and small doses of diethylstilbestrol. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1981;52:576.Crossref 74. Chang J, Laufer L, Meldrum D, et al: Sex steroid secretion in polycystic ovarian disease (PCO) following ovarian suppression by a long-acting GnRH agonist, abstract 287. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, Dallas, March 27, 1982. 75. Cetel NS, Rivier J, Vale W, et al: The dynamics of gonadotropin inhibition in women induced by an antagonistic analogue of GnRH. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1983;57:62-65.Crossref TI - Diagnostic and Therapeutic Uses of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone JO - Archives of Internal Medicine DO - 10.1001/archinte.1985.00360090166025 DA - 1985-09-01 UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/american-medical-association/diagnostic-and-therapeutic-uses-of-gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-60MJJ8jEy0 SP - 1690 EP - 1697 VL - 145 IS - 9 DP - DeepDyve ER -