TY - JOUR
AU - Kumar,, Pawan
AB - Abstract At present, higher greenhouse gas (GHG) have triggered global efforts to reduce their level as much as possible for sustainable development. Carbon dioxide is one of the imperative anthropogenic emissions due to its increased excessive accumulation in the environment. Thus, serious attention is required to reduce the level of CO2 using advanced and efficient CO2 capture technologies. Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technologies may play an important role in this direction. At present, solvent-based sorbents are being utilized in CO2 capture for various industrial processes. In this category, the characters of non-materials are playing a crucial role to improve the CO2 absorption capacity of the process. This study is mainly focused on the role of nanotechnology in the post-combustion CO2 absorption process. The functions of nanomaterials and nanoparticles have been studied in the present work. Additionally, various challenges related to absorption efficiency using nanomaterials have been discussed. The study concludes that the higher thermal stability and exceptional properties of nanomaterials popularized them for use in CO2 capture processes. 1. INTRODUCTION The increase in worldwide carbon dioxide emission and its adverse impact on the environment have created numerous urgent challenges for human beings across the world. The various nations are competing with each other to fulfill the target of being developed countries in the entire world. So, the increasing set-up of large-scale industries, factories and companies are going on in a continuously adverse manner ignoring the environmental concerns. At present, the entire population is seriously subjected to oil-based commodities in which coal, combustible gases and crude oil contribute about 41, 21 and 5%, respectively, and their consumption raises the stress of climate destabilization caused by growing carbon dioxide (CO2) release in the air. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the recent and efficient innovation currently utilized to catch CO2 and store it for useful purposes. Over the previous decades, the possibility of environmental changes is due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions at a rapid rate in the atmosphere. In fact, CO2 is the main and undesirable gas polluting the environment at a large level despite its cost. Global carbon capture capacities were observed and forecasted from 2010 to 2020, and they are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Open in new tabDownload slide Global carbon capture capacity [1]. Figure 1 Open in new tabDownload slide Global carbon capture capacity [1]. According to data available, fossil fuel derivatives are utilized to create about 67% of the world’s power, in which coal, flammable gas and crude oil could contribute about 41, 21 and 5%, respectively [2]. Apart from these, the total world electricity generation using different renewable sources is expected by 2040 as shown in Figure 2. This figure depicts that by year 2040, the total electricity generation will reach to 12,937 TWh from renewable sources where a share of 50, 2, 2, 2, 8, 24 and 12% will be contributed by hydro, geothermal, concentrated solar, marine energy, solar, wind and Bio-energy sources respectively. Nuclear power plants slightly raise from 11 to 12% by the year 2040. The largest sources for CO2 emissions are reportedly coal and natural-gas-fired power plants. The other large-scale industries are also polluting the environment in the same manner. Gasoline-based vehicles are also responsible for CO2 emission in the present situation. So, coal-based power plants are mainly responsible for CO2 emission at a large level from the industrial point of view. Coal-fired power plants are continuously emitting a huge amount of CO2 per year. By introducing CCS in new or existing plants, it will be conceivable to catch and store a major share of CO2 for useful purposes. This will add major ecological advantages to the atmosphere. As proposed by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the petroleum derivatives utilized for power age will keep on expanding in the coming 20 years. At present, a reduction in CO2 emissions and their adverse impact on the environment is a burning issue and has numerous challenges. Thus, CO2 capture and storage for useful purposes are highly required in the present scenario. The researchers are currently working in this direction in a continuous manner so that a balance and pollution-free environment may take place. Figure 2 Open in new tabDownload slide Electricity generation from renewable resources by 2040 [3]. Figure 2 Open in new tabDownload slide Electricity generation from renewable resources by 2040 [3]. The main target in this direction is not only to reduce its level but also to balance the overall CO2 concentration in the environment. However, there are different approaches to control the atmospheric CO2 level to improve the energy efficiency of plants. Nevertheless, there is a lack of a suitable and cost-effective system to capture CO2. The main concern of the decarburization approach is to maintain a balance between supply and demand sides, thereby increasing energy efficiency. A conclusion can be made from the literature that the capture of CO2 using various technologies is expensive [4] and requires an enormous amount of energy in process industries. The implementation reduces the overall efficiency of the plant which is a major drawback of these techniques. However, environmental pollution can be reduced using these technologies in the present scenario. Nowadays, a number of researchers are focusing their research on the adoption of various techniques to capture CO2 in various industrial processes. Kumar et al. focused their study on post-combustion CO2 capture using hybrid solvents [5]. Biological and non-biological methods were proposed to capture carbon in the atmosphere [6]. However, an energy-saving method was proposed for CO2 cryogenic capture; still, cost-effective methods are highly required for large-scale process industries [7]. The roles of nanoparticles and nanomaterials are playing a crucial part in the present scenario. The present work deals with the study of the implementation of nanotechnology in CO2 capture processes and its future scope. 2. CO2 CAPTURE TECHNIQUES CCS is the process in which CO2 is separated out from diverse process industries working at high temperatures using various solvents in columns and injected deep beneath the ground. After that, it is transported to storage and thereby reducing GHG emissions. Three basic techniques are used to capture CO2, viz, pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion (see Figure 3). Researchers have already provided an overview of CO2 capture and storage technologies [8–14]. Thermo-physical properties related to carbon capture system design during operation have been also reviewed [15]. Figure 3 Open in new tabDownload slide Different CCS techniques [16]. Figure 3 Open in new tabDownload slide Different CCS techniques [16]. The post-combustion decarbonization is the technique based on the CO2 separation that occurs after fuel combustion. However, this approach is still under the development stage [17]. Indeed, the application feasibility of this technology exists so that it can be installed in the existing power plants without excessive disturbance to their operational structure. The main purpose of oxy-fuel combustion is to remove inert gases from the combustion of flue gases [18]. In this method, to achieve complete combustion, the firing of the fuel is done only with oxygen. This leads to the formation of a high concentration of CO2 and minor amounts of water vapor during combustion [19]. Figure 4 depicts the melting temperature of various oxides which are most primarily important due to diffusion of atoms or ions in solids. CO2 collected is separated from the water solution in a condenser. Flue gas may undergo certain superficial treatments in order to remove all the non-condensing gases and to abolish toxic components. However, there are more effective methods that are under development, out of which one promising technique is chemical looping combustion (CLC), where metal ions start oxidizing when they come in contact with the oxygen in the atmosphere [21]. Then, the oxidized metal ions are transported into the combustion chamber. In the pre-combustion process, CO2 content tends to be reduced from the fuel before entering the combustion stage to achieve the formation of higher unburned gases such as syngas. This gas mixture consists of two main gases, namely carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) [22]. Further, the resultant gas is purified in order to eliminate various undesired particles which may cause damage to the components of the system such as steam turbines and some other upgrading processes. Table 3 represents the regeneration energy on the adsorbents which reduces the desorption process at relatively low-temperature conditions [24]. By adding the montmorillonite (MMT) to titanium oxide (TiO2), it improves the feasibility and its effectiveness on CO2 photoreduction as a photocatalyst for the CO2 absorption applications [25]. Deriving Cao from the CaCO3 nanopods achieves the maximum absorption ratio up to around 99% in the first cycle [26]. The synthesis gas may start reacting with the water vapor to form hydrogen. A review on membrane-based CO2 capture has been proposed [27], and the role of nanofillers containing nanocomposite membranes for the separation of CO2 was also explored in detail. An experiment was conducted with a hollow fiber membrane using water-based nanofluids for the elimination of CO2. Aluminum oxide, silica oxide and TiO2 nanoparticles were used in the experiments, and aluminum oxide was found to be the best suitable material [28]. The removal of CO2 from natural gas using CaCO3 nanoparticles was analyzed with a novel membrane structure [29]. Figure 4 Open in new tabDownload slide Melting temperatures of different compounds [20]. Figure 4 Open in new tabDownload slide Melting temperatures of different compounds [20]. Table 1 Comparison of CO2 absorption capacity. S. no. . Properties . Activated carbon [23] . Zeolites (CNTs) [24] . TiO 2 [25] . Si/Ca [20] . CaO-CaCO 3 [26] . 1 Surface area (m2/g) 1284 788 43 78 10.40 2 Temperature (°C) 25 20 30 10 20 3 Pressure (kPa) 100 100 20 150 - 4 CO2 adsorption capacity (Mol/kg) 2.23 1.44 - - - S. no. . Properties . Activated carbon [23] . Zeolites (CNTs) [24] . TiO 2 [25] . Si/Ca [20] . CaO-CaCO 3 [26] . 1 Surface area (m2/g) 1284 788 43 78 10.40 2 Temperature (°C) 25 20 30 10 20 3 Pressure (kPa) 100 100 20 150 - 4 CO2 adsorption capacity (Mol/kg) 2.23 1.44 - - - Open in new tab Table 1 Comparison of CO2 absorption capacity. S. no. . Properties . Activated carbon [23] . Zeolites (CNTs) [24] . TiO 2 [25] . Si/Ca [20] . CaO-CaCO 3 [26] . 1 Surface area (m2/g) 1284 788 43 78 10.40 2 Temperature (°C) 25 20 30 10 20 3 Pressure (kPa) 100 100 20 150 - 4 CO2 adsorption capacity (Mol/kg) 2.23 1.44 - - - S. no. . Properties . Activated carbon [23] . Zeolites (CNTs) [24] . TiO 2 [25] . Si/Ca [20] . CaO-CaCO 3 [26] . 1 Surface area (m2/g) 1284 788 43 78 10.40 2 Temperature (°C) 25 20 30 10 20 3 Pressure (kPa) 100 100 20 150 - 4 CO2 adsorption capacity (Mol/kg) 2.23 1.44 - - - Open in new tab Table 2 Comparison of the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 and CO by multi-electron reaction. Material system . CO formation rate . Reaction condition . References . Reduced graphene oxide wrapped TiO2 nanotubes 760 μmol/g in 2 h 200 W UV-A lamp and moist CO2 [37] Graphene supported TiO2 nanocrystals 70.8 μmol/g in 1 h Xe arc lamp and water vapor saturated CO2 [38] In doped TiO2 nanoparticles 500 μmol/g in 2 h 500 W Hg lamp (UV) [39] Metal oxide modification H2SrTaO7 0.4 μmol/g in 1 h 300 W Xe lamp [37] Material system . CO formation rate . Reaction condition . References . Reduced graphene oxide wrapped TiO2 nanotubes 760 μmol/g in 2 h 200 W UV-A lamp and moist CO2 [37] Graphene supported TiO2 nanocrystals 70.8 μmol/g in 1 h Xe arc lamp and water vapor saturated CO2 [38] In doped TiO2 nanoparticles 500 μmol/g in 2 h 500 W Hg lamp (UV) [39] Metal oxide modification H2SrTaO7 0.4 μmol/g in 1 h 300 W Xe lamp [37] Open in new tab Table 2 Comparison of the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 and CO by multi-electron reaction. Material system . CO formation rate . Reaction condition . References . Reduced graphene oxide wrapped TiO2 nanotubes 760 μmol/g in 2 h 200 W UV-A lamp and moist CO2 [37] Graphene supported TiO2 nanocrystals 70.8 μmol/g in 1 h Xe arc lamp and water vapor saturated CO2 [38] In doped TiO2 nanoparticles 500 μmol/g in 2 h 500 W Hg lamp (UV) [39] Metal oxide modification H2SrTaO7 0.4 μmol/g in 1 h 300 W Xe lamp [37] Material system . CO formation rate . Reaction condition . References . Reduced graphene oxide wrapped TiO2 nanotubes 760 μmol/g in 2 h 200 W UV-A lamp and moist CO2 [37] Graphene supported TiO2 nanocrystals 70.8 μmol/g in 1 h Xe arc lamp and water vapor saturated CO2 [38] In doped TiO2 nanoparticles 500 μmol/g in 2 h 500 W Hg lamp (UV) [39] Metal oxide modification H2SrTaO7 0.4 μmol/g in 1 h 300 W Xe lamp [37] Open in new tab Table 3 Nanomaterial-based sorbent application for carbon dioxide. Sorbent . Utilization . Reference . DD3R nano zeolite It has high selectivity for CO2 [64] T-type zeolite Nps It can be used for CO2 separation [65] Zeolite NaA nanocrystals Higher CO2 adsorption capacity [66] M gO/SBA-15 It can be used for CO2 separation [67] MW-CNT@JUC32 It helps in increasing CO2 adsorption enthalpy [68] Graphene Higher CO2 adsorption capacity [69] Sorbent . Utilization . Reference . DD3R nano zeolite It has high selectivity for CO2 [64] T-type zeolite Nps It can be used for CO2 separation [65] Zeolite NaA nanocrystals Higher CO2 adsorption capacity [66] M gO/SBA-15 It can be used for CO2 separation [67] MW-CNT@JUC32 It helps in increasing CO2 adsorption enthalpy [68] Graphene Higher CO2 adsorption capacity [69] Open in new tab Table 3 Nanomaterial-based sorbent application for carbon dioxide. Sorbent . Utilization . Reference . DD3R nano zeolite It has high selectivity for CO2 [64] T-type zeolite Nps It can be used for CO2 separation [65] Zeolite NaA nanocrystals Higher CO2 adsorption capacity [66] M gO/SBA-15 It can be used for CO2 separation [67] MW-CNT@JUC32 It helps in increasing CO2 adsorption enthalpy [68] Graphene Higher CO2 adsorption capacity [69] Sorbent . Utilization . Reference . DD3R nano zeolite It has high selectivity for CO2 [64] T-type zeolite Nps It can be used for CO2 separation [65] Zeolite NaA nanocrystals Higher CO2 adsorption capacity [66] M gO/SBA-15 It can be used for CO2 separation [67] MW-CNT@JUC32 It helps in increasing CO2 adsorption enthalpy [68] Graphene Higher CO2 adsorption capacity [69] Open in new tab 3. THE ROLE OF NANOPARTICLES AND NANOMATERIALS IN CO2 CAPTURE At present, nanotechnology has attracted researchers towards its utilization in several energy systems. The CO2–nanofluid system may play a crucial role in controlling pollution [30]. The increase in worldwide CO2 emissions and their impact on environmental pollution have created a lot of challenges to the atmosphere. However, various techniques and preventive measures have been suggested by researchers to overcome this type of situation. Advancements in technologies and processes are highly essential in the present suffocative polluting environment. Tan et al. reviewed a number of absorption and adsorption technologies to capture CO2, and several cost-effective regeneration techniques for CO2-loaded adsorbents were proposed [31]. The role of nanomaterials and nanoparticles is currently playing an important role in CO2 capturing-related technologies. The researchers are working with nanomaterials to enhance the efficiency of existing technologies. Kanan et al. [32] suggested the way to optimize the thickness of Au oxide film in order to form Au nanoparticles that help in the reduction of CO2. Flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) was used to develop a novel CaO-based refractory sorbent that assists in CO2 capture. This sorbent was tested for FSP superiority and doped with ZrO2 to improve its durability to capture CO2 [20]. Innovative technology for CO2 absorption using calcium hydroxide nanoparticles was recently introduced [33]. A study based on CO2 adsorption using nanocrystalline and various nanomaterials was proposed for co-adsorbed H2O. The comparison indicated that MgO is observed to be more basic than Al2O3 and ZnO nanomaterials [34]. Park and Lin synthesized nanoparticles’ organic hybrid materials (NOHMs) to analyze their capability to capture CO2 and tried to improve their thermal stability. The effect of ether and amine groups on CO2 capture using NOHMs was discussed. Temperature and pressure effects were also observed. It was concluded that NOHMs had better selectivity to capture CO2 than O2 and N2 [35]. Biswas et al. proposed a comprehensive study on nanomaterials and their processes to capture CO2. The comparison was represented between advanced nanotechnology-enabled carbon capture and conventional technologies. Future aspects of CCS were also discussed [36]. A comparison of the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 and CO by the multi-electron reaction is shown in Table 2. It depicts that, in comparison to the reduced graphene oxide to graphene, wrapped TiO2 nanotubes have a higher amount of CO formation. The nanotubes without graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide will generate a lower amount of CO; through this reaction, the CO2-adsorbing rate is increasing and a higher rate of CO is generating [37]. The role of nanomaterials in CO2 capture has shown considerable potential due to their outstanding characteristics and higher surface area. The potential and development of nanomaterials as CO2 removal sorbents have been discussed by Mohamed et al. [2]. An amine-containing solid sorbent on the basis of MMT nano-clay was developed to capture CO2. The main advantage is that easy availability and a high specific surface area with 7.5 wt% of CO2 capture with amine [40]. Nanomaterial-based sorbent application for CO2 capture is shown in Table 1. Sun et al. [41] reported a study on boron nitride (BN) nanotubes to adsorb CO2 at different charge states. The results concluded that BN materials can be used as better adsorbents. The capture and release of CO2 from BN nano-sorbents may take place with a charge-control switch. Mesoporous silica nanotubes were used to prepare nanocomposite to capture CO2 [42]. Cu nanoparticle-assisted CO2 capture process was analyzed by Khdary et al. [43]. CO2 capture using carbon nanotubes was proposed with the addition of suitable surfactants in the process [44]. Kang et al. made an observation on the performance of SiO2 particles in capturing the CO2 and suggested with the conclusion that further performance can be enhanced up to 13.1% [45]. The use of surface-functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles was analyzed to separate CO2 [46]. Additionally, it was proposed that CO2 regeneration efficiency can be increased with a higher concentration of nanoparticles and by rising initial capture fluid temperature using actinic light in the process [47]. Isahak et al. [48] carried out the research further to enhance the CO2 capture process using CuO nanoparticles made with bamboo-based porous carbon and obtained the solution that the bys combination has tremendous adsorbent properties for the process. The use of activated carbon-supported CuO nanoparticles can increase CO2 adsorption capacity by about 70% [49]. Immobilized silver nanoparticles were also utilized for the efficient electrochemical reduction of CO2 [50]. The researchers successfully created a microorganism-nanoparticle assembly that performed two functions i.e. CO2 capture and its adsorption using chemical reagents [51]. The impact of nickel nanoparticles on CO2 hydration was studied, and it was concluded that there is no significant effect of these particles on CO2 capture [52]. The role of nickel nanoparticles (NNP) as an active catalyst for CO2 hydration was explained by Bhaduri et al. to enhance the performance of carbon capture. The result concluded that the optimum performance of NNP can be observed within the temperature range of 20–30°C [53]. To increase the future efficiency of carbon capture, Zr-incorporated CaO was analyzed and synthesized by varying the compositions of Zr and CaO, and Lu et al. suggested that the ratio 3:10 of Zr/Ca is the best-suited nanoabsorbent for carbon capture [20]. Moreover, this ratio exhibits the best reversibility even at severe operating conditions. Kim et al. suggested carbon sequestration by microbubbles loaded with NNP [54]. Nilson explored colloidal silica nanoparticles for CO2 capture and storage [55]. A solid sorbent named sol-gel synthesis of Li4SiO4 nanoparticles at high temperature was used for CO2 capture, and the results were analyzed using the thermal gravimetric analyzer. The role of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles in pre-combustion capture of CO2 at higher temperature was analyzed in a combined cycle-based plant [56]. The use of nanoparticles in the Ca-looping process to capture CO2 was well elaborated [57]. A mesoporous carbon absorbent which consists of high nitrogen content was synthesized by varying the carbonizing temperature from 400 to 700°C and was found as the promising CO2-absorbing agent at 700°C with the surface area of 266 m2/g [58]. Chitosan-SiO2 nanoparticles are efficient due to their high CO2 adsorption capacity under pressure of 1 bar. The structure of silica plays a major effect to adsorb CO2 capacity; these sorbents have more stability to adsorb repeated CO2 desorption cycles and high affinity than amine content [59]. For small-scale industries, a major need is to update the technologies, efficiency and cost-effectiveness, and in this regard, specific adsorption has a higher removal rate and more regeneration potential. Combining the oxidation and adsorption into parallel steps, it may reduce the cost and time-consuming treatment which is known as multifunctionality. This multifunctionality process with selective adsorbents is capable of removing arsenic and shows equal or better than traditional nanometal oxides of aluminum and titanium in all system conditions [60]. The reactive absorption processes to capture CO2 and utilization by the immobilization technique of carbonic anhydride on activated paramagnetic nanoparticles apply a possible method to develop bio-catalysts [61]. By adding the biomass to ease MgO formation along with the decomposition of MgCl2, it captures CO2 in low temperatures [62]. The developed polyphosphoric acid-modified MMT hybrids are magnificent material for CO2 capture, and it reduces the CO2 level in the atmosphere [63]. The multilayer and Langmuir adsorption models are applied in an arbitrary range of pressure and temperatures for hydrocarbon vapors and CO2 adsorption on shales [63]. Table 3, depicts that DD3R zeolite adsorbs methane and CO2 measured over a wide range of temperatures and pressure [64]. CO2, N2 and CH4 were absorbed at temperatures of 288, 298 and 313 K respectively with pressures up to 100 kPa [65]. The synthesized nanocrystals of zeolite NaA performs a high capacity of CO2 absorption [66]. The mesoporous MgO performs the maximum adsorption of CO2 at elevated temperatures; mostly this is applicable to the separation of CO2 at high temperatures in submarines, trains and some spacecraft technologies, and it is completely metal oxide sorbent [67]. A new sort of composite material was integrated from multi-wall carbon nanotubes to metal-organic framework material which adsorbs both CO2 and CH4 at 273 and 298 K. These materials contain twice adsorption capacity as per the specific surface area of pure metal-organic framework materials [68]. The major amount of CO2 capacity is adsorption through the Fe3O4 nanoparticles than the multi-wall nanotubes. The chemical interaction of CO2 with iron oxide nanoparticles improves a large amount of CO2 absorption on nanocomposite [69]. 4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK A number of the studies highlighted the limitation regarding the raise in temperature beyond a certain limit, as it lowers the adsorption capacity with the increased temperature using nanoparticles as well as nanomaterials. So, further investigation may be needed to explore nanomaterials for other large-scale applications. The synthesis process for nanoparticles is costly and complicated, so more stress should be given for the economically feasible production of these nanoparticles. 5. CONCLUSIONS The role of nanotechnology in CO2 capture processes has been discussed in the present study. Chemical absorption is found to be most suitable than physical absorption to achieve post-combustion CO2 capture in power plants. 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TI - The role of nanotechnology on post-combustion CO2 absorption in process industries
JF - International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies
DO - 10.1093/ijlct/ctaa002
DA - 2020-08-19
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/the-role-of-nanotechnology-on-post-combustion-co2-absorption-in-4lIsSH9OsN
SP - 361
EP - 367
VL - 15
IS - 3
DP - DeepDyve
ER -