TY - JOUR AU1 - Arya,, Sunil AB - Abstract Connected cars have become a reality for consumers, who can benefit from mobility, safety, entertainment and other applications in their cars. Such connectivity requires interoperability enabled by technical standards. The innovative technologies incorporated in standards are often protected by patents, which are typically accessible on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms. This paper will explore the costs for automobile manufacturers to access the standardized technology they wish to incorporate in their connected cars and the price that customers pay for such technology. I. Introduction Cars have become an integral part of many people’s everyday lives. With the fast development of technology over the last few decades, particularly in the information and communication technology (ICT) field, the automobile sector has changed drastically. A modern-day automobile equipped with communication capabilities now offers much more than pure mobility – the ‘smartphone on wheels’1 is becoming a reality. So-called ‘connected cars’,2 i.e. cars equipped with internet access that can send and receive data on the vehicle’s status, condition and user preferences,3 can communicate with itself as well as with various off-board devices, networks and services, thanks to a highly reliable, low latency and high-speed standardized connectivity. This allows the car to optimize its internal operation,4 improve efficiency and enhance user experience.5 Connectivity allows for entertainment in the car, increases safety while driving, improves traffic flow and even tracks the vehicle in case of theft. All this and much more is provided for the benefit of consumers. As a result, the connected car has proved to be a prime focus for the development of autonomous cars, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs)6 and the evolving Internet of Vehicles (IoV).7 In order for vehicles to ‘talk’ to each other and to an external infrastructure, both transmitters and receivers must ‘speak’ the same language. This means that they need to follow the same ‘technical’ rules, the same standards. These standards are developed by selecting the best technologies, which (often being the result of massive research & development investments) may be protected by patents. These patents, which are essential to the standard, are typically accessible on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms. This paper will explore the costs for automobile manufacturers to access the standardized technology they wish to incorporate in their connected cars and the price that customers pay for such technology (reflected through the connected car applications, such as mobility, safety, entertainment, vehicle management and alike, that consumers can acquire when buying a vehicle). II. Types of connectivity There are various dimensions of connectivity depending on the environment to which the connected vehicle communicates: Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)8 deals with the communication between the vehicle or its driver and the infrastructure related to safety, mobility or environment conditions and the like. This allows the infrastructure to gather vehicle-generated data and suggest or enforce certain advisories on desired vehicles related to velocity, acceleration or intervehicle distances. V2I is envisioned as the next generation of ITSs,9 whose objective is to optimize coordination between vehicle and infrastructure. An ITS aims to utilize advanced computing, telecommunications, information systems, sensor technology and mathematical models to enhance transportation network performance.10 Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)11 relates to a vehicle’s exchange of information with other surrounding vehicles related to basic safety, such as speed, co-localization and other mobility parameters. V2V communication alerts car drivers to potential collisions, helps reduce traffic congestion and improves driving conditions.12 Vehicle-to-Cloud (V2C)13 enables communication between a vehicle and an off-board cloud computing system. V2C allows various stakeholders (such as car owners, automobile manufacturers, legislators, traffic authorities, insurance providers, entertainment channels, fleet owners and maintenance providers) to make use of the information obtained from vehicles connected to the cloud. The cloud serves as a big data analytics platform. With such information access, (1) automobile manufacturers can e.g. improve car maintenance and deploy services such as ‘over the air’ updates,14 telematics, infotainment and navigation; (2) legislators can estimate emissions; (3) insurance companies can customize their policies according to driving style; (4) fleet owners can track their vehicles;15 etc. Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P)16 refers to the connectivity of a vehicle to various road users, mostly non-vehicle users, such as people on foot, cyclists, strollers and bus and train commuters. V2P aims to address safety requirements and challenges often faced by non-vehicle users with the objective of reducing road accidents involving non-vehicle users. In a typical V2P example, an alert about approaching signalized pedestrian crossings is sent to both the transit vehicle and pedestrians when the pedestrians are in the intended path of the transit vehicle. Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X)17 alludes to an ecosystem involving an interconnected multiplicity of vehicles, infrastructures and other objects. A complex traffic situation at an urban intersection could represent a typical scenario in which interconnected vehicles and infrastructures can enable optimized traffic and reduce traffic congestion by providing precise information about the traffic. III. Consumers enjoying connected cars applications A modern-day connected car offers several applications, ranging from basic safety to navigation, entertainment and lifestyle. They can be categorized based on several factors, such as who the recipients are (consumer versus business-centric applications) or where the applications are used (single vehicle versus ecosystem applications). The following list summarizes some of the frequently offered connected car applications.18 1. Mobility This category of car applications offers several functions, such as (1) navigation; (2) parking, i.e. finding the nearest parking slot and parking assistance or automatic parking; (3) Real Time Traffic Information (RTTI), displaying real-time traffic situations, congestion and hazards warnings and recommending diversions to avoid such situations; (4) route optimization; (5) weather reports; (6) Point of Interest (POI), sending a destination to the vehicle for navigation; (7) intelligent voice assistant, offering on-board voice processing and off-board voice or server-based processing of speech input; (8) over-the-air updates, installing updated navigation maps automatically as well as updating software such as infotainment software, infotainment/operating software, Telematic Control Unit (TCU) software and core electronic control unit/engine control unit (ECU) software; (9) USB map updates, updating all navigation maps with a USB stick; and (10) extended display of surroundings (3D optics) for better orientation of the vehicle. 2. Safety Safety applications comprise (1) external hazard warnings, e.g. about curve speed and slippery roads; (2) internal responses, i.e. responding to a crash situation automatically by regulating car speed according to received warnings of external hazards; (3) Automatic Driver Recognition (ADR), providing an additional passive digital signature with the original vehicle keys in order to prevent unauthorized use of the vehicle with a cloned key; (4) roadside assistance; (5) emergency call services; (6) traffic safety warnings, e.g. about red light violations, and pedestrian in signalized crosswalk warning applications; (7) collision warnings; (8) collision detection; (9) lane change warning; (10) cooperative merging; (11) theft notification; and (12) parking damage detection. 3. Entertainment This category of applications includes (1) hotspots, allowing external devices like a smartphone to connect to the internet; (2) direct connection to the internet; (3) games; (4) music; (5) Apple CarPlay® and Android Auto™, enabling the smartphone and its functions to be used wirelessly through the user interface of the vehicle; (6) social media; (7) podcasts; (8) internet radio; and (9) hands-free controls via voice commands. 4. Vehicle management Vehicle management applications encompass the following functionalities: (1) vehicle status, retrieving vehicle status remotely including mileage, tire pressure and fuel tank; (2) maintenance service; (3) geo-fencing, a location-based service that gives alerts when a vehicle enters or exits a virtually defined boundary, e.g. to know if a joy ride was taken by a valet parking employee; (4) parking applications; (5) remote applications, such as starting the car engine remotely, locking or unlocking the doors and remotely turning on the air conditioning to cool or heat the car’s ventilation; (6) digital charging service, displaying nearby charging stations; (7) digital vehicle key on the smartphone or a digital vehicle key sticker based on near-field communication (NFC) technology.19 5. Breakdown This category of car applications covers (1) automobile diagnostics; (2) predictive prognostics, generating prognostic data for predicting a potential component failure; (3) health reports; and (4) outbound services, such as stress calls or short message service (SMS) with the help of Telematics Data Transmission. 6. Driver assistance and comfort Such applications include (1) autonomous driving; (2) contextual help, i.e. learning a driver’s preferences in a particular context and offering assistance e.g. by displaying nearby gas stations when the gas tank reaches a certain threshold; (3) Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS), assisting the driver in taking preventive actions such as breaking the vehicle based on inputs from the on-board/off-board IoT sensors; (4) the driver’s log book; (5) driving comfort, climate control and maintaining a hygienic environment inside the vehicle; and (6) driver’s fitness, fatigue or drowsiness detection. 7. Commercial Commercial applications relate to (1) fuel, searching for nearby fuel stations and fuel prices; (2) food, remembering customer preferences for favorite restaurants and alerting the driver when one is approaching; (3) tolls, registering a car at toll gates and securely deducting the required amount of money from the driver’s digital wallet, which is embedded in the car; (4) concierge services, including 24-hour individual and personalized services such as finding an ATM or a specific restaurant; (5) insurance, customizing insurance plans based on vehicle usage, driving, maintenance history and the like; and (6) payments, offering voice-controlled payment functionality for buying breakfast on the go or paying highway tolls. 8. Lifestyle Lifestyle applications comprise (1) in-car office, e.g. Microsoft Office 365, synchronizing email, contacts, Skype, etc.; (2) round-the-clock personal assistant, preparing custom travel plans, arranging tickets for a sold-out concert and the like; (3) exclusive offers for events and experiences; and (4) partner networks. IV. Standards and intellectual property rights Automotive connectivity makes it possible for cars to communicate not only with each other but also with infrastructure, off-board computational resources and other road users,20 thus offering several services to consumers. For example, in case of an accident, a connected car on its own is able to connect to the nearest emergency response center and transmit automatically the required data of the vehicle (the location, time of the accident, vehicle identification number (VIN)21 and direction of travel) so that its passenger/s can receive immediate rescue services.22 Also, connected cars turn into a Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) hotspot, enabling its users to access internet connectivity to stream content on individual mobile communication devices. However, as explained above, for connected cars to ‘talk’ to each other and to the external environment, all of them must fulfill common technological requirements. These technical specifications included in standards are set and developed in the so-called Standard Development Organizations (SDOs). In SDOs, their members select the technology to be incorporated into standard based on its technical merits and in an open, transparent, impartial and consensus-based process. This is why standards such as 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G deliver cutting-edge technologies. Since the technical contributions/specifications are the result of massive R&D investments, they are typically protected by Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), patents in particular. These patented technologies, once selected to be part of the standard, might become Standard Essential Patents (SEPs). In order to foster the success of the standard, organizations developing standards encourage their members to make their SEPs available on Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) terms and conditions. FRAND attempts to balance the interests between those contributing towards standardization (which may need a return on investment) and those who wish to access such technology at reasonable prices, in spite of sometimes not having (significantly) contributed. FRAND is determined by the concerned parties in bilateral negotiations. In case of failure of negotiations, parties may go to court (or, if both agree, to mediation and/or arbitration). In any case, parties negotiating FRAND in Europe may follow the framework established by the CJEU in Huawei v ZTE, wherein the CJEU confirmed practical steps23 to be taken by SEP holders before seeking injunctions and by SEP users to claim a FRAND defense.24 Since FRAND reflects the value that the standardized technology brings to the end product, the next question should be: how much should car vendors pay for the standardized technology they are using? Avanci,25 a licensing platform which offers licenses for essential patented technology (2G to 4G standards) from major standard contributors such as Ericsson, Nokia and Qualcomm, prices its package licenses as follows: $ 3/vehicle for eCall only, $ 9/vehicle for 3G (including 2G and eCall) and $ 15/vehicle for 4G (including 2G/3G and eCall).26 So far some of the large automotive manufacturers (Audi, BMW, Bentley, Rolls-Royce, MAN, Mini, Porsche, Saab, Seat, Skoda, Volkswagen and Volvo) have agreed to those prices.27 Should licensees choose to engage in bilateral negotiations instead of taking a license from Avanci, the rates may be considerably higher, the reasoning being that companies licensing via a patent pool or similar platforms may agree to license their portfolios of patents under lower rates than those resulting from bilateral negotiation, e.g. in order to save transaction costs. As the Düsseldorf Higher Regional Court explains: ‘In licensing over a larger pool with the property rights of several companies, lower royalties per patent will be paid as a rule than in licensing of the portfolio of only one company, and a lower total number of property rights.’28 With regard to the actual value that the standardized technology brings to cars, one indication could be the amount that consumers are paying to enjoy (standardized) connectivity in their vehicles.29 Furthermore, car manufacturers could enjoy additional value from, for example, the cost savings enabled by cellular technology (comprising improved car maintenance through over-the-air software updates or the prognosis of problems in cars by ‘on the fly’ monitoring of car parameters, among other things). For a well-functioning market for standardized technologies in the automotive sector, it is crucial that the legal system, and in particular the intellectual property system, creates incentives for parties to reach a voluntary licensing agreement on FRAND terms and conditions as well as to promote efficient industry practices that reduce transaction costs to the benefit of consumers. Specifically, it is important for judicial practice to maintain a high level of protection of IPRs in Europe by allowing for the possibility of injunctive relief being granted against unwilling putative licensees as per the Huawei requirements elaborated by the CJEU. Strong patent rights, including injunctions against infringers behaving in bad faith, provide incentives for parties to engage in bilateral licensing negotiations with a view to concluding an agreement on FRAND terms rather than holding out and free riding upon innovators’ investments in developing standardized technologies. On top of that, judicial practice should encourage efficient industry practices that save on transaction costs. One such practice is the licensing of worldwide portfolios of patents that grant licensees the freedom to operate across a wide spectrum of technologies and a wide range of countries. As the High Court of England and Wales – affirmed by the UK Court of Appeal – recognized in Unwired Planet v Huawei, under certain circumstances the refusal on the part of a putative licensee to negotiate on a worldwide license might be contrary to FRAND principles and as such infringe the Huawei conditions for an infringer to escape injunction on the basis of EU competition law and Art. 102 TFEU. Similarly, it is advisable that the efficient industry practice of licensing at the end-device level is not interfered with, for instance by mandating the level along the value chain at which the patentee is entitled to enforce its rights. The doctrine of patent exhaustion precludes the patentee from licensing its rights at more than one level in the relevant value chain, and the choice of which point along the value chain patent rights are to be exhausted is an important prerogative of the patentee. Provided that an owner of SEPs provides widespread access to its standardized technologies by offering FRAND terms and conditions, public policy and judicial practice should, in principle, remain neutral on the point across the value chain of exhaustion of patent rights. V. Analysis This paper reflects a literature search pertaining to the connected cars value chain, including SEP holders, automobile manufacturers and consumers. The methodology of this paper mainly consists of the collection of data pertaining to connected car services offered by various automobile manufacturers and the corresponding pricing. The data was collected through various web resources of automobile manufacturers as well as several primary and secondary automobile data sources. A comprehensive field data questionnaire was also prepared in order to capture detailed information pertaining to connected car services offered by various automobile manufacturers.30 More than 20 automobile manufacturers were approached with the questionnaire and information was obtained from 19 of them. Further, analytics was performed on 15 unique automobile manufacturers, i.e. not including the associated brands (for example, in the case of Fiat and Abarth, only Fiat was included in the analysis). Data points covered (1) different geographical origins, brands and segment of automobile manufacturers; (2) the connected car packages offered and their corresponding prices; (3) the free subscription period offered with a new vehicle purchase; (4) the additional expenses that a customer has to pay in order to use connected car services; (5) the information pertaining to on-board components; (6) the possible off-board components; (7) the embedded automotive operating systems used; and (8) the average time that consumers maintain a car in Europe. The collected data is refined and the following analysis is performed thereon in order to determine the price that customers are paying for standardized technology through the connected car applications. 1. Audi Audi offers connected car services under three different packages: Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment,31 Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment Plus32 and Emergency Call & Services.33 The average prices for these three different packages range from € 73 per year for Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment Plus to € 164 per year for Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment, as illustrated in Figure 1 below.34 This means that in the average period of 11 years that consumers maintain a car in Europe,35 considering the free subscription period of 3 months, a consumer would have paid between € 785 (having chosen Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment Plus) and € 1,763 (having chosen Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Figure 1: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Audi Figure 1: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Audi Connected Car Service Brand Audi Connect Mobile Application myAudi App36 Cellular Collaboration Cubic Telecom; AT&T Free Subscription Period 3 Months Connected Car Service Brand Audi Connect Mobile Application myAudi App36 Cellular Collaboration Cubic Telecom; AT&T Free Subscription Period 3 Months Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand Audi Connect Mobile Application myAudi App36 Cellular Collaboration Cubic Telecom; AT&T Free Subscription Period 3 Months Connected Car Service Brand Audi Connect Mobile Application myAudi App36 Cellular Collaboration Cubic Telecom; AT&T Free Subscription Period 3 Months Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years) . Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment 164 1,763 Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment Plus 73 785 Audi Connect Emergency Call & Service 0 0 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years) . Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment 164 1,763 Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment Plus 73 785 Audi Connect Emergency Call & Service 0 0 Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years) . Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment 164 1,763 Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment Plus 73 785 Audi Connect Emergency Call & Service 0 0 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years) . Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment 164 1,763 Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment Plus 73 785 Audi Connect Emergency Call & Service 0 0 Open in new tab 2. BMW BMW offers connected car services under four different packages: BMW Connected Package,37 BMW Connected Package Plus,38 BMW Connected Package Professional39 and BMW Connected Package Excellent.40 The average prices for these four different packages range from € 79 per year for BMW Connected Package to € 394 per year for BMW Connected Package Excellent, as illustrated in Figure 2 below.41 This means that in a period of 11 years, after the free subscription period of 3 years, a consumer would have paid between € 632 (having chosen BMW Connected Package) and € 3,152 (having chosen BMW Connected Package Excellent) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Figure 2: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for BMW Figure 2: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for BMW Connected Car Service Brand . ConnectedDrive . Mobile Application BMW Connected App, My BMW Remote app, and BMW i Remote app42 Cellular Collaboration Telecom Free Subscription Period 3 years Connected Car Service Brand . ConnectedDrive . Mobile Application BMW Connected App, My BMW Remote app, and BMW i Remote app42 Cellular Collaboration Telecom Free Subscription Period 3 years Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand . ConnectedDrive . Mobile Application BMW Connected App, My BMW Remote app, and BMW i Remote app42 Cellular Collaboration Telecom Free Subscription Period 3 years Connected Car Service Brand . ConnectedDrive . Mobile Application BMW Connected App, My BMW Remote app, and BMW i Remote app42 Cellular Collaboration Telecom Free Subscription Period 3 years Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)43 . BMW Connected Package 79 632 BMW Connected Package Plus 149 1,192 BMW Connected Package Professional 209 1,672 BMW Connected Package Excellent 394 3,152 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)43 . BMW Connected Package 79 632 BMW Connected Package Plus 149 1,192 BMW Connected Package Professional 209 1,672 BMW Connected Package Excellent 394 3,152 Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)43 . BMW Connected Package 79 632 BMW Connected Package Plus 149 1,192 BMW Connected Package Professional 209 1,672 BMW Connected Package Excellent 394 3,152 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)43 . BMW Connected Package 79 632 BMW Connected Package Plus 149 1,192 BMW Connected Package Professional 209 1,672 BMW Connected Package Excellent 394 3,152 Open in new tab 3. Fiat Fiat (including associated brands such as Alfa Romeo, Fiat Professional, Lancia, Jeep® and Abarth) offers connected car services under two different packages: Connect Packet44 and Connect Packet Plus.45 The prices for these two different packages range from € 300 for Connect Packet to € 600 for Connect Packet Plus, as illustrated in Figure 3 above.46 Figure 3: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Fiat Figure 3: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Fiat Connected Car Service Brand Uconnect™ Mobile Application Uconnect™ LIVE47 Cellular Collaboration AT&T Free Subscription Period NA Connected Car Service Brand Uconnect™ Mobile Application Uconnect™ LIVE47 Cellular Collaboration AT&T Free Subscription Period NA Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand Uconnect™ Mobile Application Uconnect™ LIVE47 Cellular Collaboration AT&T Free Subscription Period NA Connected Car Service Brand Uconnect™ Mobile Application Uconnect™ LIVE47 Cellular Collaboration AT&T Free Subscription Period NA Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . One-time Price (€) . Final Price (€/11 Years)48 . Connect Packet 300 300 Connect Packet Plus 600 600 Connected Car Packages . One-time Price (€) . Final Price (€/11 Years)48 . Connect Packet 300 300 Connect Packet Plus 600 600 Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . One-time Price (€) . Final Price (€/11 Years)48 . Connect Packet 300 300 Connect Packet Plus 600 600 Connected Car Packages . One-time Price (€) . Final Price (€/11 Years)48 . Connect Packet 300 300 Connect Packet Plus 600 600 Open in new tab 4. Ford Ford offers connected car services under three different packages: FordPass Connect Base Modem Subscription,49 Live Traffic and Wi-Fi Hotspot. The average prices for these three different packages range from £ 30 (approximately € 34)50 per year for Live Traffic to £ 44.50 (approximately € 50.45)51 per year for FordPass Connect Base Modem Subscription, as illustrated in Figure 4 below.52 This means that in a period of 11 years, after the free subscription period of 2 years that Ford offers, a consumer would have paid between £ 270 (approximately € 306,53 having chosen Live Traffic) and £ 401 (approximately € 455,54 having chosen FordPass Connect Base Modem Subscription) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Figure 4: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Ford Figure 4: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Ford Connected Car Service Brand FordPass Connect; SYNC Connect Mobile Application FordPass App55 Cellular Collaboration Vodafone Free Subscription Period 2 Years Connected Car Service Brand FordPass Connect; SYNC Connect Mobile Application FordPass App55 Cellular Collaboration Vodafone Free Subscription Period 2 Years Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand FordPass Connect; SYNC Connect Mobile Application FordPass App55 Cellular Collaboration Vodafone Free Subscription Period 2 Years Connected Car Service Brand FordPass Connect; SYNC Connect Mobile Application FordPass App55 Cellular Collaboration Vodafone Free Subscription Period 2 Years Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)56 . Final Price (€/11 Years)57,58 . FordPass Connect Base Modem Subscription 50.45 455 Live Traffic 34 306 Wi-Fi Hotspot NA NA Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)56 . Final Price (€/11 Years)57,58 . FordPass Connect Base Modem Subscription 50.45 455 Live Traffic 34 306 Wi-Fi Hotspot NA NA Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)56 . Final Price (€/11 Years)57,58 . FordPass Connect Base Modem Subscription 50.45 455 Live Traffic 34 306 Wi-Fi Hotspot NA NA Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)56 . Final Price (€/11 Years)57,58 . FordPass Connect Base Modem Subscription 50.45 455 Live Traffic 34 306 Wi-Fi Hotspot NA NA Open in new tab 5. Honda Honda offers connected car services under five different packages: Basic,59 Link,60 Security,61 Remote62 and Concierge.63 The average prices for these five different packages range from $ 89 (approximately € 80)64 per year for Security to $ 260 (approximately € 233)65 per year for Concierge, as illustrated in Figure 5 above.66 This means that in a period of 11 years, after a free subscription period of 3 months to 1 year, a consumer would have paid between $ 890 (approximately € 798,67 having chosen Security) and $ 2,795 (approximately € 2,505,68 having chosen Concierge) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Figure 5: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Honda Figure 5: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Honda Connected Car Service Brand HondaLink Mobile Application HondaLink69 Cellular Collaboration −- Free Subscription Period 3 Months to 1 Year Connected Car Service Brand HondaLink Mobile Application HondaLink69 Cellular Collaboration −- Free Subscription Period 3 Months to 1 Year Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand HondaLink Mobile Application HondaLink69 Cellular Collaboration −- Free Subscription Period 3 Months to 1 Year Connected Car Service Brand HondaLink Mobile Application HondaLink69 Cellular Collaboration −- Free Subscription Period 3 Months to 1 Year Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)70 . Final Price (€/11 Years)71,72 . Basic 0 0 Link 0 0 Security 80 798 Remote 99 1,060 Concierge (Including Remote) 233 2,505 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)70 . Final Price (€/11 Years)71,72 . Basic 0 0 Link 0 0 Security 80 798 Remote 99 1,060 Concierge (Including Remote) 233 2,505 Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)70 . Final Price (€/11 Years)71,72 . Basic 0 0 Link 0 0 Security 80 798 Remote 99 1,060 Concierge (Including Remote) 233 2,505 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)70 . Final Price (€/11 Years)71,72 . Basic 0 0 Link 0 0 Security 80 798 Remote 99 1,060 Concierge (Including Remote) 233 2,505 Open in new tab 6. Hyundai Hyundai offers connected car services under four different packages: Navigation Package,73 Connected Car Package,74 Remote Package75 and Guidance Package.76 The average prices for these four different packages range from $ 118.80 (approximately € 106)77 per year for Connected Car Package, Remote Package and Guidance Package to $ 504.2 (approximately € 452)78 per year for Navigation Package, as illustrated in Figure 6 above.79 This means that in a period of 11 years, after the free subscription period of 3 years offered by Hyundai, a consumer would have paid between $ 950 (approximately € 851,80 having chosen Connected Car Package, Remote Package and Guidance Package) and $ 4,033 (approximately € 3,615,81 having chosen Navigation Package) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Figure 6: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Hyundai Figure 6: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Hyundai Connected Car Service Brand Blue Link Mobile Application myHyundai82 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 3 Years Connected Car Service Brand Blue Link Mobile Application myHyundai82 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 3 Years Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand Blue Link Mobile Application myHyundai82 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 3 Years Connected Car Service Brand Blue Link Mobile Application myHyundai82 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 3 Years Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)83 . Final Price (€/11 Years)84,85 . Navigation Package 452 3,615 Connected Car Package 106 851 Remote Package 106 851 Guidance Package 106 851 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)83 . Final Price (€/11 Years)84,85 . Navigation Package 452 3,615 Connected Car Package 106 851 Remote Package 106 851 Guidance Package 106 851 Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)83 . Final Price (€/11 Years)84,85 . Navigation Package 452 3,615 Connected Car Package 106 851 Remote Package 106 851 Guidance Package 106 851 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)83 . Final Price (€/11 Years)84,85 . Navigation Package 452 3,615 Connected Car Package 106 851 Remote Package 106 851 Guidance Package 106 851 Open in new tab 7. Jaguar Jaguar (including associated brands such as Land Rover) offers connected car services under four different packages: InControl Infotainment,86 InControl Connectivity: Protect,87 InControl Connectivity: Secure88 and InControl Driver Assistance.89 The average prices for these four different packages range from £ 30 (approximately € 34)90 per year for InControl Connectivity: Protect to £ 240 (approximately € 272)91 per year for InControl Connectivity: Secure, as illustrated in Figure 7 above.92 This means that in a period of 11 years, after a free subscription period of 2-3 years, a consumer would have paid between £ 255 (approximately € 289,93 having chosen InControl Connectivity: Protect) and £ 2,040 (approximately € 2,314,94 having chosen InControl Connectivity: Secure) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Figure 7: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Jaguar Figure 7: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Jaguar Connected Car Service Brand InControl Mobile Application InControl Apps95 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 2-3 Years Connected Car Service Brand InControl Mobile Application InControl Apps95 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 2-3 Years Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand InControl Mobile Application InControl Apps95 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 2-3 Years Connected Car Service Brand InControl Mobile Application InControl Apps95 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 2-3 Years Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)96 . Final Price (€/11 Years)97,98 . InControl Infotainment NA NA InControl Connectivity: Protect 34 289 InControl Connectivity: Secure 272 2,314 InControl Driver Assistance NA NA Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)96 . Final Price (€/11 Years)97,98 . InControl Infotainment NA NA InControl Connectivity: Protect 34 289 InControl Connectivity: Secure 272 2,314 InControl Driver Assistance NA NA Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)96 . Final Price (€/11 Years)97,98 . InControl Infotainment NA NA InControl Connectivity: Protect 34 289 InControl Connectivity: Secure 272 2,314 InControl Driver Assistance NA NA Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)96 . Final Price (€/11 Years)97,98 . InControl Infotainment NA NA InControl Connectivity: Protect 34 289 InControl Connectivity: Secure 272 2,314 InControl Driver Assistance NA NA Open in new tab 8. Mercedes Benz Mercedes Benz offers connected car services under ten different packages: Remote Parking Assist, Vehicle Setup,99 In-Car Office, Digital Vehicle Key, Live Traffic Information, Navigation Services, Online Map Update, Smartphone Integration, Vehicle Monitoring100 and Digital Radio. The average prices for these 10 different packages range from € 19 per year for In-Car Office to € 99 per year for Live Traffic Information and Navigation Services, as illustrated in Figure 8 above.101 This means that in a period of 11 years, after a free subscription period of 3 years, a consumer would have paid between € 152 (having chosen In-Car Office) and € 792 (having chosen Traffic Information and Navigation Services) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Figure 8: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Mercedes Benz Figure 8: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Mercedes Benz Connected Car Service Brand Mercedes me Connect Mobile Application Mercedes me App102 Cellular Collaboration Vodafone Free Subscription Period 3 Years Connected Car Service Brand Mercedes me Connect Mobile Application Mercedes me App102 Cellular Collaboration Vodafone Free Subscription Period 3 Years Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand Mercedes me Connect Mobile Application Mercedes me App102 Cellular Collaboration Vodafone Free Subscription Period 3 Years Connected Car Service Brand Mercedes me Connect Mobile Application Mercedes me App102 Cellular Collaboration Vodafone Free Subscription Period 3 Years Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)103 . Remote Parking Assist 93.25/99 768 Vehicle Setup 69 552 In-Car Office 19 152 Digital Vehicle Key 39 312 Live Traffic Information 99 792 Navigation Services 99 792 Online Map Update 0 0 Smartphone Integration (One time cost) 238 238 Vehicle Monitoring 69 552 Digital Radio (One time cost) 238 238 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)103 . Remote Parking Assist 93.25/99 768 Vehicle Setup 69 552 In-Car Office 19 152 Digital Vehicle Key 39 312 Live Traffic Information 99 792 Navigation Services 99 792 Online Map Update 0 0 Smartphone Integration (One time cost) 238 238 Vehicle Monitoring 69 552 Digital Radio (One time cost) 238 238 Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)103 . Remote Parking Assist 93.25/99 768 Vehicle Setup 69 552 In-Car Office 19 152 Digital Vehicle Key 39 312 Live Traffic Information 99 792 Navigation Services 99 792 Online Map Update 0 0 Smartphone Integration (One time cost) 238 238 Vehicle Monitoring 69 552 Digital Radio (One time cost) 238 238 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)103 . Remote Parking Assist 93.25/99 768 Vehicle Setup 69 552 In-Car Office 19 152 Digital Vehicle Key 39 312 Live Traffic Information 99 792 Navigation Services 99 792 Online Map Update 0 0 Smartphone Integration (One time cost) 238 238 Vehicle Monitoring 69 552 Digital Radio (One time cost) 238 238 Open in new tab 9. Opel Opel offers connected car services under four different packages: Emergency and Breakdown Call, Live Navigation Services,104 Vehicle Status and Information105 and Infotainment.106 The average price is € 27 per year for Emergency and Breakdown Call, as illustrated below.107 This means that in a period of 11 years, a consumer would have paid € 300 (having chosen Emergency and Breakdown Call) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Connected Car Service Brand Opel Connect; OnStar Mobile Application myOpel108 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period NA Connected Car Service Brand Opel Connect; OnStar Mobile Application myOpel108 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period NA Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand Opel Connect; OnStar Mobile Application myOpel108 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period NA Connected Car Service Brand Opel Connect; OnStar Mobile Application myOpel108 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period NA Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)109 . Emergency and Breakdown Call 27 300 Live Navigation Services NA NA Vehicle Status and Information NA NA Infotainment NA NA Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)109 . Emergency and Breakdown Call 27 300 Live Navigation Services NA NA Vehicle Status and Information NA NA Infotainment NA NA Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)109 . Emergency and Breakdown Call 27 300 Live Navigation Services NA NA Vehicle Status and Information NA NA Infotainment NA NA Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)109 . Emergency and Breakdown Call 27 300 Live Navigation Services NA NA Vehicle Status and Information NA NA Infotainment NA NA Open in new tab 10. Porsche Porsche offers connected car services under nine different packages: Navigation & Infotainment Services,110 Porsche 360+ Lifestyle Assistant,111 Car Connect Services: Remote Services,112 Safety Services,113 Security Services,114 Remote Services + Safety Services, Remote + Safety + Security Services, Porsche Charging Service115 and Parking Plus. The average prices for these nine different packages range from € 30 per year for Porsche Charging Service to € 1,188 per year for Porsche 360+ Lifestyle Assistant, as illustrated in Figure 10 below.116 This means that in a period of 11 years, after a free subscription period of 3 months to 2 years for different services, a consumer would have paid between € 330 (having chosen Porsche Charging Service) and € 13,068 (having chosen Porsche 360+ Lifestyle Assistant) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Figure 10: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Porsche Figure 10: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Porsche Connected Car Service Brand Porsche Connect Mobile Application Porsche Connect, Porsche Offroad Precision App, and Porsche Track Precision App117 Cellular Collaboration Vodafone Free Subscription Period 3 Months to 2 Years Connected Car Service Brand Porsche Connect Mobile Application Porsche Connect, Porsche Offroad Precision App, and Porsche Track Precision App117 Cellular Collaboration Vodafone Free Subscription Period 3 Months to 2 Years Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand Porsche Connect Mobile Application Porsche Connect, Porsche Offroad Precision App, and Porsche Track Precision App117 Cellular Collaboration Vodafone Free Subscription Period 3 Months to 2 Years Connected Car Service Brand Porsche Connect Mobile Application Porsche Connect, Porsche Offroad Precision App, and Porsche Track Precision App117 Cellular Collaboration Vodafone Free Subscription Period 3 Months to 2 Years Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)118 . Navigation & Infotainment Services 166.5 1,499 Porsche 360+ Lifestyle Assistant 1,188 13,068 Remote Services 138.5 1,385 Safety Services 250.5 2,756 Security Services 404.5 4,450 Remote Services + Safety Services 278.5 3,064 Remote + Safety + Security Services 488.5 5,374 Porsche Charging Service 30 330 Parking Plus 60 645 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)118 . Navigation & Infotainment Services 166.5 1,499 Porsche 360+ Lifestyle Assistant 1,188 13,068 Remote Services 138.5 1,385 Safety Services 250.5 2,756 Security Services 404.5 4,450 Remote Services + Safety Services 278.5 3,064 Remote + Safety + Security Services 488.5 5,374 Porsche Charging Service 30 330 Parking Plus 60 645 Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)118 . Navigation & Infotainment Services 166.5 1,499 Porsche 360+ Lifestyle Assistant 1,188 13,068 Remote Services 138.5 1,385 Safety Services 250.5 2,756 Security Services 404.5 4,450 Remote Services + Safety Services 278.5 3,064 Remote + Safety + Security Services 488.5 5,374 Porsche Charging Service 30 330 Parking Plus 60 645 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)118 . Navigation & Infotainment Services 166.5 1,499 Porsche 360+ Lifestyle Assistant 1,188 13,068 Remote Services 138.5 1,385 Safety Services 250.5 2,756 Security Services 404.5 4,450 Remote Services + Safety Services 278.5 3,064 Remote + Safety + Security Services 488.5 5,374 Porsche Charging Service 30 330 Parking Plus 60 645 Open in new tab 11. Skoda Skoda offers connected car services under four different packages: Infotainment Online,119 Care Connect: Proactive Service,120 Care Connect: Remote Access,121 and Emergency Call.122 The average prices for these four different packages range from € 60 per year for Care Connect: Remote Access to € 70 per year for Emergency Call, as illustrated in Figure 11 below.123 This means that in a period of 11 years, a consumer would have paid between € 660 (having chosen Care Connect: Remote Access) and € 770 (having chosen Emergency Call) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Figure 11: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Skoda Figure 11: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Skoda Connected Car Service Brand ŠKODA Connect Mobile Application ŠKODA Connect App124 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period NA Connected Car Service Brand ŠKODA Connect Mobile Application ŠKODA Connect App124 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period NA Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand ŠKODA Connect Mobile Application ŠKODA Connect App124 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period NA Connected Car Service Brand ŠKODA Connect Mobile Application ŠKODA Connect App124 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period NA Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)125 . Infotainment Online NA NA Care Connect: Proactive Service NA NA Care Connect: Remote Access 60 660 Emergency Call 70 770 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)125 . Infotainment Online NA NA Care Connect: Proactive Service NA NA Care Connect: Remote Access 60 660 Emergency Call 70 770 Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)125 . Infotainment Online NA NA Care Connect: Proactive Service NA NA Care Connect: Remote Access 60 660 Emergency Call 70 770 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year) . Final Price (€/11 Years)125 . Infotainment Online NA NA Care Connect: Proactive Service NA NA Care Connect: Remote Access 60 660 Emergency Call 70 770 Open in new tab 12. Tesla Tesla offers connected car services under two different packages: Standard Connectivity126 and Premium Connectivity.127 The average price for the Premium Connectivity package is $ 100 (approximately € 89.60), as illustrated below.128 This means that in a period of 11 years, after a free subscription period of 1 year, a consumer would have paid $ 1,000 (approximately € 896, having chosen Premium Connectivity package) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Connected Car Service Brand −- Mobile Application Tesla App129 Cellular Collaboration Telefonia Free Subscription Period 1 Year Connected Car Service Brand −- Mobile Application Tesla App129 Cellular Collaboration Telefonia Free Subscription Period 1 Year Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand −- Mobile Application Tesla App129 Cellular Collaboration Telefonia Free Subscription Period 1 Year Connected Car Service Brand −- Mobile Application Tesla App129 Cellular Collaboration Telefonia Free Subscription Period 1 Year Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)130 . Final Price (€/11 Years)131,132 . Standard Connectivity 0 0 Premium Connectivity 89.6 896 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)130 . Final Price (€/11 Years)131,132 . Standard Connectivity 0 0 Premium Connectivity 89.6 896 Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)130 . Final Price (€/11 Years)131,132 . Standard Connectivity 0 0 Premium Connectivity 89.6 896 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)130 . Final Price (€/11 Years)131,132 . Standard Connectivity 0 0 Premium Connectivity 89.6 896 Open in new tab 13. Toyota Toyota (including associated brands such as Lexus) offers connected car services under eight different packages: Safety Connect®,133 Service Connect,134 Remote Connect,135 Wi-Fi Connect Powered by Verizon, Destination Assist Connect,136 Scout® GPS Link Compatible,137 Apple CarPlay® and Dynamic Navigation.138 The average prices for these eight different packages range from $ 24.99 (approximately € 22.41)139 per year for Scout® GPS Link Compatible to $ 88 (approximately € 79)140 per year for Safety Connect®, Remote Connect and Destination Assist Connect, as illustrated in Figure 13 above.141 This means that in a period of 11 years, after a free subscription period of 6 months to 3 years, a consumer would have paid $ 200 (approximately € 179,142 having chosen Scout® GPS Link Compatible) and $ 924 (approximately € 828,143 having chosen Remote Connect and Destination Assist Connect) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Figure 13: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Toyota Figure 13: Open in new tabDownload slide Connected Car Packages vs Price (€/11 years) for Toyota Connected Car Service Brand Entune™ 3.0 Mobile Application Entune™ 3.0144 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 6 Months to 3 Years Connected Car Service Brand Entune™ 3.0 Mobile Application Entune™ 3.0144 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 6 Months to 3 Years Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand Entune™ 3.0 Mobile Application Entune™ 3.0144 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 6 Months to 3 Years Connected Car Service Brand Entune™ 3.0 Mobile Application Entune™ 3.0144 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 6 Months to 3 Years Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)145 . Final Price (€/11 Years)146,147 . Safety Connect® 79 710 Service Connect 0 0 Remote Connect 79 828 Wi-Fi Connect Powered by Verizon NA NA Destination Assist Connect 79 828 Scout® GPS Link Compatible 22.41 179 Apple CarPlay® 0 0 Dynamic Navigation 75.77 606 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)145 . Final Price (€/11 Years)146,147 . Safety Connect® 79 710 Service Connect 0 0 Remote Connect 79 828 Wi-Fi Connect Powered by Verizon NA NA Destination Assist Connect 79 828 Scout® GPS Link Compatible 22.41 179 Apple CarPlay® 0 0 Dynamic Navigation 75.77 606 Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)145 . Final Price (€/11 Years)146,147 . Safety Connect® 79 710 Service Connect 0 0 Remote Connect 79 828 Wi-Fi Connect Powered by Verizon NA NA Destination Assist Connect 79 828 Scout® GPS Link Compatible 22.41 179 Apple CarPlay® 0 0 Dynamic Navigation 75.77 606 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)145 . Final Price (€/11 Years)146,147 . Safety Connect® 79 710 Service Connect 0 0 Remote Connect 79 828 Wi-Fi Connect Powered by Verizon NA NA Destination Assist Connect 79 828 Scout® GPS Link Compatible 22.41 179 Apple CarPlay® 0 0 Dynamic Navigation 75.77 606 Open in new tab 14. Volkswagen Volkswagen offers connected car services under four different packages: Guide & Inform,148 Security & Service,149 e-Remote150 and App-Connect.151 The average price for these four different packages is cumulatively $ 196 (approximately € 176),152 as illustrated below.153 This means that in a period of 11 years, after a free subscription period of 6 months, a consumer would have paid $ 2,059 (approximately € 1,846,154 for all four packages) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Connected Car Service Brand Car-Net Mobile Application Car-Net App;155 Volkswagen Connect® app156 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 6 Months Connected Car Service Brand Car-Net Mobile Application Car-Net App;155 Volkswagen Connect® app156 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 6 Months Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand Car-Net Mobile Application Car-Net App;155 Volkswagen Connect® app156 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 6 Months Connected Car Service Brand Car-Net Mobile Application Car-Net App;155 Volkswagen Connect® app156 Cellular Collaboration NA Free Subscription Period 6 Months Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)157 . Final Price (€/11 Years)158,159 . Guide & Inform NA NA Security & Service NA NA e-Remote NA NA App-Connect NA NA Cumulative 176 1,846 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)157 . Final Price (€/11 Years)158,159 . Guide & Inform NA NA Security & Service NA NA e-Remote NA NA App-Connect NA NA Cumulative 176 1,846 Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)157 . Final Price (€/11 Years)158,159 . Guide & Inform NA NA Security & Service NA NA e-Remote NA NA App-Connect NA NA Cumulative 176 1,846 Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)157 . Final Price (€/11 Years)158,159 . Guide & Inform NA NA Security & Service NA NA e-Remote NA NA App-Connect NA NA Cumulative 176 1,846 Open in new tab 15. Volvo Volvo offers connected car services under two different packages: Volvo On Call Services160 and Sensus Navigation.161 The average prices for the Volvo On Call Services is $ 156 (approximately € 140)162 per year, as illustrated below.163 This means that in a period of 11 years, after a free subscription period of 6 months, a consumer would have paid $ 1,638 (approximately € 1,467,164 having chosen Volvo On Call Services) for applications based on standardized connectivity. Connected Car Service Brand Sensus Mobile Application Volvo On Call App165 Cellular Collaboration AT&T Free Subscription Period 6 Months Connected Car Service Brand Sensus Mobile Application Volvo On Call App165 Cellular Collaboration AT&T Free Subscription Period 6 Months Open in new tab Connected Car Service Brand Sensus Mobile Application Volvo On Call App165 Cellular Collaboration AT&T Free Subscription Period 6 Months Connected Car Service Brand Sensus Mobile Application Volvo On Call App165 Cellular Collaboration AT&T Free Subscription Period 6 Months Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)166 . Final Price (€/11 Year)167,168 . Volvo On Call Services 140 1,467 Sensus Navigation NA NA Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)166 . Final Price (€/11 Year)167,168 . Volvo On Call Services 140 1,467 Sensus Navigation NA NA Open in new tab Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)166 . Final Price (€/11 Year)167,168 . Volvo On Call Services 140 1,467 Sensus Navigation NA NA Connected Car Packages . Average Price (€/Year)166 . Final Price (€/11 Year)167,168 . Volvo On Call Services 140 1,467 Sensus Navigation NA NA Open in new tab 16. Cumulative Analysis The above data representation exhibits the diversity of connected car applications offered to consumers. Likewise, the price that consumers pay for such connected car applications also varies from one manufacturer to another. Figure 16 illustrates the cumulative price that a consumer would pay in an 11-year period for the best possible connected car application package across automobile manufacturers. This would range from a € 300 package offered by Opel to a € 20,586 package offered by Porsche. No. . Automobile Manufacturer (OEM) . Price for Premium Connected Car Package (€/11 Years)169 . 4.1 Audi 2,548 4.2 BMW 3,152 4.3 Fiat 600 4.4 Ford 761 4.5 Honda 3,303 4.6 Hyundai 6,168 4.7 Jaguar 2,603 4.8 Mercedes Benz 4,396 4.9 Opel 300 4.10 Porsche 20,586 4.11 Skoda 1,430 4.12 Tesla 896 4.13 Toyota 3,151 4.14 Volkswagen 1,846 4.15 Volvo 1,467 No. . Automobile Manufacturer (OEM) . Price for Premium Connected Car Package (€/11 Years)169 . 4.1 Audi 2,548 4.2 BMW 3,152 4.3 Fiat 600 4.4 Ford 761 4.5 Honda 3,303 4.6 Hyundai 6,168 4.7 Jaguar 2,603 4.8 Mercedes Benz 4,396 4.9 Opel 300 4.10 Porsche 20,586 4.11 Skoda 1,430 4.12 Tesla 896 4.13 Toyota 3,151 4.14 Volkswagen 1,846 4.15 Volvo 1,467 Open in new tab No. . Automobile Manufacturer (OEM) . Price for Premium Connected Car Package (€/11 Years)169 . 4.1 Audi 2,548 4.2 BMW 3,152 4.3 Fiat 600 4.4 Ford 761 4.5 Honda 3,303 4.6 Hyundai 6,168 4.7 Jaguar 2,603 4.8 Mercedes Benz 4,396 4.9 Opel 300 4.10 Porsche 20,586 4.11 Skoda 1,430 4.12 Tesla 896 4.13 Toyota 3,151 4.14 Volkswagen 1,846 4.15 Volvo 1,467 No. . Automobile Manufacturer (OEM) . Price for Premium Connected Car Package (€/11 Years)169 . 4.1 Audi 2,548 4.2 BMW 3,152 4.3 Fiat 600 4.4 Ford 761 4.5 Honda 3,303 4.6 Hyundai 6,168 4.7 Jaguar 2,603 4.8 Mercedes Benz 4,396 4.9 Opel 300 4.10 Porsche 20,586 4.11 Skoda 1,430 4.12 Tesla 896 4.13 Toyota 3,151 4.14 Volkswagen 1,846 4.15 Volvo 1,467 Open in new tab Figure 16: Open in new tabDownload slide OEMs vs Price for Premium Connected Car Package (€/11 years) Figure 16: Open in new tabDownload slide OEMs vs Price for Premium Connected Car Package (€/11 years) VI. Conclusions In the last few years, companies operating within the Internet of Things have incorporated standardized connectivity to enhance their products. For instance, connected cars display the real-time traffic situation and recommend alternative routes, warn about curve speed and slippery roads, respond to a crash situation automatically, call an ambulance in case of an accident, etc. With each generation (2G, 3G, 4G and 5G), the standardized connectivity is getting faster, reliable and with lower latency. Consumers understand the benefits and are paying for these connectivity features (see Section 3). Moreover, not only consumers but also automotive companies gain from connectivity: they can further increase their profits via advertising, customer retention for after-sales and savings with respect to warranty obligations.170 Furthermore, standardized connectivity benefits ICT companies and other relevant players. This may explain why 381 million connected cars are expected to be on the road by 2020 versus 36 million in 2015.171 Furthermore, forecasts predict that connected cars will generate $ 8.1 trillion between 2015 and 2020.172 While cellular standards allow for such connectivity, some safeguards have been taken by organizations developing them to guarantee a balance between innovators173 and users of the standards. For instance, members of the standard developing organizations are typically encouraged to license their patented technology that is essential to the standard on Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) terms and conditions. FRAND is to be agreed upon by the parties, licensor and licensee, in good faith licensing negotiations. According to the European Commission, FRAND terms ‘have to bear a clear relationship to the economic value of the patented technology’.174 The licensing platform AVANCI currently licenses a large majority of the standardized patented technology used by connected cars (4G, previous standards and eCall) for a one-time fee of $ 15. Considering the average time that consumers maintain a car in Europe (11 years) and the free subscription period for connectivity features (which vary depending on the car company), this paper shows that consumers are currently paying car manufacturers far more for these applications than $ 15. For instance, BMW is charging a minimum of € 632 for the BMW Connected Package and a maximum of € 3,152 for the BMW Connected Package Excellent. Also, Mercedes Benz is charging € 152 for In-Car Office and € 792 apiece for Traffic Information and Navigation Services. Packages based on standardized technologies can cost up to € 4,396 cumulatively for Mercedes Benz. To estimate the economic value of cellular patented technology, not only the revenues but also the costs, i.e. the amount that car manufacturers spend, e.g. in adapting the operating systems into their cars, are relevant. Unfortunately, these costs are in large part not publicly available. Without transparency from car manufacturers regarding the economic value that the standardized patented connectivity is bringing to their vehicles, cellular innovators will be forced to estimate this value (and make FRAND offers) in view of the limited information that is publicly available. The same will apply to other Internet of Things products or services. Therefore, transparency needs to take place on both sides. A large number of SEP holders demonstrated transparency via AVANCI when it published the royalties on its website. Now it is time for standard users to share the value that they are getting from cellular connectivity. The views expressed herein are those of the author alone and do not necessarily represent current and former employers’ views or the views of MIPLC. Footnotes 1 Hans Greimel, ‘Toyota Unveils ‘Smartphone on Wheels' Concept Car for Tokyo Show’ (Autoweek, 27 November 2011) accessed 20 May 2019. 2 See Daimler Connectivity, available at accessed 20 May 2019; see ‘Everything will be connected in the automotive future’ accessed 20 May 2019. The history of connected cars dates back to 1994-1995, when dashboard computer diagnostics and global positioning system (GPS) navigation systems started becoming part of automobiles for the first time. The very first connected car rolled in 1996, when General Motors introduced OnStar with Motorola Automotive as a safety feature, particularly to provide an emergency help application. However, many comprehensive connectivity applications started appearing in the 2000s with the introduction of universal serial bus (USB) ports and Bluetooth connectivity. 2003 witnessed the introduction of a vehicle with health reports, turn-by-turn directions and a network access device and in 2007 data-only telematics was introduced by Continental. See Wikipedia, and accessed 20 May 2019. 3 See Federation Internationale de l’automotive region I, What European think about connected cars, Jan. 2016. accessed 20 May 2019. 4 ‘What’s driving the connected car’, McKinsey & Company, September 2014 accessed 20 May 2019. 5 Michele Bertoncello, Asad Husain and Timo Möller, ‘Setting the framework for car connectivity and user experience’ November 2018, McKinsey Quarterly. Communication capabilities that a connected car offers include on-board computing as well as sensors and actuators communicating with each other. 6 Ning Lu and others, ‘Connected Vehicles: Solutions and Challenges’ 1 IEEE Internet of Things Journal 289 (2014). Intelligent Transport Systems aggregate diverse information and communication technologies to make transport more efficient, safe and sustainable. For example, ‘an ITS in Glasgow city provides regular information to the daily commuters about public buses, timings, seat availability, the current location of the bus, time taken to reach a particular destination, next location of the bus and the density of passengers inside the bus’. accessed 20 May 2019. 7 Liu Nanjie, ‘Internet of Vehicles: Your next connection’ 11 Huawei WinWin 23 (2011). The Internet of Vehicles intersects the mobile communication systems and the vehicular Internet of Things. IoV enables communication between vehicles (for example connected cars) and surrounding networks to gather, share, process and release information on vehicles, roads and surroundings to effectively manage vehicles and provide various mobile applications based services. 8 United States Department of Transportation, ‘Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) accessed 20 May 2019. 9 Ning Lu and others (n 6). 10 Billy Williams, ‘Intelligent Transportation Systems’ in Fariborz Haghighat and Jong-Jin Kim, ‘Sustainable Build Environment, Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems’ vol II, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) (2009) 386 accessed 20 May 2019. 11 accessed 20 May 2019. 12 John Harding and others, ‘Vehicle-to-vehicle communications: Readiness of V2V technology for application’ (US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, August 2014) accessed 20 May 2019. 13 accessed 20 May 2019. 14 Over-the-air-updates – Is OTA the future of cars? accessed 20 May 2019. 15 Ericsson Connected Vehicle Cloud accessed 20 May 2019. 16 accessed 20 May 2019. 17 accessed 20 May 2019. 18 Sources: official websites of various automobile manufacturers including but not limited to Audi, BMW, Fiat, Ford, Honda, Hyundai, Jaguar, Mercedes Benz, Opel, Porsche, Skoda, Tesla, Toyota, Volkswagen and Volvo. 19 A short-range wireless connectivity technology enabling two electronic devices to establish communication by bringing them within a 4 cm range, jointly developed by Sony and NXP Semiconductors (formerly Philips). See NFC Forum accessed 20 May 2019. 20 European Commission, ‘On the road to automated mobility: An EU strategy for mobility of the future’ (Communication) (COM(2018) 283 final accessed 20 May 2019. 21 Product Information Catalog and Vehicle Listing (vPIC) of NHTSA accessed 20 May 2019. ‘A vehicle identification number (VIN) is a unique code, including a serial number, used by the automotive industry to identify individual motor vehicles, towed vehicles, motorcycles, scooters and mopeds’ accessed 20 May 2019. 22 European Commission, ‘The interoperable EU-wide eCall’ accessed 20 May 2019. 23 The following practical steps are to be taken by SEP holders before seeking injunctions, as confirmed by the CJEU in Huawei v ZTE, according to its judgment of 16 July 2015. Judgment C-170/13 Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. v ZTE Deutschland GRUR Int 2015, 942: ‘Prior to such proceedings (bringing an action for a prohibitory injunction or for the recall of products against the alleged infringer), it is thus for the proprietor of the SEP in question, first, to alert the alleged infringer of the infringement complained about by designating that SEP and specifying the way in which it has been infringed’; ‘Secondly, after the alleged infringer has expressed its willingness to conclude a licensing agreement on FRAND terms, it is for the proprietor of the SEP to present to that alleged infringer a specific, written offer for a licence on FRAND terms, in accordance with the undertaking given to the standardisation body, specifying, in particular, the amount of the royalty and the way in which that royalty is to be calculated’; ‘By contrast, it is for the alleged infringer diligently to respond to that offer, in accordance with recognised commercial practices in the field and in good faith, a point which must be established on the basis of objective factors and which implies, in particular, that there are no delaying tactics’; ‘Should the alleged infringer not accept the offer made to it, it may rely on the abusive nature of an action for a prohibitory injunction or for the recall of products only if it has submitted to the proprietor of the SEP in question, promptly and in writing, a specific counter-offer that corresponds to FRAND terms’; ‘Furthermore, where the alleged infringer is using the teachings of the SEP before a licensing agreement has been concluded, it is for that alleged infringer, from the point at which its counter-offer is rejected, to provide appropriate security, in accordance with recognised commercial practices in the field, for example by providing a bank guarantee or by placing the amounts necessary on deposit. The calculation of that security must include, inter alia, the number of the past acts of use of the SEP, and the alleged infringer must be able to render an account in respect of those acts of use’; ‘In addition, where no agreement is reached on the details of the FRAND terms following the counter-offer by the alleged infringer, the parties may, by common agreement, request that the amount of the royalty be determined by an independent third party, by decision without delay’; and ‘Lastly, having regard, first, to the fact that a standardisation body such as that which developed the standard at issue in the main proceedings does not check whether patents are valid or essential to the standard in which they are included during the standardisation procedure, and, secondly, to the right to effective judicial protection guaranteed by Article 47 of the Charter, an alleged infringer cannot be criticised either for challenging, in parallel to the negotiations relating to the grant of licences, the validity of those patents and/or the essential nature of those patents to the standard in which they are included and/or their actual use, or for reserving the right to do so in the future.’ 24 Judgment of the CJEU of 16 July 2015, C-170/13 Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. v ZTE Deutschland accessed 20 May 2019. See the summary of the CJEU ruling as well as the summaries of the national courts interpreting it at the 4iP Council website accessed 20 May 2019. 25 accessed 20 May 2019. 26 accessed 20 May 2019. 27 These are the companies that have signed licensing agreements with Avanci so far. See more at accessed 20 May 2019. 28 See Düsseldorf Higher Regional Court, decision of 13 January 2016, 1-15 U 65/15. 29 Already in 2015, a survey showed that US customers were willing to spend an average of $ 840 on the connectivity features of a car. See Martin Gehring and Volker Handing, ‘The value of mobile connectivity in the automotive industry’ (Simon-Kucher, 2017) accessed 20 May 2019. 30 The following data was collected via personal interviews with sales representatives of diverse automobile companies: (1) general information on available brands and segments, (2) connected car service packages, (3) corresponding prices for available connected car service packages, (4) variation in pricing policy/price range, (5) fee subscription period offered, (6) additional expenses (on-board/off-board components/embedded operating systems), (7) taxes applicable, (8) preferred/mobile communication partner (internet), (9) brand/segment specific services, (10) customer preferences (driving related/non-driving related functionalities and (11) other relevant information/statistics. 31 Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment includes navigation with Google Earth™, point of interest (POI) search: voice control, traffic information online: map updates online, travel information, parking information, predictive route guidance, advanced POI display, hazard information, traffic signs information, WLAN hotspot, myAudi Navigation (phone to vehicle), messages, emails, calendar, twitter, online news, fuel prices, weather and online media streaming. 32 Audi Connect Navigation & Infotainment Plus includes navigation with Google Earth™, POI search: voice control, traffic information online: map updates online, travel information, parking information, predictive route guidance, advanced POI display, hazard information, traffic signs information, WLAN hotspot, myAudi Navigation (phone to vehicle), messages, emails, calendar, Twitter, online news, fuel prices, weather, online media streaming, natural language interaction and extended display of surroundings (3D optics). 33 Audi Connect Emergency Call & Service includes emergency calls & services, service call key: online breakdown calling, remote control, remote control: parking heater, vehicle status report, Audi Connect key: NFC-enabled Smartphone, an automatic emergency call made by the vehicle and Audi service appointments online. 34 , , accessed January 2019. 35 According to the ‘European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA)’ 2016, accessed 20 May 2019. Also, in 2017 passenger cars were on average 11.1 years old, compared to 10.5 years in 2013. accessed 20 May 2019. In the US the average was reported to be 11.6 years. 37 BMW Connected Package includes remote services, BMW Online, BMW Connected+ and intelligent voice assistant. 38 BMW Connected Package Plus includes remote services, BMW Online, BMW Connected+, intelligent voice assistant, USB map updates and Real Time Traffic Information (RTTI). 39 BMW Connected Package Professional includes remote services, BMW Online, BMW Connected+, intelligent voice assistant, USB map updates, RTTI, over-the-air map updates and connected parking. 40 BMW Connected Package Excellent includes remote services, BMW Online, BMW Connected+, intelligent voice assistant, USB map updates, RTTI, over-the-air map updates, connected parking, concierge services and Apple CarPlay® Preparation. 41 Sources: , , accessed January 2019. 44 Connect Packet includes Uconnect™ Radio, USB, Uconnect™ Live, Bluetooth® hands-free & audio streaming and Apple CarPlay®/Android Auto™. 45 Connect Packet Plus includes Uconnect™ Radio, USB, Uconnect™ Live, Bluetooth® hands-free & audio streaming, Apple CarPlay®/Android Auto™, Uconnect NAV navigation system with EU map and digital audio reception DAB+. 46 Sources: , accessed January 2019. 49 FordPass Connect Base Modem Subscription includes eCall, remote engine start, remote locking and unlocking, park location, remote vehicle monitoring and vehicle health alerts. 50 Considering the currency exchange rate of € 1 = 0.88 and £ 1 = € 1.13 on 20 May 2019; accessed 20 May 2019. 51 accessed 20 May 2019. 52 Sources: , , accessed January 2019. 53 accessed 20 May 2019. 54 accessed 20 May 2019. 59 Basic includes vehicle guides, recall notifications, service appointments and roadside assistance. 60 Link includes dashboard, vehicle notifications, favorites and send destination. 61 Security includes automatic collision notification, emergency call, personal data wipe and enhanced roadside assistance. 62 Remote includes remote start, remote lock & unlock, geo-fence alert, speed alert, security alarm alert, stolen vehicle locator, Find My Car and destination by voice. 63 Concierge includes Personal Concierge. 64 Considering the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019; accessed 20 May 2019. 65 accessed 20 May 2019. 66 Source: accessed January 2019. 67 accessed 20 May 2019. 68 accessed 20 May 2019. 73 Navigation Package includes radio navigation system, LIVE Services, lifetime MapCare™, N-Performance driving data, turbo boost pressure, torque, engine power, lap time, acceleration timekeeper and traffic sign recognition (ISLW). 74 Connected Car Package includes automatic diagnostic trouble code notification, monthly vehicle health report, service link, maintenance reminder, Automatic Collision Notification (ACN), enhanced roadside assistance, SOS emergency assistance, Blue Link mobile app, driving information, on-demand diagnostics and Apple CarPlay®/Android Auto™. 75 Remote Package includes remote door lock/unlock, remote horn and lights, car finder, stolen vehicle recovery, stolen vehicle slowdown, vehicle immobilization, alarm notification, curfew alert, geo-fence, speed alert, valet alert, remote start with climate control and in-vehicle safeguard alerts app. 76 Guidance Package includes destination search by voice, and destination send-to-car by Google. 77 Considering the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019; accessed 20 May 2019. 78 accessed 20 May 2019. 79 Sources: , accessed January 2019. 80 accessed 20 May 2019. 81 accessed 20 May 2019. 86 InControl Infotainment includes Navigation Pro, head-up display, interactive driver display, online media, digital TV, DAB radio, dynamic dials and Apple CarPlay®/Android Auto™. 87 InControl Connectivity: Protect includes Wi-Fi Hotspot, InControl apps and online media; Pro Services includes RTTI, online search, planning routes and door-to-door routing, share ETA, satellite view, commute mode, parking service, online routing and safety cameras; Remote Premium includes lock/unlock, beep & flash, vehicle security, remote climate, vehicle location, vehicle status, journeys, assistance, settings, wake up timer, optimized assistance and SOS emergency call; Remote Essentials includes vehicle location, vehicle status, journeys, assistance, settings and wake up timer. 88 InControl Connectivity: Secure includes stolen vehicle tracking. 89 InControl Driver Assistance includes driving and parking: driving includes autonomous emergency braking, lane departure warning, lane keep assist, driver condition monitor, traffic sign recognition, adaptive cruise control with queue assist, intelligent emergency braking, blind spot monitor and blind spot assist; parking includes park assist, front and rear parking, 360° parking aid, 360° surround camera, clear exit detection and reverse traffic detection. 90 Considering currency exchange rate of € 1 = £ 0.88 and £ 1 = € 1.13 on 20 May 2019; accessed 20 May 2019. 91 accessed 20 May 2019. 92 Sources: , accessed January 2019. 93 accessed 20 May 2019. 94 accessed 20 May 2019. 99 Vehicle Setup includes remote retrieval of vehicle status, remote door locking and unlocking, auxiliary heating/ventilation, charging settings and pre-entry climate control, personalization, theft notification and parking damage detection. 100 Vehicle Monitoring includes vehicle tracker, parked vehicle locator, route planning, geo-fencing and valet protect. 101 Sources: , accessed January 2019. 104 Live Navigation Services includes connected navigation. 105 Vehicle Status and Information includes vehicle diagnostics, stolen vehicle assistance, remote vehicle access and fleet management capabilities. 106 Infotainment includes Apple CarPlay® or Android Auto™. 107 accessed January 2019. 110 Navigation & Infotainment Services includes real-time traffic information, Google® Earth, online search, POI voice search, portal goals, portal POIs, parking, gasoline prices, online map updates, Twitter, news, dictate messages, weather, flight information, train information, event info and Gracenote Online. 111 Porsche 360+ Lifestyle Assistant includes Porsche Lifestyle Assistant; exclusive offers: partner network and digitally accelerated. 112 Car Connect Services: Remote Services includes remote trip statistics, remote vehicle status, car finder, remote door locking and geo-fence. 113 Safety Services includes airbag deployment notification, breakdown call with telematics data transmission. 114 Security Services includes advanced theft detection, 24/7 service, alert notification via SMS and push notification, remote access via mobile app, theft reporting via mobile app, Security Service Plus (requires Security Package), insurance approval and Automatic Driver Recognition (ADR). 115 Porsche Charging Service includes reliable charging point access and Europe-wide price security. 116 Sources: , , accessed January 2019. 119 Infotainment Online includes news, online destination import, online traffic information, weather, Gracenote, online POI search (text), petrol stations, parking spaces, online POI search (voice), online map updates, Google Earth®, online route import and My Points Of Interest. 120 Care Connect: Proactive Service includes breakdown call, vehicle health report, info call, service scheduling and automatic accident notification. 121 Care Connect: Remote Access includes driving data, online anti-theft alarm, honk & flash, speed notification, online auxiliary heater, lock & unlock, area notification, parking position and vehicle status. 122 Emergency Call includes eCall and Emergency Call. 123 accessed January 2019. 126 Standard Connectivity includes maps & navigation, music & media over Bluetooth®, software updates over Wi-Fi and safety updates over car’s cellular connection. 127 Premium Connectivity includes maps & navigation, music & media over Bluetooth®, software updates over Wi-Fi, safety updates over car’s cellular connection, satellite-view maps, live traffic visualization, in-car streaming music & media, internet browser and over-the-air software updates via Wi-Fi & cellular. 128 accessed January 2019. 133 Safety Connect® includes assistance at vehicle’s GPS location. 134 Service Connect includes maintenance alerts and vehicle mileage updates. 135 Remote Connect includes lock and unlock doors, start the engine, find your vehicle and monitor guest drivers. 136 Destination Assist Connect includes directions and destinations delivered by a real person and en-route navigation assistance. 137 Scout® GPS Link Compatible includes in-car navigation experience and powered from your smartphone. 138 Dynamic Navigation includes up-to-date map data and routes. 139 Considering currency exchange rate of $ 1 = € 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019; accessed 20 May 2019. 140 accessed 20 May 2019. 141 Sources: , , accessed January 2019. 142 accessed 20 May 2019. 143 accessed 20 May 2019. 148 Guide & Inform includes online traffic information, online destination import, online route import, My Points of Interest, online POI search (text input), parking spaces, filling stations, charging stations, vehicle health report, news, weather, time manager, online POI search (voice control), online map update, online Gracenote, hybrid-radio, internet radio, 3D city maps, online route calculation and satellite maps. 149 Security & Service includes emergency call service, vehicle health report, service scheduling, breakdown call, automatic accident notification, driving data, doors & lights, vehicle status, parking position, area alert, speed alert, horn & turn signals, lock & unlock, online anti-theft alarm, online auxiliary heater, charging, departure time and air conditioning. 150 e-Remote includes charging, departure time, air conditioning, vehicle status, driving data, parking position and doors & lights. 151 App-Connect includes MirrorLink®, Android Auto™ and Apple CarPlay™. 152 Considering currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019; accessed 20 May 2019. 153 Sources: , accessed January 2019. 154 accessed 20 May 2019. 160 Volvo On Call Services includes remote climate control, remote start/stop engine, send your destination, lock/unlock, fuel, maintenance, driving journal, calendar, car locate, delayed charging, battery status, favorite charging locations, in-car delivery (in association with Amazon), car share, on call, roadside assistance/emergency services, theft alarm notification, stolen vehicle tracking, vehicle immobilization and Wi-Fi hotspot. 161 Sensus Navigation includes park and pay, Glympse and send to car, Yelp, local search, Wiki Locations, Pandora, Tunein, Rdio, Stitcher and SiriusXM. 162 Considering currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 163 Sources: , , accessed January 2019. 164 accessed 20 May 2019. 170 As Gehring and Handing (n 29) explain, ‘[f]eatures such as remote diagnostics, predictive maintenance and online service scheduling enable car manufacturers to increase aftersales retention.’ Furthermore, ‘[f]or connected cars, an estimated one in three recalls could be addressed via over-the-air software updates, resulting in significant cost savings for the automotive manufacturers and a less cumbersome recall experience for the car owners’. 171 accessed 20 May 2019. 172 accessed 20 May 2019. 173 Looking at approved contributions (for 4G and 5G) of the relevant WGs in 3GPP, currently developing 5G, the major contributors are Ericsson, Nokia-Alcatel-Lucent, Huawei, Qualcomm and Samsung. See Claudia Tapia, ‘Who are the creators of the 5G standard?’ The Patent Lawyer, March/April 2019, 24-27 accessed 20 May 2019. 174 accessed 20 May 2019. 36 accessed 20 May 2019. 42 accessed 20 May 2019. 43 ACEA, 2016. 47 accessed 20 May 2019. 48 ACEA, 2016. 55 accessed 20 May 2019. 56 The average prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in GBP (even for the German market): £ 44.5/year for FordPass Connect Base Modem Subscription, £ 30/year for Live Traffic and Vodafone rates for Wi-Fi Hotspot. The above-mentioned conversion from GBP to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = £ 0.88 and £ 1 = € 1.13 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 57 ACEA, 2016. 58 The final prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in GBP (even for the German market): £ 401/11 years for FordPass Connect Base Modem Subscription and £ 270/11 years for Live Traffic. The above-mentioned conversion from GBP to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = £ 0.88 and £ 1 = € 1.13 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 69 accessed 20 May 2019. 70 The average prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in USD (even for the German market): $ 89/year for Security, $ 110/year for Remote and $ 260/year for Concierge. The above-mentioned conversion from USD to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 71 ACEA, 2016. 72 The final prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in USD (even for the German market): $ 890/11 years for Security, $ 1,183 /11 years for Remote and $ 2,795/11 years for Concierge. The above-mentioned conversion from USD to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 82 accessed 20 May 2019. 83 The average prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in USD (even for the German market): $ 504.2/year for Navigation Package, $ 118.8/year for Connected Car Package, $ 118.8/year for Remote Package and $ 118.8/year for Guidance Package. The above-mentioned conversion from USD to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 84 ACEA, 2016. 85 The final prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in USD (even for the German market): $ 4,033/11 years for Navigation Package, $ 950/11 years for Connected Car Package, $ 950/11 years for Remote Package and $ 950/11 years for Guidance Package. The above-mentioned conversion from USD to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 95 accessed 20 May 2019. 96 The average prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in GBP (even for the German market): £ 30/year for InControl Connectivity: Protect and £ 240/year for InControl Connectivity. The above-mentioned conversion from GBP to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = £ 0.88 and £ 1 = € 1.13 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 97 ACEA, 2016. 98 The final prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in GBP (even for the German market): £ 255 /11 years for InControl Connectivity: Protect and £ 2,040/11 years for InControl Connectivity: Secure. The above-mentioned conversion from GBP to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = £ 0.88 and £ 1 = € 1.13 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 102 accessed 20 May 2019. 103 ACEA, 2016. 108 accessed 20 May 2019. 109 ACEA, 2016. 117 accessed 20 May 2019. 118 ACEA, 2016. 124 accessed 20 May 2019. 125 ACEA, 2016. 129 accessed 20 May 2019. 130 The average prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in USD (even for the German market): $ 100/year for Premium Connectivity. The above-mentioned conversion from USD to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 131 ACEA, 2016. 132 The final prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in USD (even for the German market): $ 1 000/11 years for Premium Connectivity. The above-mentioned conversion from USD to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 144 accessed 20 May 2019. 145 The average prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in USD (even for the German market): $ 88/year for Safety Connect®, $ 88/year for Remote Connect, $ 88/year for Destination Assist Connect, $ 24.99/year for Scout® GPS Link Compatible and $ 84.5/year for Dynamic Navigation. The above-mentioned conversion from USD to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 146 ACEA, 2016. 147 The final prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in USD (even for the German market): $ 792/11 year for Safety Connect®, $ 924/11 year for Remote Connect, $ 924/11 years for Destination Assist Connect, $ 200/11 years for Scout® GPS Link Compatible and $ 676/11 years for Dynamic Navigation. The above-mentioned conversion from USD to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 155 accessed 20 May 2019. 156 accessed 20 May 2019. 157 The average prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in USD (even for the German market): $ 196/year for cumulative package (Guide & Inform, Security & Service, e-Remote, and App-Connect). The above-mentioned conversion from USD to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 158 ACEA, 2016. 159 The final prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in USD (even for the German market): $ 2 059/11 years for cumulative package (Guide & Inform, Security & Service. e-Remote and App-Connect). The above-mentioned conversion from USD to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 165 accessed 20 May 2019. 166 The average prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in USD (even for the German market): $ 156/year for Volvo On Call Services. The above-mentioned conversion from USD to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 167 ACEA, 2016. 168 The final prices mentioned in EUR correspond to the following actual prices available only in USD (even for the German market): $ 1,638/11 years for Volvo On Call Services. The above-mentioned conversion from USD to EUR reflects the currency exchange rate of € 1 = $ 1.11 and $ 1 = € 0.89 on 20 May 2019 using accessed 20 May 2019. 169 The cumulative price is calculated by adding the prices of individual connected car application packages and removing overlapping packages in order to derive prices for the best possible connected car application package that a consumer can have. © Published by OUP and CH Beck on behalf of GRUR e.V. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com and GrurInt@ip.mpg.de This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) TI - The Value of Standardized Technology to Connected Cars JF - GRUR International: Journal of European and International IP Law DO - 10.1093/grurint/ikaa042 DA - 2020-04-01 UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/the-value-of-standardized-technology-to-connected-cars-5zVKM2mS8D SP - 365 EP - 379 VL - 69 IS - 4 DP - DeepDyve ER -