TY - JOUR
AU - LOWE-McCONNELL, R., H.
AB - Abstract Among freshwater fishes greater diversity is shown, both within taxa and in communities, at low than at high latitudes. This paper discusses contributions that ecological studies on tropical fishes make towards understanding this diversity, the mechanisms of speciation, and the ability of so many species to coexist in these complex communities. In Africa studies have centred around the explosive speciation of cichlids in the Great Lakes; in the rivers non-cichlids have speciated more abundantly. In South America catfishes and characoids exhibit the most spectacular adaptive radiations, evolving mainly under riverine conditions. Rates of evolution are indicated by the presence of five endemic Haplo-chromis cichlids in L. Nabugabo, a small lake cut off from L. Victoria 4000 years ago (Greenwood, 1965), and of eighteen cyprinids in the 10,000 year old L. Lanao in the Philippines (Myers, 1960). Tropical fish communities are diverse wherever no extreme environmental conditions restrict fish distribution. No one explanation can account for this diversity in all cases. In rivers it seems mainly due to allopatrically evolved species coming together in the course of time. Species flocks are characteristically found in lakes, and here microgeographical isolation can allow ‘allopatric’ speciation within the lake, as amongst the ‘Mbuna’ cichlids of Nyasa, but not among Nyasa Tilapia. Isolating mechanisms include physical, chemical and biotic barriers causing spatial isolation; temporal isolation; and behavioural barriers, many of these fishes having complicated courtship displays, and some ‘homing’ to particular places to spawn. The numbers of habitat niches are enhanced by the complexities of the tropical environment. Nevertheless there is a good deal of overlap–in Victoria thirty Haplochromis species share a major habitat (Greenwood, 1964). Specializations to use a particular food have developed several times so that even in a single habitat several species may tap the same food source; ten species of Mbuna share the Aufwuchs of Nyasa's rocky shores (Fryer, 1959). This appears to contradict Gause's exclusion hypothesis, but no two species are likely to overlap in all their living requirements throughout life. Recent work on variations in oxygen tolerances of young cichlids (Welcomme, 1967) indicates how many as yet unstudied factors must affect the dynamic balance of numbers between co-habiting species. Devices that reduce competition, and the role of predators, are both discussed. Predators abound, and predator pressure appears to have been a key factor in moulding evolution in these communities. Many fish species have developed some form of parental care, with associated decrease in fecundity. Biotic pressures are of far greater importance than climatic factors in the evolution of these tropical fishes. REFERENCES Albrecht , H. 1963 Das Jungeführen bei Haplochroms (Pisces, Cichlidae) . Z. Tierpsychol. 20 , (6): 680 – 687 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Beauchamp , R. S. A. 1958 . Utilizing the natural resources of L. Victoria for the benefit of fisheries and agriculture . Nature, Lond. 181 : 1634 – 1636 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Beauchamp , R. S. A. 1964 The rift valley lakes of Africa . Verh. int. Verein. theor. angew. Limnol. 15 : 91 – 99 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Beadle , L. C. 1962 The evolution of species in the lakes of East Africa . Uganda J. 26 : 44 – 54 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Bell-Cross , G. 1965 . Additions and amendments to the check list of the fishes of Zambia . The Puku, Occ. Papers Dept. Game & Fisheries, Zambia , No. 3: 29 – 43 . Bell-Cross , G. 1965 . Movement of fish across the Congo-Zambezi watershed in the Mwinilungu District of Northern Rhodesia . Proc. Centr. Afr. Sci. Med. Congr. (Lusaka, 1963) 415 – 424 . Oxford : Pergamon Press . Google Scholar Blache , J. , Miton , F. de, Stauch , A., Iltis , A., Loubens , G. 1964 . Les poisons du bassin du Tchad et bu bassin adjacent du Mayo Kebbi . 483 pp. Paris : O.R.S.T.O.M . Google Scholar Briggs , J. C. 1966 Zoogeography and evolution . Evolution, Lancaster, Pa. 20 , (3):282–289. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Carter , G. S. & Beadle , L. C. 1931 . The fauna of the Paraguayan Chaco in relation to its environment. II. Respiratory adaptations in the fishes . J'. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 37 (no. 252): 327 – 368 . Carter , G. C. 1934 . Results of the Cambridge Expedition to British Guiana, 1933. The freshwaters of the rain forest areas of British Guiana . J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 39 (no. 264): 147 – 193 . Carter , G. S. 1935 . Respiratory adaptation of the fishes of the forest waters, with descriptions of the accessory respiratory organs of Electrophorus electricus (Linn.) and Plecostomus plecostomus (Linn.) J. Linn. Soc. (Zool), 39 (no. 265): 219 – 233 . Coe , M. J. 1966 The biology of Tilapia grahami Boulenger in L. Magadi, Kenya . Acta trop. 23 , (2):146–177. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Corbet , P. S. 1960 Breeding sites of non-cichlid fishes in L. Victoria . Nature Lond. 187 : 616 – 617 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Corbet , P. S. 1961 The food of non-cichlid fishes in the Lake Victoria basin, with remarks on their evolution and adaptation to lacustrine conditions . Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 136 , (1):1–101. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Coulter , G. W. 1962 . Research results in Lake Tanganyika. Rep. Joint Fisher . Res. Org., (Lusaka, N. Rhodesia), No. 10 ( 1960 ): 7 – 30 . Coulter , G. W. 1965 . The genus hates in L. Tanganyika and comparative notes on other hates spp. 2nd Symposium. East African Society Biol. Res., Makerere, Uganda (summary J. appl. Biol. 2 , 409). Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Daget , J. 1952 Biologie et croissance des espèces du genre Alestes. Bull. Inst.fr. Afr. noire 141 ( 1 ): 191 – 225 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Daget , J. 1954 Les poissons du Niger Superieur . Mem. Inst.fr. Afr. noire 36 : 1 – 391 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Daget , J. 1957 Données récentes sur la biologie des poissons dans le delta central du Niger . Hydrobiologia 9 , (4):321–347. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Dobzhansky , T. 1950 Evolution in the tropics . Am. Scient. 38 , (2):209–221. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat EAST AFRICAN FISHERIES RESEARCH ORGANIZATION , 1952 . Annual Report for 1952. 42 pp. E. Afr. High Commission, Nairobi . Eigenmann , C. H. 1912 The freshwater fishes of British Guiana, including a study of the ecological groupings of species and the relation of the fauna of the plateau to that of the lowlands . Mem. Carneg. Mus. 5 , (no. 67):1–578. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Eigenmann , C. H. 1917 The American Characidae Mem. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 43 : 1 – 558 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Fittkau , E.-J. 1967 . On the ecology of Amazonian rain forest streams . Atlas. Simp . Biota Amazonica (Conselho Nacional Pesquisas, Rio de Janeiro), 3 (Limnology): 97 – 108 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Fowler , H. W. 1954 Os peixes de agua doce do Brasil, vol. II . Archos Zool. Est. S. Paulo 9 : 1 – 400 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Fryer , G. & Iles , T. D. 1955 Predator pressure and evolution in L. Nyasa . Nature, Lond. 176 : 470 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Fryer , G. 1959a . The trophic relationship and ecology of some littoral communities of Lake Nyasa with especial reference to the fishes, and a discussion of the evolution of a group of rock-frequenting Cichlidae . Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 132 : 153 – 281 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Fryer , G. 1959b . Some aspects of evolution in Lake Nyasa . Evolution, Lancaster, Pa. 13 : 440 – 451 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Fryer , G. 1960a . Evolution of fishes in Lake Nyasa . Evolution, Lancaster, Pa. 14 : 396 – 400 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Fryer , G. 1960b . Some controversial aspects of speciation of African cichlid fishes . Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 135 : 569 – 578 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Fryer , G. 1961 Observations on the biology of the cichlid fish Tilapia variabilis Blgr. in the northern waters of L. Victoria (E. Africa) . Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 64 , (2):1–33. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Fryer , G. 1965 Predation and its effects on migration and speciation in African fishes: a comment. With further comments by P. H. Greenwood and a reply by P. B. N. Jackson . Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 144 ( 3 ): 301 – 322 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Fryer , G. & Whitehead , P. J. P. 1959 The breeding habits, embryology and larval development of Labeo victorianus Blgr . Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 59 , (1–2):33–49. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Godoy , M. P. DE 1959 The age, growth, sexual maturity, behaviour, migration, tagging and transplantation of the Curimbata (Prockilodus scrofa Steindachner, 1881) of the Mogi-Guassu R. S5o Paulo State, Brazil . An. Acad. Bras. Ciencias 31 : 447 – 478 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Gosline , W. A. 1942 Notes on South American catfishes (Nematognathi) . Copeia 1 : 39 – 41 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Gosse , J. P. 1963 Le milieu aquatique et l'ecologie des poissons dans la region de Yangambi . Annls. Mus. r. Afr. cent. Sir. 8vo (Zool) 116 : 113 – 270 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Greenwood , P. H. 1955 Reproduction in the catfish Clarias mossambicus Peters . Nature, Lond. 176 : 516 – 518 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Greenwood , P. H. 1956 67. A revision of the Lake Victoria Haplochromis species (Pisces: Cichlidae), pts. 1–6, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Zool.) 4 , 233–244; 5:76–97; 5:179–218; 6:227–281; 9:139- 214; 15:29–119. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Greenwood , P. H. 1959 . Quaternary fish-fossils. Explor. Pare nat. Albert Miss. J de Heinzelin de Braucourt, (1950) 4:1–80 . Greenwood , P. H. 1961 A revision of the genus Dinotopterus Blgr. (Pisces, Clariidae) with notes on the comparative anatomy of the suprabranchial organs in the Clariidae . Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Zool.) 7 : 215 – 241 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Greenwood , P. H. 1964 Explosive evolution in African lakes . Proc. R. Instn Gt Br. 40 , (3) (No. 184):256–269. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Greenwood , P. H. 1965 . The cichlid fishes of Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Bull . Br. Mus. nat. Hist. Zool.), 12 (No. 9): 315 – 357 . Greenwood , P. H. 1966 . The Fishes of Uganda . 2nd revised ed, 138 pp. Kampala : Uganda Society . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Harding , D. 1966 . Lake Kariba:the hydrology and development of fisheries . In Lowe-McCon- nell Man-made Lakes. 7–19. Symposia of Institute of Biology, No. 15 . London : Academic Press . Google Scholar Hickling , C. F. 1961 . Tropical Inland Fisheries 287 pp . London : Longmans . Google Scholar Holden , M. J. 1963 The populations of fish in the dry season pools of the River Sokoto . Colon. Off. Fish. Pub. 19 : 1 – 58 .London:H.M.S.O. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Hubbs , C. L. & Lagler , K. L. 1947 Fishes of the Great Lakes Region . Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 26 , 186 pp. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Ihering , R. von 1929 . Da vida dos peixes. 149 pp. Rio de Janeiro . Ihering , R. VON. 1930a . La ‘piracema'ou montée du poisson . C.r.Soc. Biol. Paris 103 : 1336 – 1338 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Ihering , R. VON 1930b . Notas ecológicas referentes a peixes de água doce do estado de São Paulo e descricao de 4 espécies novas . Arch. Inst. Biol. S Paulo 3 ,: 93 – 103 (English summary). Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Ihering , R. von 1936 As piabas dos acudes nordestinos (Characidae, Tetragonopterinae) . Archos. Inst, biol., S. Paulo 7 , 75–106 (German summary). Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Ihering , R. VON, Barros , J. de, Planet , N. 1928 Os óvulos e a desova dos peixes de água doce do Brasil . Bol. Biol. Lab. Parasit. S Paulo 14 : 97 – 109 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Iles , T. D. 1960 . A group of zooplankton feeders of the genus Haplochromis (Cichlidae) in L. Nyasa . Ann Mag. nat. Hist. (13), 2 : 257 – 280 . Jackson , P. B. N. 1959 Revision of the clariid catfishes of Nyasaland, with a description of a new genus and seven new species . Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 132 , (1):109–128. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Jackson , P. B. N. 1960 . Ecological effects of flooding by the Kariba Dam upon Middle Zambezi fishes. Proc. 1st Federal Sci. Congr., Salisbury, S.R., May ig6o:8 pp . Jackson , P. B. N. 1961 . Kariba studies:ichthyology, the fish of the Middle Zambezi . 36 pp. Manchester University Press for Nat . Mus. S. Rhodesia . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Jackson , P. B. N. 1961 . The fishes of Northern Rhodesia . 140 pp. Lusaka : Government Printer . Google Scholar Jackson , P. B. N. 1961 . The impact of predation especially by the Tiger-fish (Hydrocyon vtttatus Cast.) on African freshwater fishes . Proc. zool. Soc. London . 136 ( 4 ): 603 – 622 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Jackson , P. B. N. 1963 Ecological factors affecting the distribution of freshwater fishes in tropical southern Africa . Ann. Cape. Prov. Mus. 2 : 223 – 228 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Jackson , P. B. N. , Iles , T. D., Harding , D. & Fryer , G. 1963 . Report on the Survey of Northern Lake Nyasa 1954-55 171 pp . Zomba : Government Printer . Google Scholar Johnels , A. G. 1954 . Notes on fishes from the Gambia River . Arkiv. Zool., Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad., (ser. 2), 6 (no. 17): 327 – 411 . Jubb , R. A. 1967 . Freshwater fishes of Southern Africa . 248 pp. Cape Town & Amsterdam : Balkema . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Kettlewell , H. B. D. 1959 . Brazilian insect adaptations. Endeavour , 18 (no. 72): 200 – 210 . Ladiges , W. & Vogt , D. 1965 . Die sussviasserfische Europas bis sum Ural und Kaspischen Meer . 250 pp. Hamburg & Berlin : Paul Parey . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Liley , N. R. 1966 Ethological isolating mechanisms in four sympatric species of poeciliid fishes . Behaviour, Suppl. 13 : 1 – 197 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Lowe , R. H. 1952 Report on the Tilapia and other fish and fisheries of L. Nyasa . Colon. Office. Fish. Pub. 1 , (2):1–126. London:H.M.S.O. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Lowe , R. H. 1953 Notes on the ecology and evolution of Nyasa fishes of the genus Tilapia, with a description of T. saka Lowe . Proc. zool. Soc. Lond 122 , (4):1035–1041. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Lowe , R. H. 1955 New species of Tilapia (Pisces, Cichlidae) from Lake Jipe and the Pangani River, East Africa . Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Zool) 2 , (12):349–368. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Lowe-McConnell , R. H. 1959 Breeding behaviour patterns and ecological differences between Tilapia species and their significance for evolution within the genus Tilapia (Pisces:Cichlidae) . Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 132 , (1):1–30. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Lowe-McConnell , R. H. 1964 . The fishes of the Rupununi savanna district of British Guiana Pt. I. groupings offish species and effects of the seasonal cycles on the fish . J'. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), 45 (no. 304): 103 – 144 . Lowe-McConnell , R. H. ( 1969 ). The cichlid fishes of Guyana, South America, with notes on their ecology and breeding behaviour . Zool. J. Linn. Soc . 48 ( 2 ):(in press). Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat MacArthur , R. H. 1965 Patterns of species diversity . Biol. Rev. 40 , (4):510–533. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Marlier , G. 1967 Hydrobiology in the Amazon Region . Atlas Simp. Biota Amazonica, (Limnology) 3 : 1 – 7 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Matthes , H. 1962 Poissons nouveaux ou intéressants du lac Tanganyika et du Ruanda . Annls. Mus. r. Afr. cent., Sér 8 vo (Zool) 111 : 27 – 88 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Matthes , H. 1963 A comparative study of the feeding mechanisms of some African Cyprinidae (Pisces, Cypriniformes) . Bijdr. Dierk. 33 : 1 – 35 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Matthes , H. 1964 Les poissons du Lac Tumba et de la Region d'Ikela. Etude systématique et écologique . Annls. Mus. r. Afr. cent. Sér. 8vo (Zool.) 126 : 1 – 204 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Mayr , E. 1963 . Animal species and evolution . 797 pp. Harvard Univ . Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Miller , R. R. 1966 Geographical distribution of Central American freshwater fishes . Copeia 4 : 773 – 802 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Miyadi , D. 1960 . Perspectives of experimental research on social interference among fishes . In A. A. Buzzati-Traverso Perspectives in Marine Biology . 469 – 479 . Berkeley : Univ. Calif. Press . Google Scholar Myers , G. S. 1947 The Amazon and its fishes . Aquar.J. 18 , (3):4–9; 18 (4):13–20. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Myers , G. S. 1960a . The endemic fauna of L. Lanaoand the evolution of higher taxonomic categories . Evolution, Lancaster, Pa. 14 , (3):323–333. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Myers , G. S. 1960b . Fish evolution in L. Nyasa . Evolution, Lancaster, Pa. 14 , (3):394–396. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Myers , G. S. 1960c . The S. American characid genera Exodon, Gnathopax and Roeboexodon, with notes on the ecology and taxonomy of characid fishes . Stanford ichthyol. Bull. 7 , (4):206–211. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Myers , G. S. 1966 Derivations of the freshwater fish fauna of Central America . Copeia 4 : 766 – 773 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Myers , G. S. 1967 Zoogeographical evidence on the age of the S. Atlantic ocean, from Studies in Tropical Oceanography, Miami 5 : 614 – 621 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Petr , T. 1967 Fish population changes in the Volta lake in Ghana during its first sixteen months . Hydrobiologia 30 , (2):193–220. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Pianka , E. R. 1966 Latitudinal gradients in species diversity, a review of the concepts . Am. Nat. 100 , (no. 910):33–46. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Poll , M. 1951 Histoire du peuplement et origine des espèces de la faune ichthyologique du Lac Tanganyika . Annls. Soc. r. zool. Belg. 81 : 111 – 140 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Poll , M. 1952 Segregation geographique et formation des especes . Annls. Soc. r. zool. Belg. 83 : 211 – 224 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Poll , M. 1953 Exploration hydrobiologique du Lac Tanganyika (1946–1947). Poissons non Cichlidae . Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. 3 , (5A):1–251. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Poll , M. 1956 Ibid. Poissons Cichlidae . Inst. r. Soc. nat. Belg. 3 , (5B):1–619. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Poll , M. 1957 Les genres des poissons d'eau douce de l'Afrique . Annls Mus. r. Congo beige, Sér. 8vo (Zool) 54 : 1 – 191 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Poll , M. 1959 Recherches sur la faune ichthyologique de la region du Stanley Pool . Annls Mus. r. Congo beige., Sér. Svo (Zool) 71 : 75 – 174 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Poll , M. 1966 . Géograpbie ichtyologiquedel'Angola. Bull . Seances Acad.roy.Sci.Oulre-Mer, Bruxelles, 1966-2:355-365. Poll , M. 1967 . Contribution a la faune ichthyologique de 1'Angola . Museu do Dundo, Publicacoes Culturais No. 75:342 pp. Poll , M. , Gosse , J. P. 1963 Contribution a l'étude systematique de la faune ichthyologique du Congo Central . Annls Mus. r. Afr. Centr., Sér. 8vo, (Zool.) 116 : 43 – 110 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Ringuelet , R. A. , Arambubu , R. H. & Alonso de Aramburu , A. 1967 . Los Peces Argentinos de Agua Duke . 602 pp. Comision de Investigacion Cientifica , B.A., La Plata . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Sioli , H. 1964 General features of the limnology of Amazonia . Verh. int. Verein theor. angew. Limnol. 15 : 1053 – 1058 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Sioli , H. 1967 Studies in Amazonian waters . Atlas Simp. Biota Amazonica, {Limnology) 3 : 9 – 50 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Slobodkin , L. B. 1964 Experimental populations of Hydrida . Jubilee Symposium Suppl. to J. Ecol 52 : 131 – 148 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Smith , H. M. 1945 The freshwater fishes of Siam or Thailand . Bull. U.S. natn. Mus. 188 : 1 – 622 . Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Trewavas , E. 1935 A synopsis of the cichlid fishes of L. Nyasa . Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 16 , (10):65–118. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Trewavas , E. 1962 . Fishes of the Crater Lakes of the Northwestern Cameroons . Bonn. zool. Beitr. 1/3 ( 1962 ): 146 – 192 . Uvardy , M. F. D. 1959 Notes on the ecological concepts of habitat, biotope and niche . Ecology 40 , (4):725–728. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Weatherley , A. H. 1963 Notions of niche and competition among animals, with special reference to freshwater fish . Nature, Lond. 197 : 14 – 17 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Welcomme , R. L. 1964 The habitats and habitat preferences of the young of the L. Victoria Tilapia (Pisces, Cichlidae) . Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 70 , (1–2):1–28. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Welcomme , R. L. 1966 Recent changes in the stocks of Tilapia in Lake Victoria Nature, Lond. 212 : 52 – 54 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Weitzman , S. H. 1962 The osteology oiBrycon meeki, a generalized characid fish, with an osteological definition of the family . Stanford ichthyol. Bull. 8 , (1):1–77. Google Scholar OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Welman , J. B. 1948 . Preliminary survey of the freshwater fishes of Nigeria . 71 pp. Lagos : Government Printer . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Whitehead , P. J. P. 1959 . The anadromous fishes of L. Victoria . RevueZool.Bot.afr. 59 ( 3–4 ): 329 – 363 . Worthington , E. B. 1937 On the evolution of fish in the great lakes of Africa . Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. Hydrog. 35 : 304 – 317 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Worthington , E. B. & Ricardo , C. K. 1936 . Scientific results of the Cambridge expedition to the East African lakes, 1930-31. No. 15. The fish of Lake Rudolf and Lake Baringo .J'. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 39 (no. 267): 353 – 389 . This content is only available as a PDF.
TI - Speciation in tropical freshwater fishes
JF - Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
DO - 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb01812.x
DA - 1969-04-01
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/speciation-in-tropical-freshwater-fishes-3Cqt0LV7Qs
SP - 51
EP - 75
VL - 1
IS - 1-2
DP - DeepDyve
ER -