TY - JOUR
AU - Blanckaert,, Norbert
AB - Abstract We performed interference studies for IgG, IgA, IgM, haptoglobin, and α1-antitrypsin assayed in serum, using either fixed-time nephelometry on the BN 100 from Behring or rate nephelometry on two analyzers from Beckman Instruments. For clear serum samples, results for IgG, IgA, IgM, and haptoglobin obtained with the three nephelometers showed good agreement. Values for α1-antitrypsin in clear sera were lower with the BN 100 than with the Array 360 or Immage. In lipemic samples, the BN 100 gave higher values than the Array 360 or Immage for all analytes except IgG. Addition of Intralipid to serum produced atypical reactions with the BN 100 (fixed-time nephelometry) but not with the Array 360 or Immage (rate nephelometry). The interference of lipemia on the BN 100 was also seen when the Beckman antibody was used, indicating that the effect was reagent-independent. For hemolyzed samples, the BN 100 gave higher values than the Array 360 or Immage for haptoglobin but not for the other analytes. Addition of increasing amounts of a hemolysate to serum revealed a negative interference in all assay systems. This effect was more pronounced with the Beckman reagent than with the Behring reagent in all three nephelometers and was independent of the type of instrument (fixed-time vs rate nephelometry). Immunochemical determination of individual serum proteins serves as an important tool in the diagnosis and follow up of various pathological conditions (e.g., acute phase reaction and multiple myeloma). Automated methods involving nephelometry or turbidimetry are widely used in clinical laboratories for this purpose. These assays have suffered from poor intermethod and interlaboratory agreement, in spite of the availability over the last four decades of numerous national and international protein reference materials [Ref. (1), and the references therein]. A few years ago, IFCC introduced the international reference preparation CRM 470 with certified target values for 14 plasma proteins (2). The universal use of CRM 470 as a master calibrator should increase interlaboratory and intermethod agreement. However, in addition to calibration problems, there are several other sources of differences in assay results, such as epitope recognition, assay conditions, and interferences. To assess calibrator-independent, reagent-specific, and technique-related differences, we compared the results of several CRM 470-calibrated nephelometric assays. We assayed serum samples by fixed-time nephelometry on a BN 100 from Behring and by rate nephelometry on an Array 360 or an Immage from Beckman Instruments. Special attention was given to evaluation of interferences because fixed-time methods are reportedly subject to atypical reactions (3). Materials and Methods Specific serum proteins were quantified by BN 100 or BNA nephelometers from Behringwerke AG and by Array 360 and/or Immage nephelometers from Beckman Instruments. Except when specified otherwise, reagents used on the BN 100 were from Behringwerke AG and reagents used on the Array 360 and Immage were from Beckman Instruments. Total protein and triglyceride concentrations were determined by Boehringer Mannheim reagent kits on a Hitachi 747 analyzer (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH). The hemoglobin concentration in the hemolysate was determined with a Cell-Dyn 3500 (Abbott Laboratories); the hemoglobin concentration in the patient samples was calculated using the H-index on a Hitachi 747. This calculation was based on the linear relation (r = 0.98) between the H-index and the hemoglobin concentration determined on the Cell-Dyn 3500. Intralipid 20% was obtained from Pharmacia Biotech. Results interference by lipid IgG, IgA, IgM, α1-antitrypsin, and haptoglobin were determined in clear sera and in hemolyzed or lipemic samples, using BN 100, Array 360, and Immage nephelometers. These instruments were calibrated according to the manufacturers’ instructions, using calibrators traceable to the CRM 470 standard. The method comparison results for IgG, IgA, and IgM are shown in Fig. 1 ; the results for haptoglobin and α1-antitrypsin are shown in Fig. 2 . For samples with a clear aspect on macroscopic examination (left panels), the results for IgG, IgA, and IgM (Fig. 1), and haptoglobin (Fig. 2) obtained with the three methods showed excellent agreement. Values for α1-antitrypsin were lower with the BN 100 than with the Array 360 or Immage. The slope and intercept for the linear regression between the BN 100 (y-value) and the Array 360 (x-value) for α1-antitrypsin were 1.09 and −0.38 g/L, respectively. Figure 1. Open in new tabDownload slide Comparison of the Immage, Array 360, and BN 100 methods for immunoglobulins. We assayed serum samples that were clear on macroscopic examination (left panels), hemolyzed samples (median hemoglobin concentration, 1.6 g/L; range, 0.9–23.5 g/L; middle panels), and lipemic samples (median triglyceride concentration, 3.7 mmol/L; range, 2.5–6.6 mmol/L; right panels). IgG (top panels), IgA (middle panels), and IgM (bottom panels) were determined on an Immage (x-axis), an Array 360 (y-axis, •), and a BN 100 (y-axis, □). Figure 1. Open in new tabDownload slide Comparison of the Immage, Array 360, and BN 100 methods for immunoglobulins. We assayed serum samples that were clear on macroscopic examination (left panels), hemolyzed samples (median hemoglobin concentration, 1.6 g/L; range, 0.9–23.5 g/L; middle panels), and lipemic samples (median triglyceride concentration, 3.7 mmol/L; range, 2.5–6.6 mmol/L; right panels). IgG (top panels), IgA (middle panels), and IgM (bottom panels) were determined on an Immage (x-axis), an Array 360 (y-axis, •), and a BN 100 (y-axis, □). Figure 2. Open in new tabDownload slide Comparison of the Immage, Array 360, and BN 100 methods for haptoglobin and α1-antitrypsin. We assayed samples that were clear on macroscopic examination (left panels), hemolyzed samples (median hemoglobin concentration, 1.6 g/L; range, 0.9–23.5 g/L; middle panels), and lipemic samples (median triglyceride concentration, 3.7 mmol/L; range, 2.5–6.6 mmol/L; right panels). Haptoglobin (top panels) and α1-antitrypsin (bottom panels) were determined on Immage (x-axis), Array 360 (•), and BN 100 (□) analyzers. Figure 2. Open in new tabDownload slide Comparison of the Immage, Array 360, and BN 100 methods for haptoglobin and α1-antitrypsin. We assayed samples that were clear on macroscopic examination (left panels), hemolyzed samples (median hemoglobin concentration, 1.6 g/L; range, 0.9–23.5 g/L; middle panels), and lipemic samples (median triglyceride concentration, 3.7 mmol/L; range, 2.5–6.6 mmol/L; right panels). Haptoglobin (top panels) and α1-antitrypsin (bottom panels) were determined on Immage (x-axis), Array 360 (•), and BN 100 (□) analyzers. For lipemic samples (right panels), values for IgA and IgM (Fig. 1), and haptoglobin and α1-antitrypsin (Fig. 2) obtained using the BN 100 were consistently higher than the values obtained using the Immage and the Array 360. In selected samples, a twofold difference for IgM was observed between the BN 100 results and the Array 360 or Immage results. In the next step, we examined whether the differences in assay results for IgA, IgM, haptoglobin, and α1-antitrypsin in lipemic samples were reagent-dependent (most likely antibody-dependent) or were related to the type of assay, i.e., peak rate vs fixed-time measurement. We suspected that the fixed-time nephelometric measurement was affected by lipemia. Increasing concentrations of Intralipid 20% were added to a control serum, and the specific proteins were measured. As shown in Fig. 3 , increasing Intralipid concentrations caused increasing interference in the haptoglobin, α1-antitrypsin, IgM, and IgA assays in the BN 100 fixed-time nephelometer but not in the rate-nephelometric Array 360 and Immage assays. The effect was most pronounced for IgM, followed by IgA, α1-antitrypsin, and haptoglobin. In contrast, neither the fixed-time nor the rate method showed interference by lipemia in the IgG assay. Figure 3. Open in new tabDownload slide Effect of lipemia on nephelometric determinations. Increasing concentrations of Intralipid 20% were added to a control serum, after which haptoglobin, α1-antitrypsin, IgA, IgM, and IgG were determined on a BN 100 (○), an Immage (▵), and an Array 360 (□). IgA and IgM were also analyzed on a BN 100 using Beckman reagent (•). Figure 3. Open in new tabDownload slide Effect of lipemia on nephelometric determinations. Increasing concentrations of Intralipid 20% were added to a control serum, after which haptoglobin, α1-antitrypsin, IgA, IgM, and IgG were determined on a BN 100 (○), an Immage (▵), and an Array 360 (□). IgA and IgM were also analyzed on a BN 100 using Beckman reagent (•). To evaluate the independent effect of intralipid on the Behring instrument (BNA), we performed a control experiment in which we added 6 g/L Intralipid but replaced the IgM antibody reagent with buffer alone. The signal measured in the presence and in the absence of the antibody reagent corresponded to 3.25 and 0.61 g/L, respectively. The IgM value in the absence of Intralipid was 1.55 g/L. To exclude the possibility that the interference by lipemia was reagent-dependent, we also studied the effect of Intralipid on IgM and IgA measurements on the BN 100, using the Beckman reagent instead of the Behring reagent. As shown in Fig. 3 , addition of Intralipid caused antibody-independent increases in the signal on the BN 100, confirming that the effect of lipid was instrument- or methodology-related and not reagent-dependent. interference by hemolysis IgG, IgA, IgM, α1-antitrypsin, and haptoglobin were determined in clear serum samples, using three nephelometers (Figs. 1 and 2, left panels) and in hemolyzed samples (Figs. 1 and 2, middle panels; median hemoglobin concentration, 1.6 g/L; range, 0.9–23.5 g/L). For IgG, IgA, and IgM, the results were transferable between the BN 100, the Array 360, and the Immage analyzers for clear sera as well as for hemolyzed samples. The BN 100 gave lower values for α1-antitrypsin in both clear and hemolyzed samples. For the haptoglobin assay, results between the three instruments were superimposable for clear sera but not for hemolyzed samples, in which the Array 360 and Immage gave lower values than the BN 100. When the antibody reagent was replaced with buffer alone, no signal was measured with the Behring instrument or the Beckman instrument (data not shown). To determine the reason for the differences in assay results between fixed-time and rate nephelometry for haptoglobin in hemolyzed specimens, we investigated the effect of in vitro hemolysis on haptoglobin determinations by adding increasing amounts of hemolysate to nonhemolyzed serum. The haptoglobin concentration in the samples with added hemolysate was determined with (a) the Immage, Array 360, and BN 100, using the manufacturers’ reagents; (b) the Array 360, using the Behring reagent; and (c) the BN 100, using the Beckman reagent. The results shown in Fig. 4 demonstrate a gradual decrease of the haptoglobin result when increasing concentrations of hemoglobin were present in the sample. That the degree of this negative interference was reagent-dependent and not analyzer-dependent was shown as follows. When the Behring reagent was used on the BN 100 and on the Array 360, the haptoglobin signal was reduced by 20% (0.27 g/L) in the presence of 2 g/L added hemoglobin. When the Beckman reagent was used on both nephelometers, the haptoglobin signal was reduced by 50% (0.65 g/L) in the presence of 2 g/L added hemoglobin. Thus, this negative interference was more pronounced with the Beckman reagent than with the Behring reagent, independent of the type of nephelometry (fixed-time or rate) used. It can be speculated that the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex is less well-recognized by the Beckman reagent than by the Behring reagent. Figure 4. Open in new tabDownload slide Effect of hemolysis on nephelometric determination of haptoglobin. Increasing concentrations of human hemolysate, prepared by a modification of the method of Glick et al. (5), was added to nonhemolyzed serum. Erythrocytes were lysed by addition of distilled water, after which the samples were kept frozen for 12 h at −20 °C before centrifugation. Haptoglobin was determined using Behring reagent on a BN 100 (○) and an Array 360 (▪), and using Beckman reagent on a BN 100 (•), an Array 360 (□), and an Immage (▵). Figure 4. Open in new tabDownload slide Effect of hemolysis on nephelometric determination of haptoglobin. Increasing concentrations of human hemolysate, prepared by a modification of the method of Glick et al. (5), was added to nonhemolyzed serum. Erythrocytes were lysed by addition of distilled water, after which the samples were kept frozen for 12 h at −20 °C before centrifugation. Haptoglobin was determined using Behring reagent on a BN 100 (○) and an Array 360 (▪), and using Beckman reagent on a BN 100 (•), an Array 360 (□), and an Immage (▵). Discussion In nephelometric assays, specific antibodies react with the antigen and form insoluble complexes that scatter light. The scattered light is measured at 17° for the BNA, 70° for the Array 360, and 90° for the Immage. The wavelengths used are 840 nm, 670 nm, and between 400 and 620 nm for the BNA, the Immage, and the Array 360, respectively. In fixed-time nephelometry (Behring), two readings of scattered light are made. The first reading is made 7.5 s after the distribution of sample and antibody in the reaction buffer, and the second reading is made 6 min later. The scattering measured in the first reading is subtracted from the scattering measured in the second reading. In this way, nonspecific scattering produced by the antibody and the sample is minimized. In peak-rate nephelometry, the first derivative of the variation of scattered light vs time during the immunoprecipitation of antigen-antibody complexes is used for calculation of the antigen concentration. The maximum intensity of the peak is proportional to the antigen concentration. In the Array 360, readings are performed every 20 ms. In the Immage, at least 18 cycles of readings are made every 5 s. The variation of signal vs time is used to calculate results. Interferences in nephelometric assays depend on several factors, such as the quality of the antibody used, the final sample dilution, and the kinetic approach used. The present study clearly demonstrates that the negative interference by in vitro hemolysis on haptoglobin determination was analyzer-independent but reagent-dependent. The interference was more pronounced with the Beckman reagent than with the Behring reagent. The higher the sample dilution, the lower the risk of nonspecific reactions. For example, interferences by lipemia in the Behring instrument were observed with IgA and IgM, for which the sample dilution was 1:20, but not with IgG, for which the sample dilution was 1:400. With the Beckman instruments, the sample dilution was 1:36 for IgM and IgA, and 1:216 for IgG. Nonspecific interference that varies with reaction time cannot be discerned by fixed-time nephelometry. The only way to detect such nonspecific reactions is by replacing the antibody with diluent. Such a control, however, is not part of the assay procedure presented by the manufacturer. In the Array 360 system, nonspecific reactions are not detected because the antibody is not added to the flow cell until the scattered light signal after addition of the sample to the buffer is stable. With the Immage, nonspecific reactions are offset by the automatic measurement of a sample blank in the absence of antibody in a separate cuvette. These blanks are performed when small sample dilutions are used (1:6) and are done at each measurement. The most pronounced nonspecific interference observed in this study was with the fixed-rate method for the IgM assay in lipemic samples. In a group of lipemic samples (n = 13), the median IgM value was 0.8 g/L (range, 0.5–1.8 g/L) with the Beckman instrument and 1.4 g/L (range, 1.0–3.2 g/L) with the Behring instrument. Thus, the Behring values were 75% higher than the Beckman values. This difference, which was attributable to interference by lipemia, was larger than the intraindividual (within-subject) biological CV (9.3%) and the interindividual (between-subject) biological CV (34.9%) (4) and, therefore, is clinically significant. For IgA, the median value in a group of lipemic samples (n = 14) was 1.48 g/L (range, 0.5–3.8 g/L) for the Beckman instrument and 1.85 g/L (range, 0.8–4.4 g/L) for the Behring instrument. The Behring values were 27% higher than the Beckman values; this difference was larger than the intraindividual biological CV (8.6%) (4). The reagent inserts from Behring mention that turbidity and particles can interfere with the test and that very lipemic samples must be clarified by centrifugation. However, neither the marked effect of lipemia on the IgM and IgA assays nor the limited interference of hemoglobin on the haptoglobin assay are mentioned. The Beckman inserts state that bilirubin, lipid, and hemoglobin do not interfere with the IgA, IgG, and IgM assays and that hemoglobin produces a negative interference of 15–50% on the haptoglobin assay, which is in agreement with our findings. In conclusion, nonspecific interactions can be limited by use of specific antibodies, large sample dilutions, and a good estimation of the sample blank. We thank M. Artoos, H. Raveschot, A. Berghmans, V. Boets, and S. Despiegeleer for expert technical assistance. We thank Analis (Belgium) for providing the Beckman reagents. References 1 Goodall SR. Advances in plasma protein standardization. Ann Clin Biochem 1997 ; 34 : 582 -587. Crossref Search ADS PubMed 2 Whicher JT, Ritchie RF, Johnson AM, Baudner S, Bienvenu J, Blirup-Jensen S, et al. New international reference preparation for proteins in human serum (RPPHS). Clin Chem 1994 ; 40 : 939 -938. Crossref Search ADS PubMed 3 Bernard M, Foglietti M, Dosbâa I, Ait-Bachir N, Daunizeau A, Ooraed B, Poins PM. The danger of transferring protein assays from rate nephelometric systems to multiparametric analyzers by fixed-time turbidimetry [Abstract]. Clin Chem 1994 ; 41 : S148 . 4 Fraser CG, Cummings ST, Wilkinson SP, Neville RG, Knox JDE, Ho O, MacWalter RS. Biological variability of 26 clinical analytes in elderly people. Clin Chem 1989 ; 35 : 783 -786. Crossref Search ADS PubMed 5 Glick MR, Ryder KW, Jackson SA. Graphical comparisons of interferences in clinical chemistry instrumentation. Clin Chem 1986 ; 32 : 470 -475. Crossref Search ADS PubMed © 1999 The American Association for Clinical Chemistry This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)
TI - Evaluation of Interferences in Rate and Fixed-Time Nephelometric Assays of Specific Serum Proteins
JF - Clinical Chemistry
DO - 10.1093/clinchem/45.1.62
DA - 1999-01-01
UR - https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/evaluation-of-interferences-in-rate-and-fixed-time-nephelometric-1ozUt1CifL
SP - 62
EP - 67
VL - 45
IS - 1
DP - DeepDyve
ER -