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Left : two mammalian polysialyltransferases, ST8Sia-II and ST8Sia-IV, are shown as blue and gold transmembrane molecules facing the Golgi lumen. Each independently transfers polysialic acid primarily to NCAM on its fifth immunoglobulin-like (lg-like) domain (gray oval) at the terminus of two specific N -linked glycans (black triangles). Interactions between each transferase and NCAM's first fibronectin type III repeat (gray cylinder) are required to position the enzyme active site. Middle : all three NCAM isoforms, which differ in their membrane and intracellular domains, are acceptors for polysialylation. Right : ST8Sia-II (blue) also adds polysialic acid to the first lg-like domain of SynCAM 1, targeted via interactions with the SynCAM's second lg-like domain. See Schnaar, Ronald L., Rita Gerardy-Schahn, and Herbert Hildebrandt. Physiol Rev 94: 461–518 , 2014. Table of Contents Back Matter (PDF) Ed Board (PDF) Front Matter (PDF) Article Abstract I. INTRODUCTION II. THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTERS III. GltPh: A MODEL FOR THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF EAATs IV. EXOGENOUS AND ENDOGENOUS MANIPULATION OF GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER FUNCTIONS V. GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTERS IN PATHOLOGICAL STATES VI. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK GRANTS DISCLOSURES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES Figures & Data Info PDF Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Email Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Physiological Reviews. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Your Email * Your Name * Send To * Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. 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