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Study on stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat germplasm Huixianhong

Study on stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) effect on grain filling and seed morphology building... Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is an airborne fungal disease OPENACCESS which always destructs leaf and leads to stagnation of grain filling, decreasing of kernel Citation: He C, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Guo Q, Bai B, weight, thin seed and yield loss. Winter wheat Huixianhong is a special germplasm with spe- Shen S, et al. (2019) Study on stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) effect on grain filling and seed cial characteristics of tolerance or resistance against stripe rust. In order to understand the morphology building of special winter wheat effect on Huixianhong from stripe rust, we designed two kinds of treatment, inoculation of germplasm Huixianhong. PLoS ONE 14(5): stripe rust fungi (IH) and artificial immune by bactericide (CK) to study the dynamic of dis- e0215066. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. ease process, the grain filling and the thousand-kernel weight (TKW). Our results showed pone.0215066 that the incubation period of Hongxinahui was 13.5 days. The prevalence increased from Editor: Wujun Ma, Murdoch University, 32.9% at 15 days after jointing to 80.0% at 9 days after booting, and reached to 97.0% at the AUSTRALIA heading stage. The infection type (IT) was 7 to 9 at the beginning of anthesis. The severity, Received: November 4, 2018 th leaf withered area ratio and disease index at the 15 day after anthesis were 67.17%, Accepted: March 26, 2019 98.17% and 0.6717, respectively. The IH maximum increasing rate of leaf necrosis and Published: May 21, 2019 chlorosis area was from heading beginning stage to anthesis beginning stage, which 2 -1 2 -1 Copyright:© 2019 He et al. This is an open access increased from 18.66 mm �d to 21.04 mm �d . The maximum rate of grain filling was 1.25 article distributed under the terms of the Creative -1 th mg�d at the 18 day after anthesis, which was earlier than that of CK by 3.3 days. The IH Commons Attribution License, which permits thousand-kernel weight Loss (TKWL) was more than that of CK by 6.19%, the stage of unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and heading and amature were 3.0 days and 4.5 days earlier than CK, respectively. The stripe source are credited. rust infection seriously destructed the photosynthetic function of leaf at the earlier stage of Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are grain filling, i.e. at the beginning of anthesis, which led to the most important biomass loss within the paper and its Supporting Information and the grain filling rate decrease. As far as stripe rust is concerned, Huixianhong is a high files. susceptible, easily been infected, seriously showing symptoms and most quickly epidemic Funding: Chunyu He has been supported by the type but can successfully complete grain filling in high quality. It is a very useful germplasm Science and Technology Support Program of for creating and selecting special breeding materials against stripe rust. Gansu Province. (NO. 1304NKCA133). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 1 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Introduction Epidemics of wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, are more frequent around the world and often led to serious yield loss while applying for the resistance wheat cul- tivar or materials can significantly decrease leaf damage and yield loss. So how to find and breed excellent wheat materials and cultivar is very important for wheat breeding and produc- tion. The winter wheat cultivar Huixianhong is the typical one with more excellent characteris- tics and been found by Dr. Chunyu He. The stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) (Pst) always seriously destructs photosynthetic func- tion of leaf and affects supply and movement of assimilation products, which leads to thou- sand-kernel weight (TKW) decrease and yield loss[1,2]. Huixianhong is a winter wheat cultivar that is high susceptible to stripe rust and epidemic as quickly as showing symptoms. The infection type (IT) can reach to 8–9 and the prevalence ratio and severity can arrive at 100% in a short time after symptoms. After infection, wheat leaves turn into chlorosis and lose photosynthetic function at the earlier stage of grain filling[2]. However, Huixianhong records from 1996 to 2010 year showed the thousand-kernel weight loss rate (TKWLR) usually were between 4.00% and 13.07% except for the two factors of severe drought and craze epidemic worked together could arrive at 24.04%-30.02%. The characteris- tics of keeping normal grain filling and decreasing TKWLR hardly has been reported by others [2–4]. The reported results about the grain filling and TKW most focused on the yield factors, compensation effect, pathology et al, while there was no report about keeping normal ability of graining filling and TKW when all leaves lost photosynthetic function [5,6]. In order to study on the relationship between the lower TKWLR and grain filling under the condition of lost leaf photosynthetic function, establish equation about the grain filling rate and seed morphol- ogy formation, the characteristic about the attack, developing, epidemic, damage of Pst and the grain filling characters were measured. So we hope through this study, we could provide theory and practice to keep normal yield when Pst was crazy epidemic. Materials and methods Cultivar and fungus The original seed of Huixianhong has been provided by Germplasm Resource Bank of Gansu Agricultural Science Academy (GASA) and identified by professor Jiuyuan Du and Dr. Chu- nyu He. The cultivar has been purified and derived from one seed which has been identified as the pure line of Huixianhong by author, and has been propagated since 2005 year under con- trol condition. The stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) fungus has been supplied by Dr. Shiqin Cao from the Plant Protection Institute of GASA, which included the 12 main epidemic races at that time. The author can provide the seeds and methods if whoever want. The experiment field belongs to GASA and is opened for whoever wanted to carry out field trials or co-operate with them. The immunization Triazolone wettable powder has been produced by Jiangsu Green Shield Plant protection Co., Ltd. The experimentation design was in random block design with three times repetition and the LSD and SSR of analysis of variance was used to put up multiple com- parisons. The treatments have been designed in two types. One was artificial inoculation on Huixianhong (IH) which could assure completely incidence, another was applied for the tria- zolone wettable powder (TWP) to protect Huixianhong from being infected by the fungus PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 2 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong (CK). The plot area was 81m (9m×9m) with 0.20 m spacing between rows, 0.03 m between plants and 0.40m between plots under manual spot seeding. The inoculation on IH treatments has been done during the seedling stage on 2011, 2012 and 2013 year[7]. At the same time, CK treatments have been sprayed by TWP the first time and would be sprayed the other two times after 5 days and 10 days in order to assure CK from being infected by the fungus [2]. The susceptible Huixianhong was planted around the experi- ment plots to ensure sufficient inoculum for uniform disease infection. The field trials performed at the Qinshui Experiment Station of GASA from 2011 to 2013 year, locating in Longnan Area of stripe rust serious epidemic area at latitude 34˚45 , longitude 106˚09 and altitude 1430 m, which annual precipitation was 460–560 mm and growth stage precipitation was 231.2 mm during experiment, and annual frost-free period was 170 days. The soil samples were tested based on the Standards of Determination of soil available Nitrogen (DB13/T 843–2007), soil total Nitrogen (NY/T 1121.24–2012), available Potassium in soil (DB13/T 844–2007) and total Phosphorus in soil (GB/T 9837–1988). The soil texture -1 -1 was sandy loam with organic matter 14.7mg�g , total nitrogen 0.9 mg�g , hydrolyzable nitro- -1 -1 gen 67 mg�g , rapidly available phosphorus 12.3 mg�kg , rapidly available potassium 128.0 -1 -1 mg�kg , slowly available potassium 1.7 g�g and the previous crop was winter wheat. Methods and Items The measurements and recordings were the infected type (IT), disease severity, disease inci- dence, thousand-kernel weight (TKW), leaf necrosis and chlorosis area (IRLNC), leaf area (LA), weight of dry and fresh kernel, the increased area of necrosis and chlorosis under the fixed time and plant. The data based on the special formulas and mathematical models were the disease index (DI), grain filling rate (GFR), leaf withered area ratio (LWAR) and the increasing rate of leaf necrosis and chlorosis area (IRLNC) [2,7]. Infection type (IT) was based on a 0–9 scale, with 0 refers to no visible sporulation; 2 refers to necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes with no sporulation; 3 refers to necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes with only a trace of sporulation; 4, 5, and 6 refers to necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes with light, intermediate, and moderate sporulation, respectively; 7, 8, and 9 refers to abundant sporulation with necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes, chlorosis behind the sporulation area, and no chlorosis or necrosis, respectively [8]. On the basis of the 0–9 IT scale, accessions were grouped as highly resistant to moderately resistant (IT 0–3), intermediate (IT 4–6), and mod- erately susceptible to highly susceptible (IT 7–9). Disease severity was estimated visually as per- centage of infected leaf area when rust severities on flag leaves of the susceptible check reached 80–100%[8]. rd The dynamic changes of stripe rust has been recorded since the 3 day after Jointing stage and kept recording each 3 days until fungus stop producing fresh spores and leaves turned into dried up. Samples of grain filling and mark Standards The samples were single whole plant and single head which have been marked at the same anthesis and kept marking each 6 days after anthesis (Table 1). It was planned to take 25 marked heads each 6 days and chose 20 kernels from each head to study dried weight[2, 9,10]. Data analysis The data has been analyzed and the models have been built by the software of SPSS 19.0 and EXCELL 2007 [11]. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 3 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Table 1. The abbreviation of growth stage and organs. Ab. Meaning Ab. Meaning IH inoculated Huixianhong Sh the flag Sheath CK immunized Huixianhong Sh the second-leaf sheath from top Sd seeds from single whole plant Sh the third-leaf sheath from top L flag leaf Sh the other leaves’ sheaths except the upper three 1 4 L the second leaf from top Pl the time of planting L the third leaf from top Sl the stage of seedling L the other leaves except the upper three leaves Jo the stage of jointing S the flag stem Bo the stage of booting S the second-leaf stem from top He the stage of heading S the third-leaf stem from top An the stage of anthesis S the other leaves’ stems except the upper three GF the stage of grain filling 0d the beginning of some stage An0d the beginning of anthesis 3d the 3 days after some stage An3d the 3 days after anthesis Note: The table detailed and introduced the abbreviation of different growth stages and different organs. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.t001 Results 1 The characteristics of leaf stress reaction under Pst infection 1.1 The characteristics of incubation period. From the first time of inoculation to the symptom stage, the incubation periods were 15.5 days、13.0 days and12.0 days in 2011 year, 2012year and 2013year, respectively, and the three-year average was 13.5 days. At 9 days after jointing stage (Jo9d), there were necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes with light sporulation on L , L and L and infection type (IT) was 2–4. At booting stage (Bo), uredinium on the above 2 3 three leaves became larger and IT was 4–7. And there was light uredinium also appeared on L . There was zero on CK leaves, which showed immunization was perfect. 1.2 The three-year average dynamic changes of prevalence (DCP) from 2011 to 2013 years. The three-year average dynamic changes of prevalence from 2011 to 2013 years behaved in S-shaped characters (Fig 1, S1 Table). The prevalence rate increased slowly at the beginning after jointing, extended quickly at mid-stage of anthesis, and decreased at the end of anthesis. The prevalence was 6.80% and characterized by L of IT 1–3 from symptom appear- ance at Jo3d. The number of infected plants increased significantly from 13.25% Jo6d to 32.90% Jo15d (P<0.01). L , L and L were all infected, necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes increased signifi- 1 2 3 cantly, too. And L also appeared light symptom. At the stage from Bo0d to Bo9d, the rate of infected plants increased most quickly, the prev- alence quickly extended significantly from 42.80% to 80.00% (P<0.01). The necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes of L , L , L and L were characterized by large connected sheets and stripes, 1 2 3 4 so did the abundant fresh uredinium. At the heading stage, 97.00% plants had been infected by Pst and chlorotic stripes increased quickly and turned necrotic sheets during short time. At An15d, the senescence rate of L , L and L was 85.00% to 95.00% and L was 100.00%. 1 2 3 4 But at the same time, the green area of the stems and sheaths kept 100.00% and heads were 70.10%. At the prior to middle stage of grain filling, the prevalence arrived at 100.00%. 1.3 The three-year average dynamic changes of severity (DCS) from 2011 to 2013 years. The severity increased slowly from the beginning of jointing (Jo0d) to booting (Bo0d) PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 4 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Fig 1. Dynamic of developing and damage. Note: 1) The letters of the dynamic line mean there were significant differences at the level of 0.05, while the same letters mean no difference. 2) GS means growth stages. As is the follows. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.g001 while from An0d to An15d it extraordinarily significantly increased by112.3% (P<0.01) from 31.64% to 67.17%. After An15d, the infection rate of urediospore became slowly and the num- ber of fresh uredium also decreased significantly, so did the increasing rate of Severity. 1.4 The three-year average dynamic changes of disease index (DI) from 2011 to 2013 years. The results showed the disease index (DI) was less than 0.009 before Bo0d (Fig 2, S1 Table), which hardly could infect normal photosynthesis. From Bo3d to He, DI significantly increased from 0.1275 to 0.2566(P<0.05) while at An0d significantly arrived at 0.3164 (P<0.01). From An0d to An15d, DI increased extraordinarily significantly from 0.3164 to Fig 2. Dynamic of disease index. Note: The letters of the dynamic line means there were significant differences at the level of 0.05. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.g002 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 5 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong 0.6717 (P<0.01) and kept increasing characteristics at the grain filling until lost photosynthetic function. 1.5 The three-year average dynamic changes of leaf withered area ratio (LWAR) from 2011 to 2013 years. From Bo0d to Bo9d (Fig 1, S1 Table), LWAR of L significantly increased from 2.60% to 15.56% (P<0.05), necrosis and chlorosis areas appeared together along the leaf veins, whose IT was 1–3 and uredinium was small. At the stage, the disease on L was more serious than that of L and L . 2 3 From Jo12d to He (Fig 1, S1 Table), LWAR increased significantly from 26.63% to 38.65% (P<0.05) and IT was 4–6. The uredinium characterized by dotted distribution was a little large and could be distinguished by eyes. The necrosis and chlorosis around the uredinium charac- terized by short narrow stripe and dotted shape had been enlarging along the leaf mains and appeared together on leaf. The L and L were infected more serious than that of L while L 1 2 3 4 hardly could see the necrosis and chlorosis made by the uredinium. As stepping into the blooming stage (Fig 1, S1 Table), the temperature, humidity and pre- cipitation were beneficial to stripe rust epidemic meanwhile the number of uredinium accu- mulation also was large enough to produce more harmful to leaf and destruct photosynthesis function. The LWAR increased extraordinarily significantly from 46.23% at An0d to 98.17% at An15d (P<0.01). The IT was 7–9 and uredinium on L , L and L characterized by stripe and 1 2 3 innumerable piled spores were most seriously, which blocked photosynthesis and led to large withered areas, then leaves were dead. After An15d (Fig 1, S1 Table), most golden uredinum turned into brown teleutodonidium and became into the oversummer stage when the temperature was higher than 26˚C. At the same stage, leaf photosynthetic function had been destroyed absolutely while the stems, sheaths and glum were still in visible green. Although the leaf photosynthetic function had been lost for the stripe rust at the most important grain filling stage, the cultivar function of grain filling still kept normally until the kernel plumpness at harvest stage. The LWAR was significantly difference between the stages of Jo0d~Jo9d, Jo12d~He and An0d~An15d (P<0.05) (Fig 1, S1 Table). Huixianhong is a special winter wheat cultivar char- acterized by high susceptible, rapid epidemic and most serious infected type but the function of grain filling keeping normal. 1.6 The three-year average dynamic changes of the increasing rate of leaf necrosis and chlorosis area (IRLNC) from 2011 to 2013 years. In order to precisely calculate the lost rate of leaf photosynthesis at the specific time, we conducted the fix leaf location experiment. The 2 -1 results showed IRLNC extraordinarily significantly increased from 0.65 mm �d to 2.8 2 -1 mm �d (P<0.01) by 330.77% (P<0.01) from Jo0d to Bo0d, and increased from 18.66 2 -1 2 -1 mm �d at heading to 21.04 mm �d at anthesis by 12.75% (P<0.05) which rate was the most quickly rate of IRLNC (Fig 3, S1 Table). 2 -1 2 -1 The IRLNC increased from 12.2 mm �d to 13.8 mm �d from An3d to An9d (P>0.05) and decreased significantly by 44.93% (P<0.01) after An12d. The IRLNC decreased to3.8 2 -1 mm �d at An15d because of too large necrosis areas and few of fresh uredinum on leaves. 2 The effects on graining filling (GF) processing infected by Pst In 2011 year (Fig 4-A, S2 Table), the results showed grain filling rate (GFR) of IH and CK was -1 characterized by S-type distribution. IH GFR significantly increased from 0.23 mg�d at An6d -1 -1 -1 to 0.96 mg�d at An18d and kept 1.05 mg�d ~1.08 mg�d from An18d to An36d. CK -1 -1 decreased a little from 0.90 mg�d at An6d to 0.70 mg�d (P>0.05) at An12d, while keeping -1 -1 1.10 mg�d ~1.24 mg�d from An18d to An36d. But the whole average GFR of CK was signifi- cantly higher than that of IH by 26.52% (P<0.05). PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 6 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Fig 3. Dynamic of disease speckles speed. Note: Id was the first time of inoculation. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.g003 In 2012 year (Fig 4-B, S2 Table), from An6d to An 12d, GFR of IH and CK were all -1 -1 -1 -1 increased significantly from 0.26 mg�d to 1.23 mg�d and 0.68 mg�d to 1.25 mg�d . IH -1 -1 -1 GFR was from 1.03 mg�d at An18d to 1.37 mg�d at An 36d while CK was from 1.15 mg�d -1 to 1.25 mg�d . The average GFR of IH during whole grain filling stage was significantly slower than that of CK by 17.03% (P<0.05). In 2013 year (Fig 4-C, S2 Table), from An6d to An12d, GFR of IH and CK were all -1 -1 -1 -1 increased significantly from 0.66 mg�d to 1.54 mg�d and 1.37 mg�d to 1.73 mg�d , respec- -1 tively. While after An12d, both GFR of IH and CK decreased to 1.03mg�d at An 36d. The average GFR of CK during whole grain filling stage was significantly higher than that of IH by 15.79% (P<0.05). In 2012 and 2013 years (Fig 4-B and 4-C, S2 Table), GFR of IH and CK dynamic was char- acterized by near normal distribution. The maximum of IH and CK in 2012 year were at An18d while in 2013 year IH GFR was lower but significantly 6 days earlier than that of CK (P<0.05). The results of average GFR from 2011 to 2013 year (Fig 4, S2 Table) showed that the GFR of IH and CK characterized by the near normal distribution and their maximum were all at An18d (Fig 4-D, S2 Table). The GFR of IH extraordinarily significantly increased from 0.38 -1 -1 -1 -1 mg�d of An6d to 1.25 mg�d of An18 while CK from 0.98 mg�d to1.42 mg�d . After -1 -1 An18d, GFR of IH and CK all kept almost constant speed from 1.03 mg�d to 1.25 mg�d and -1 -1 from 1.09 mg�d to 1.42 mg�d , respectively. The average GFR of CK during whole grain fill- ing stage was significantly higher than that of IH by 19.78% (P<0.05), which means stripe rust could decrease GFR remarkably. 3 The characteristics of thousand-kernel weight (TKW) under Pst infection 3.1 The dynamic changes of TKW difference between IH and CK. Our results showed (Table 2, S2 Table) that the difference between IH and CK became smaller with the develop- ment of growth and grain filling. The three-year TKW of CK was more than that of IH by 4.56% (P>0.05), 10.87% (P>0.05) and 3.13% (P>0.05) from 2011 year to 2013 year. 3.2 The thousand-kernel weight and loss rate. The analysis of variance showed that the independent effect of Pst and the interaction with different crop seasons were not significant PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 7 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Fig 4. The grain filling rate dynamics of IH and CK in different season crops (4-A, 4-B, 4-C and 4-D mean in 2011, 2012, 2013 season crops and the average rate from 2011 to 2013 season crops). (Note: The letters of the dynamic line mean there were significant differences at the level of 0.05). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.g004 on TKW (Table 3, S2 Table), which proofed the leaf function lost in different seasons hardly could affect grain filling efficiency markedly. The independent effect of crop seasons appeared markedly on TKW because the drought and temperature were the most important factors dur- ing growth. Table 2. The TKW dynamic difference of IH and CK among different crop seasons unit: %. Days after anthesis (d) 2011 Crop season 2012 Crop season 2013 Crop season Average 6 -74.86a -61.73a -51.42a -62.67a 12 -40.83a -1.34b -11.16bc -17.78b 18 -12.59b -0.61b -20.14b -11.11c 24 -13.26b -10.54b -10.76bc -11.52c 30 -13.04b -17.10b -1.12c -10.42c 36 -4.56b -10.87b -3.13c -6.18d Average -26.52A -17.03B -16.29B -18.98B Note: Average line represents the annual average speed difference between grouting stage, and the rest of the column data on behalf of the anthesis within the year after different grain filing stage difference. The different letter means the differences at a = 0.05 level. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.t002 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 8 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Table 3. The tests of between-subjects effects among different treatments. Source df Mean square Standard Erro F Valuble P Valuble TKW Tr. 3 4.771 0.571 1.218 0.335 Cr.S 1 26.861 0.808 6.859 0.019 Tr. Cr.S 3 5.035 1.143 1.286 0.313 TKWL % Cr.S 3 51.425 1.120 0.954 0.460 2 2 Note: R = 0.473, Adjust R = 0.243; Tr. means Treatments; Cr.S means Crop season; Tr. Cr.S means the interaction of treatments and crop seasons. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.t003 The thousand-kernel weight lost (TKWL) is a very important factor to evaluate the effect without leaf function during the dough stage. The TKWL (Table 4, S2 Table) of IH was less than that of CK by 4.56% (P>0.05), 10.87% (P>0.05) and 3.13% (P>0.05) in 2011, 2012 and 2013 year, respectively. And the three-year average TKWL (6.33%, P>0.05) was not signifi- cant. The results showed that Huixianhong has a special way to keep normal grain filling and almost normal TKW although leaf photosynthesis was lost at the earlier grain filling stage. The stripe rust could make the IH maximum speed up the rate of grain filling in advance and earlier than that of CK by 5 days, 3 days and 2 days in 2011, 2012 and 2013 year, respec- tively (Table 5, S3 Table). In order to assure grain filling normal and keep maximum TKW, Huixianhong produced special physiology mechanism of higher and earlier grain filling rate which could increase TKW and grain filling efficiency. At the maximum rate (Table 5, S3 Table), the IH TKW was more than that of CK by 3.38% (P>0.05) and 3.09% (P>0.05) in 2011 and 2012 year while less than by 7.84% (P>0.05) in 2013 year. And the three-year average was less than CK by 1.48% (P>0.05). The results could explain why the stage of heading and mature of IH were prior to those of CK by 2 to 4 days and 3 to 6 days, respectively. The growth stage showed the grain filling under the condition infected by Pst finished ear- lier than that under the condition without infection, which special physiological mechanism could assure the maximum plumpness of seeds and the minimum TKWL. Based on the Table 4. The TKWL LSD difference results of IH and CK. Crop seasons I TWL (%) Crop seasons II Mean Difference Std. Erro P 95% Confidence Space Low Bound Up Bound 2011 4.56 2012 5.94 5.996 0.351 -7.887 19.767 2013 -4.14 5.996 0.509 -17.971 -7.887 2011–2013 0.86 5.996 0.890 -12.971 14.684 2012 10.87 2011 -5.94 5.996 0.351 -19.767 7.887 2013 -10.08 5.996 0.131 -23.911 3.744 2011–2013 -5.08 5.996 0.421 -18.911 8.744 2013 3.13 2011 4.143 5.996 0.509 -9.684 17.971 2012 10.08 5.996 0.131 -3.744 23.911 2011–2013 5.00 5.996 0.429 -8.827 18.827 2011–2013 Average 6.19 2011 -0.857 5.996 0.890 -14.684 12.971 2012 5.08 5.996 0.421 -8.744 18.911 2013 -5.00 5.996 0.429 -18.827 8.827 Note: The table showed the Least Significant Difference results of IH and CK about the TKWL. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.t004 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 9 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Table 5. The TKW equation and max values. Crop seasons TrS Equations V T TWKm TWKe TKWs max max -1 -1 (mg�TKW �d ) (d) (g) (g) (g) 4.188–24.507/T 2011 IH W = e 1.23 19 18.14 65.89 37.70 11IH 3.924–14.827/T CK W = e 1.33 14 17.55 50.60 39.50 11CK 4.361–22.875/T 2012 IH W = e 1.55 18 21.98 78.34 36.90 12IH 4.190–16.954/T CK W = e 1.61 15 21.32 66.02 41.40 12CK 4.113–16.035/T 2013 IH W = e 1.59 14 19.45 61.13 37.02 13IH 3.978–11.144/T CK W = e 1.63 12 21.10 53.41 37.07 13CK 4.196–20.094/T 2011–2013 IH W = e 1.48 16 18.92 66.42 37.21 11-13IH 4.028–13.949/T CK W = e 1.58 13 19.20 56.15 39.32 11-13CK Note: TrS = Treatments. Vmaxe = the expected graining filling rate, W = TKW, T = days after Anthesis, T = time at the maximum grain filling rate, TKWm = TKW max at the maximum grain filling rate, TKWe = the expected maximum TKW, TKWs = the sample TKW. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.t005 experiment data, we built the model and equation about the grain filling rate and increased TKW after anthesis. This is the first model to simulate the process of grain filling and solve the eigenvalues under the condition infected by Pst. In order to analyze the mechanism of grain filling, we built TKW equation based on the three-year data. The equation showed the expected TKW(TKWe) and time at the maximum rate (T ) of IH should be higher than those of CK (Table 5, S3 Table). It indicated that stripe max rust could affect grain filling through photosynthetic function and matter transition. At the beginning of infection, in order to assure the normal grain filling, IH could produce and accu- mulate biomass which be transited in the other organs. It would be beneficial to TWK while leaf lost photosynthetic function. Although the IH TKWe was higher than CK, in practice, for many factors, the TKWs of IH was less than that of CK. Discussion Knowledge of crop physiology in terms of grain yield determination enhances the efficiency of crop management programs. Decisions about fungicide applications during grain filling would also be based on knowledge of crop physiology. If source limitation takes place during the active grain-growth phase, grain weight could be affected by source limitation to growing grains[12]. Conversely, if the diseases affect the assimilate supply during the lag phase, grain weight potential could be affected without effects on assimilation supply [12]. The leaf function of Huixianhong was completely lost in the middle and earlier stage of grain filling, and showed similar response characteristics to stripe rust, i.e., susceptibility, high sensitivity, rapid onset, reoccurrence, rapid prevalence, rapid green loss of leaves and serious damage to leaf photosynthesis in the early stage of grain filling. This is consistent with many studies[2,4,13]. Many researchers found the incubation period of slowing rust varieties was 10.0 d-20.0 d longer than that of the corresponding control, while the latent breeding period of long-lasting stripe rust resistant varieties could reach 14.85 days. Huixianhong’s characteristics are highly susceptible, recurrent and rapid epidemic. From the first inoculation stage to the symptomatic stage, the average latent period was 13.5d in three years, which was different from the characteristics of high-susceptible, fast-developing and relapsing varieties. A longer latent period was conducive to the synthesis and accumula- tion of dry matter in the early stage, and it provided sufficient conditions for the transfer of dry matter to other vegetative organs. Many researchers have found that the long incubation PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 10 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong period and the infection of stripe rust have the effect of promoting the rate of dry matter syn- thesis [2,14–18]. A similar conclusion was obtained in this study: the infection of stripe rust could significantly promote the synthesis and transfer rate of dry matter at the early stage. Immune and high resistant varieties could prolong the green state of leaves to the maxi- mum extent. It was beneficial to the early accumulation of photosynthesis and photosynthetic substances, and the plumpness and grain weight of grain were generally affected when the leaf photosynthetic ability was damaged by Pst with grain dried, thousand-kernel weight signifi- cantly reduced, yield seriously reduced, population yellow abnormal, plant, stem, leaf sheath or panicle abnormal green dry or dead[5,19–23]. However, Huixianhong showed a completely different result. After the lost of leaf source, the grain filling was still normal, the grain plumpness and the loss rate of thousand-kernel weight were lower, which was different from all the varieties previously reported. Distribution of photosynthetic substances in leaves before and after anthesis was studied. As a result, the assimilates were used in organ construction and about 3.0%-30% of which were transported to grain before anthesis. After anthesis, the assimilates contributed to grain yield significantly. Seed growth will be more dependent on pre-anthesis storage. Canopy leaf (flag leaf and upper second leaf) is the main source of dry matter, grain weight per ear is mainly determined by photosynthetic product of canopy leaf at late stage, and grain development mainly depends on photosynthesis of green organ after anthesis, especially the accumulation of photosynthesis in the upper trefoil, panicle and subear internodes[2,10,21,24–26]. Previous studies on disease index and TKWLR showed the DI of slow rust varieties was between 0.0067–0.5900 and the TKWLR was 0.08–22.350 and highly slow rust varieties with disease index 0.0152–0.0433 was still 1.03% 4.35%[17]. Some researchers also found that the different cultivars under different inffection condition have different TKWLR [7,14,15,18]. The early ending of grain filling caused by infection of stripe rust was a physiological mech- anism to ensure the lowest loss rate of grain filling and TKW, which was consistent with the conclusion of many reports that other diseases lead to early maturation of crops. Huixian- ghong had ability to significantly reduce the loss rate of thousand-kernel weight and maintain the normal grain filling. The maximum grain filling rate was 4.75% lower than that of CK (P < 0.05), which was related to the decrease of dry matter provided for grain formation after the loss of leaf source and the main energy source for grain morphogenesis[22,24,25]. Conclusions Huixianhong characteristics are susceptible, highly susceptible, recurrent and rapid epidemic types of stripe rust. The leaf source of Huixianhong has lost at the early stage of grain filling due to the infection of stripe rust. Because of its own special grain filling mechanism, this vari- ety could guarantee grain filling normally and maintain a low loss rate of thousand-kernel weight, and it is helpful for screening in stripe rust resistant breeding materials. Supporting information S1 Table. Original data of SE,IR,LWAR,DI and SDS (Fig 1,2 and 3). (XLSX) S2 Table. Original data of GF,TKW,TKWL,TKWLR (Fig. 4,5 Table 1-4). (XLSX) S3 Table. Original data of TKW equation (Table 5). (XLSX) PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 11 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Acknowledgments Thanks to Lijun Zhang, Bin Bai, Fangping Yang, Ying Guo, Wentao Zhang, Xueting Zhang and Na Liu, Dr. Shaobo Sun, Dr. Shengtang Zhang, Tianxiao Ren, Jing Wang, Linlin Yu, Hon- gmei Zhou, Xiuhong Tian, Yanhong Xue, Hongyan Zhang, Zhongli Wang, etc. Author Contributions Data curation: Chunyu He. Formal analysis: Chunyu He, Wei Zhou, Sanbao Shen. Funding acquisition: Chunyu He. Investigation: Chunyu He, Yanhong Zhang. Methodology: Chunyu He. Project administration: Chunyu He. Resources: Chunyu He, Qingyi Guo, Bin Bai. Supervision: Chunyu He, Gaobao Huang. Writing – original draft: Chunyu He. Writing – review & editing: Chunyu He. References 1. Li Z Q, Zeng S M. Chinese wheat rust. Beijing: China agricultural press, 2000: 1–91, 109–161, 204– 2. He C Y, Zhang L J, Du J Y, Zhou X C, Zhou J, Bai B, et al. Study on Different Typical-resistant Responses of winter wheat to stripe rust at adult stage and their influences on yield. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2011, 31(4): 757–761. 3. Li Q, Jing J X, Du JY. Analysis on Durable Resistance toWheat Stripe Rust of Wheat Cul tivarsL ibel lula and Xiannong. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2005. 25(6): 112–115. 4. Han D J, Wang Q L, Zang L, Wei G R, Zeng Q D, Zhao J, et al. Evaluation of Resistance of Current Wheat Cultivars to Stripe Rust in Northwest China, North China and the Middle and Lower Reaches of Changjiang River Epidemic Area. Scientia Agricultura Sinica., 2010, (14): 2889–2896. 5. Huang Z R, Gong J, Feng F R. Studies of the influence of the early-senescence of wheat leaves on the grain yield with 14CO2 as a tracer. ACTA Agronomica Sinica, 1981, 7(1): 27–35. 6. Maydup M L, Antonietta M, Guiamet J.J., Graciano C, Lopez J R, Tambussi E A. The contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain filling in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Field Crop Research, 2010, 119(11): 48–58. 7. Chen X M, Kang Z S. Stripe Rust. Springer, USA. 2017: 9–160. 8. Maccaferri M, Zhang J L, Bulli P, Abate Z, Chao S M, Cantu D, et al. A Genome-Wide Association Study of Resistance to Stripe Rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) in a Worldwide Collection of Hexa- ploid Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genes Genomes Genetics, 2015(5): 449–465. 9. Gong Y H, Liu Y Z, Gao J F. Growth Analysis on the Process of Grain Filling in Hybrid Wheat 901 and Its Parents. Scientia A gricultura Sinica, 2004, 37(9):1288–1292. 10. Du J Y, Zhou X C, Yang L R. Effect of damage of the photosynthesis organs in different wheat cultivars on Grains yield per spike and their compensative effect. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2004, 24(1):35–39. 11. Qiu H Z. Quantitative research and statistical analysis: SPSS (PASW) data analysis paradigm analysis. Chongqing University Press. 2013:25–98,101–187. 12. Roma ´ n A S, Ramiro C, Marie O B, Daniel J M. Grain weight response to foliar diseases control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Field Crops Research, 2010 ( 120)3: 352–359. 13. Serrago R A, Miralles D J. Source limitations due to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina) during grain filling in wheat. Crop & Pasture Science, 2014, 65, 185–193. 14. Yuan W H, Zhang Z J, Feng F, Zeng S M. Identification of Wheat cultivars with slow-rusting resistance to yellow rust pathogen. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 1995, 28(3):35–40. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 12 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong 15. Zhang Y H, Shang X W, Zhou X C, Xie M, Yin X G, Sun DX, et al. Study on Characteristics of Wheat Slow stripe-rust. Journal of gansu agricultural university,2005, 8(4):521–525. 16. Dong Y, Shang X W, Zhou X C, Yin X G, Xie M. Study on the rational Judgment of durable resistance wheat cultivars against stripe rust. Acta Agriculturae Boreal-occidentalis Sinica, 2006, 15(2):96–99. 17. Zhou X C, Du J Y. Study on Resistance Durability of Commercial Wheat Cultivars Grown in Southern Region of Gansu Province to Stripe Rust. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2006, 26(1):108–112. 18. Wang B T, Yuan W H, Li G B, Jin X Z, Wang F. Correlation analysis of slow-rusting factors to stripe rust in wheat cultivars and the clustering. ACTA Phytophylacica Sinica, 2000, 27 (1): 53–58. 19. Chen Q, Sun W B, Zhen L P, Cha Z X. The determination and application of wheat stripe rust for differ- ent diseases. Plant Protection, 2002, 28 (2):19–21. 20. Serrago R A, Carretero R, Bancal M O, Miralles D J. Grain weight response to foliar diseases control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Field Crops Research. 2011, 120:352–359. 21. Serrago R A, Alzueta I, Savin R, Slafer G A. Understanding grain yield responses to source–sink ratios during grain filling in wheat and barley under contrasting environments. Field Crops Research 2013, 150: 42–51. 22. Xie L J, Tian Q Z, Li N N, Wang S L, Liu G W, Pei Y T. Constitution of Photosynthesis Source and Contri- bution to Grain Weight on Flowering Period of Winter Wheat. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2008, 23 (1): 91–95. 23. Erik H. Murchie L, Yang J C, Hubbart S, Horton P, Peng S B. Are there associations between grain flling rate and photosynthesis in the flag leaves of field-grown rice[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2002, 53(378): 2217–2224. PMID: 12379789 24. Li H, Tang M F, Yu F, Luo P G. Determination the influence of removing flag leaf during different stages after heading on wheat yield. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2010, 25(Supplement): 93–97. 25. Cao S Q, Zhao Y Q, Wen J L, Wang S A, Zhang R X. Studies on Photosynthesis in Flag Leaves and Its Relation to Grain Filling Course of High -yield Wheat. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2000, 33(6):19–25. 26. Bancal M O, Robert C, Ney B. Modeling wheat growth and yield losses from late epidemics of foliar dis- eases using loss of green leaf area per layer and pre-anthesis reserves. Annals of Botany. 2007, 100, 777–789. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm163 PMID: 17686762 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 13 / 13 http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png PLoS ONE Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journal

Study on stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat germplasm Huixianhong

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Copyright: © 2019 He et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Funding: Chunyu He has been supported by the Science and Technology Support Program of Gansu Province. (NO. 1304NKCA133). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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Abstract

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is an airborne fungal disease OPENACCESS which always destructs leaf and leads to stagnation of grain filling, decreasing of kernel Citation: He C, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Guo Q, Bai B, weight, thin seed and yield loss. Winter wheat Huixianhong is a special germplasm with spe- Shen S, et al. (2019) Study on stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) effect on grain filling and seed cial characteristics of tolerance or resistance against stripe rust. In order to understand the morphology building of special winter wheat effect on Huixianhong from stripe rust, we designed two kinds of treatment, inoculation of germplasm Huixianhong. PLoS ONE 14(5): stripe rust fungi (IH) and artificial immune by bactericide (CK) to study the dynamic of dis- e0215066. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. ease process, the grain filling and the thousand-kernel weight (TKW). Our results showed pone.0215066 that the incubation period of Hongxinahui was 13.5 days. The prevalence increased from Editor: Wujun Ma, Murdoch University, 32.9% at 15 days after jointing to 80.0% at 9 days after booting, and reached to 97.0% at the AUSTRALIA heading stage. The infection type (IT) was 7 to 9 at the beginning of anthesis. The severity, Received: November 4, 2018 th leaf withered area ratio and disease index at the 15 day after anthesis were 67.17%, Accepted: March 26, 2019 98.17% and 0.6717, respectively. The IH maximum increasing rate of leaf necrosis and Published: May 21, 2019 chlorosis area was from heading beginning stage to anthesis beginning stage, which 2 -1 2 -1 Copyright:© 2019 He et al. This is an open access increased from 18.66 mm �d to 21.04 mm �d . The maximum rate of grain filling was 1.25 article distributed under the terms of the Creative -1 th mg�d at the 18 day after anthesis, which was earlier than that of CK by 3.3 days. The IH Commons Attribution License, which permits thousand-kernel weight Loss (TKWL) was more than that of CK by 6.19%, the stage of unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and heading and amature were 3.0 days and 4.5 days earlier than CK, respectively. The stripe source are credited. rust infection seriously destructed the photosynthetic function of leaf at the earlier stage of Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are grain filling, i.e. at the beginning of anthesis, which led to the most important biomass loss within the paper and its Supporting Information and the grain filling rate decrease. As far as stripe rust is concerned, Huixianhong is a high files. susceptible, easily been infected, seriously showing symptoms and most quickly epidemic Funding: Chunyu He has been supported by the type but can successfully complete grain filling in high quality. It is a very useful germplasm Science and Technology Support Program of for creating and selecting special breeding materials against stripe rust. Gansu Province. (NO. 1304NKCA133). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 1 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Introduction Epidemics of wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, are more frequent around the world and often led to serious yield loss while applying for the resistance wheat cul- tivar or materials can significantly decrease leaf damage and yield loss. So how to find and breed excellent wheat materials and cultivar is very important for wheat breeding and produc- tion. The winter wheat cultivar Huixianhong is the typical one with more excellent characteris- tics and been found by Dr. Chunyu He. The stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) (Pst) always seriously destructs photosynthetic func- tion of leaf and affects supply and movement of assimilation products, which leads to thou- sand-kernel weight (TKW) decrease and yield loss[1,2]. Huixianhong is a winter wheat cultivar that is high susceptible to stripe rust and epidemic as quickly as showing symptoms. The infection type (IT) can reach to 8–9 and the prevalence ratio and severity can arrive at 100% in a short time after symptoms. After infection, wheat leaves turn into chlorosis and lose photosynthetic function at the earlier stage of grain filling[2]. However, Huixianhong records from 1996 to 2010 year showed the thousand-kernel weight loss rate (TKWLR) usually were between 4.00% and 13.07% except for the two factors of severe drought and craze epidemic worked together could arrive at 24.04%-30.02%. The characteris- tics of keeping normal grain filling and decreasing TKWLR hardly has been reported by others [2–4]. The reported results about the grain filling and TKW most focused on the yield factors, compensation effect, pathology et al, while there was no report about keeping normal ability of graining filling and TKW when all leaves lost photosynthetic function [5,6]. In order to study on the relationship between the lower TKWLR and grain filling under the condition of lost leaf photosynthetic function, establish equation about the grain filling rate and seed morphol- ogy formation, the characteristic about the attack, developing, epidemic, damage of Pst and the grain filling characters were measured. So we hope through this study, we could provide theory and practice to keep normal yield when Pst was crazy epidemic. Materials and methods Cultivar and fungus The original seed of Huixianhong has been provided by Germplasm Resource Bank of Gansu Agricultural Science Academy (GASA) and identified by professor Jiuyuan Du and Dr. Chu- nyu He. The cultivar has been purified and derived from one seed which has been identified as the pure line of Huixianhong by author, and has been propagated since 2005 year under con- trol condition. The stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) fungus has been supplied by Dr. Shiqin Cao from the Plant Protection Institute of GASA, which included the 12 main epidemic races at that time. The author can provide the seeds and methods if whoever want. The experiment field belongs to GASA and is opened for whoever wanted to carry out field trials or co-operate with them. The immunization Triazolone wettable powder has been produced by Jiangsu Green Shield Plant protection Co., Ltd. The experimentation design was in random block design with three times repetition and the LSD and SSR of analysis of variance was used to put up multiple com- parisons. The treatments have been designed in two types. One was artificial inoculation on Huixianhong (IH) which could assure completely incidence, another was applied for the tria- zolone wettable powder (TWP) to protect Huixianhong from being infected by the fungus PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 2 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong (CK). The plot area was 81m (9m×9m) with 0.20 m spacing between rows, 0.03 m between plants and 0.40m between plots under manual spot seeding. The inoculation on IH treatments has been done during the seedling stage on 2011, 2012 and 2013 year[7]. At the same time, CK treatments have been sprayed by TWP the first time and would be sprayed the other two times after 5 days and 10 days in order to assure CK from being infected by the fungus [2]. The susceptible Huixianhong was planted around the experi- ment plots to ensure sufficient inoculum for uniform disease infection. The field trials performed at the Qinshui Experiment Station of GASA from 2011 to 2013 year, locating in Longnan Area of stripe rust serious epidemic area at latitude 34˚45 , longitude 106˚09 and altitude 1430 m, which annual precipitation was 460–560 mm and growth stage precipitation was 231.2 mm during experiment, and annual frost-free period was 170 days. The soil samples were tested based on the Standards of Determination of soil available Nitrogen (DB13/T 843–2007), soil total Nitrogen (NY/T 1121.24–2012), available Potassium in soil (DB13/T 844–2007) and total Phosphorus in soil (GB/T 9837–1988). The soil texture -1 -1 was sandy loam with organic matter 14.7mg�g , total nitrogen 0.9 mg�g , hydrolyzable nitro- -1 -1 gen 67 mg�g , rapidly available phosphorus 12.3 mg�kg , rapidly available potassium 128.0 -1 -1 mg�kg , slowly available potassium 1.7 g�g and the previous crop was winter wheat. Methods and Items The measurements and recordings were the infected type (IT), disease severity, disease inci- dence, thousand-kernel weight (TKW), leaf necrosis and chlorosis area (IRLNC), leaf area (LA), weight of dry and fresh kernel, the increased area of necrosis and chlorosis under the fixed time and plant. The data based on the special formulas and mathematical models were the disease index (DI), grain filling rate (GFR), leaf withered area ratio (LWAR) and the increasing rate of leaf necrosis and chlorosis area (IRLNC) [2,7]. Infection type (IT) was based on a 0–9 scale, with 0 refers to no visible sporulation; 2 refers to necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes with no sporulation; 3 refers to necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes with only a trace of sporulation; 4, 5, and 6 refers to necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes with light, intermediate, and moderate sporulation, respectively; 7, 8, and 9 refers to abundant sporulation with necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes, chlorosis behind the sporulation area, and no chlorosis or necrosis, respectively [8]. On the basis of the 0–9 IT scale, accessions were grouped as highly resistant to moderately resistant (IT 0–3), intermediate (IT 4–6), and mod- erately susceptible to highly susceptible (IT 7–9). Disease severity was estimated visually as per- centage of infected leaf area when rust severities on flag leaves of the susceptible check reached 80–100%[8]. rd The dynamic changes of stripe rust has been recorded since the 3 day after Jointing stage and kept recording each 3 days until fungus stop producing fresh spores and leaves turned into dried up. Samples of grain filling and mark Standards The samples were single whole plant and single head which have been marked at the same anthesis and kept marking each 6 days after anthesis (Table 1). It was planned to take 25 marked heads each 6 days and chose 20 kernels from each head to study dried weight[2, 9,10]. Data analysis The data has been analyzed and the models have been built by the software of SPSS 19.0 and EXCELL 2007 [11]. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 3 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Table 1. The abbreviation of growth stage and organs. Ab. Meaning Ab. Meaning IH inoculated Huixianhong Sh the flag Sheath CK immunized Huixianhong Sh the second-leaf sheath from top Sd seeds from single whole plant Sh the third-leaf sheath from top L flag leaf Sh the other leaves’ sheaths except the upper three 1 4 L the second leaf from top Pl the time of planting L the third leaf from top Sl the stage of seedling L the other leaves except the upper three leaves Jo the stage of jointing S the flag stem Bo the stage of booting S the second-leaf stem from top He the stage of heading S the third-leaf stem from top An the stage of anthesis S the other leaves’ stems except the upper three GF the stage of grain filling 0d the beginning of some stage An0d the beginning of anthesis 3d the 3 days after some stage An3d the 3 days after anthesis Note: The table detailed and introduced the abbreviation of different growth stages and different organs. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.t001 Results 1 The characteristics of leaf stress reaction under Pst infection 1.1 The characteristics of incubation period. From the first time of inoculation to the symptom stage, the incubation periods were 15.5 days、13.0 days and12.0 days in 2011 year, 2012year and 2013year, respectively, and the three-year average was 13.5 days. At 9 days after jointing stage (Jo9d), there were necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes with light sporulation on L , L and L and infection type (IT) was 2–4. At booting stage (Bo), uredinium on the above 2 3 three leaves became larger and IT was 4–7. And there was light uredinium also appeared on L . There was zero on CK leaves, which showed immunization was perfect. 1.2 The three-year average dynamic changes of prevalence (DCP) from 2011 to 2013 years. The three-year average dynamic changes of prevalence from 2011 to 2013 years behaved in S-shaped characters (Fig 1, S1 Table). The prevalence rate increased slowly at the beginning after jointing, extended quickly at mid-stage of anthesis, and decreased at the end of anthesis. The prevalence was 6.80% and characterized by L of IT 1–3 from symptom appear- ance at Jo3d. The number of infected plants increased significantly from 13.25% Jo6d to 32.90% Jo15d (P<0.01). L , L and L were all infected, necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes increased signifi- 1 2 3 cantly, too. And L also appeared light symptom. At the stage from Bo0d to Bo9d, the rate of infected plants increased most quickly, the prev- alence quickly extended significantly from 42.80% to 80.00% (P<0.01). The necrotic and/or chlorotic stripes of L , L , L and L were characterized by large connected sheets and stripes, 1 2 3 4 so did the abundant fresh uredinium. At the heading stage, 97.00% plants had been infected by Pst and chlorotic stripes increased quickly and turned necrotic sheets during short time. At An15d, the senescence rate of L , L and L was 85.00% to 95.00% and L was 100.00%. 1 2 3 4 But at the same time, the green area of the stems and sheaths kept 100.00% and heads were 70.10%. At the prior to middle stage of grain filling, the prevalence arrived at 100.00%. 1.3 The three-year average dynamic changes of severity (DCS) from 2011 to 2013 years. The severity increased slowly from the beginning of jointing (Jo0d) to booting (Bo0d) PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 4 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Fig 1. Dynamic of developing and damage. Note: 1) The letters of the dynamic line mean there were significant differences at the level of 0.05, while the same letters mean no difference. 2) GS means growth stages. As is the follows. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.g001 while from An0d to An15d it extraordinarily significantly increased by112.3% (P<0.01) from 31.64% to 67.17%. After An15d, the infection rate of urediospore became slowly and the num- ber of fresh uredium also decreased significantly, so did the increasing rate of Severity. 1.4 The three-year average dynamic changes of disease index (DI) from 2011 to 2013 years. The results showed the disease index (DI) was less than 0.009 before Bo0d (Fig 2, S1 Table), which hardly could infect normal photosynthesis. From Bo3d to He, DI significantly increased from 0.1275 to 0.2566(P<0.05) while at An0d significantly arrived at 0.3164 (P<0.01). From An0d to An15d, DI increased extraordinarily significantly from 0.3164 to Fig 2. Dynamic of disease index. Note: The letters of the dynamic line means there were significant differences at the level of 0.05. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.g002 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 5 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong 0.6717 (P<0.01) and kept increasing characteristics at the grain filling until lost photosynthetic function. 1.5 The three-year average dynamic changes of leaf withered area ratio (LWAR) from 2011 to 2013 years. From Bo0d to Bo9d (Fig 1, S1 Table), LWAR of L significantly increased from 2.60% to 15.56% (P<0.05), necrosis and chlorosis areas appeared together along the leaf veins, whose IT was 1–3 and uredinium was small. At the stage, the disease on L was more serious than that of L and L . 2 3 From Jo12d to He (Fig 1, S1 Table), LWAR increased significantly from 26.63% to 38.65% (P<0.05) and IT was 4–6. The uredinium characterized by dotted distribution was a little large and could be distinguished by eyes. The necrosis and chlorosis around the uredinium charac- terized by short narrow stripe and dotted shape had been enlarging along the leaf mains and appeared together on leaf. The L and L were infected more serious than that of L while L 1 2 3 4 hardly could see the necrosis and chlorosis made by the uredinium. As stepping into the blooming stage (Fig 1, S1 Table), the temperature, humidity and pre- cipitation were beneficial to stripe rust epidemic meanwhile the number of uredinium accu- mulation also was large enough to produce more harmful to leaf and destruct photosynthesis function. The LWAR increased extraordinarily significantly from 46.23% at An0d to 98.17% at An15d (P<0.01). The IT was 7–9 and uredinium on L , L and L characterized by stripe and 1 2 3 innumerable piled spores were most seriously, which blocked photosynthesis and led to large withered areas, then leaves were dead. After An15d (Fig 1, S1 Table), most golden uredinum turned into brown teleutodonidium and became into the oversummer stage when the temperature was higher than 26˚C. At the same stage, leaf photosynthetic function had been destroyed absolutely while the stems, sheaths and glum were still in visible green. Although the leaf photosynthetic function had been lost for the stripe rust at the most important grain filling stage, the cultivar function of grain filling still kept normally until the kernel plumpness at harvest stage. The LWAR was significantly difference between the stages of Jo0d~Jo9d, Jo12d~He and An0d~An15d (P<0.05) (Fig 1, S1 Table). Huixianhong is a special winter wheat cultivar char- acterized by high susceptible, rapid epidemic and most serious infected type but the function of grain filling keeping normal. 1.6 The three-year average dynamic changes of the increasing rate of leaf necrosis and chlorosis area (IRLNC) from 2011 to 2013 years. In order to precisely calculate the lost rate of leaf photosynthesis at the specific time, we conducted the fix leaf location experiment. The 2 -1 results showed IRLNC extraordinarily significantly increased from 0.65 mm �d to 2.8 2 -1 mm �d (P<0.01) by 330.77% (P<0.01) from Jo0d to Bo0d, and increased from 18.66 2 -1 2 -1 mm �d at heading to 21.04 mm �d at anthesis by 12.75% (P<0.05) which rate was the most quickly rate of IRLNC (Fig 3, S1 Table). 2 -1 2 -1 The IRLNC increased from 12.2 mm �d to 13.8 mm �d from An3d to An9d (P>0.05) and decreased significantly by 44.93% (P<0.01) after An12d. The IRLNC decreased to3.8 2 -1 mm �d at An15d because of too large necrosis areas and few of fresh uredinum on leaves. 2 The effects on graining filling (GF) processing infected by Pst In 2011 year (Fig 4-A, S2 Table), the results showed grain filling rate (GFR) of IH and CK was -1 characterized by S-type distribution. IH GFR significantly increased from 0.23 mg�d at An6d -1 -1 -1 to 0.96 mg�d at An18d and kept 1.05 mg�d ~1.08 mg�d from An18d to An36d. CK -1 -1 decreased a little from 0.90 mg�d at An6d to 0.70 mg�d (P>0.05) at An12d, while keeping -1 -1 1.10 mg�d ~1.24 mg�d from An18d to An36d. But the whole average GFR of CK was signifi- cantly higher than that of IH by 26.52% (P<0.05). PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 6 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Fig 3. Dynamic of disease speckles speed. Note: Id was the first time of inoculation. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.g003 In 2012 year (Fig 4-B, S2 Table), from An6d to An 12d, GFR of IH and CK were all -1 -1 -1 -1 increased significantly from 0.26 mg�d to 1.23 mg�d and 0.68 mg�d to 1.25 mg�d . IH -1 -1 -1 GFR was from 1.03 mg�d at An18d to 1.37 mg�d at An 36d while CK was from 1.15 mg�d -1 to 1.25 mg�d . The average GFR of IH during whole grain filling stage was significantly slower than that of CK by 17.03% (P<0.05). In 2013 year (Fig 4-C, S2 Table), from An6d to An12d, GFR of IH and CK were all -1 -1 -1 -1 increased significantly from 0.66 mg�d to 1.54 mg�d and 1.37 mg�d to 1.73 mg�d , respec- -1 tively. While after An12d, both GFR of IH and CK decreased to 1.03mg�d at An 36d. The average GFR of CK during whole grain filling stage was significantly higher than that of IH by 15.79% (P<0.05). In 2012 and 2013 years (Fig 4-B and 4-C, S2 Table), GFR of IH and CK dynamic was char- acterized by near normal distribution. The maximum of IH and CK in 2012 year were at An18d while in 2013 year IH GFR was lower but significantly 6 days earlier than that of CK (P<0.05). The results of average GFR from 2011 to 2013 year (Fig 4, S2 Table) showed that the GFR of IH and CK characterized by the near normal distribution and their maximum were all at An18d (Fig 4-D, S2 Table). The GFR of IH extraordinarily significantly increased from 0.38 -1 -1 -1 -1 mg�d of An6d to 1.25 mg�d of An18 while CK from 0.98 mg�d to1.42 mg�d . After -1 -1 An18d, GFR of IH and CK all kept almost constant speed from 1.03 mg�d to 1.25 mg�d and -1 -1 from 1.09 mg�d to 1.42 mg�d , respectively. The average GFR of CK during whole grain fill- ing stage was significantly higher than that of IH by 19.78% (P<0.05), which means stripe rust could decrease GFR remarkably. 3 The characteristics of thousand-kernel weight (TKW) under Pst infection 3.1 The dynamic changes of TKW difference between IH and CK. Our results showed (Table 2, S2 Table) that the difference between IH and CK became smaller with the develop- ment of growth and grain filling. The three-year TKW of CK was more than that of IH by 4.56% (P>0.05), 10.87% (P>0.05) and 3.13% (P>0.05) from 2011 year to 2013 year. 3.2 The thousand-kernel weight and loss rate. The analysis of variance showed that the independent effect of Pst and the interaction with different crop seasons were not significant PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 7 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Fig 4. The grain filling rate dynamics of IH and CK in different season crops (4-A, 4-B, 4-C and 4-D mean in 2011, 2012, 2013 season crops and the average rate from 2011 to 2013 season crops). (Note: The letters of the dynamic line mean there were significant differences at the level of 0.05). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.g004 on TKW (Table 3, S2 Table), which proofed the leaf function lost in different seasons hardly could affect grain filling efficiency markedly. The independent effect of crop seasons appeared markedly on TKW because the drought and temperature were the most important factors dur- ing growth. Table 2. The TKW dynamic difference of IH and CK among different crop seasons unit: %. Days after anthesis (d) 2011 Crop season 2012 Crop season 2013 Crop season Average 6 -74.86a -61.73a -51.42a -62.67a 12 -40.83a -1.34b -11.16bc -17.78b 18 -12.59b -0.61b -20.14b -11.11c 24 -13.26b -10.54b -10.76bc -11.52c 30 -13.04b -17.10b -1.12c -10.42c 36 -4.56b -10.87b -3.13c -6.18d Average -26.52A -17.03B -16.29B -18.98B Note: Average line represents the annual average speed difference between grouting stage, and the rest of the column data on behalf of the anthesis within the year after different grain filing stage difference. The different letter means the differences at a = 0.05 level. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.t002 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 8 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Table 3. The tests of between-subjects effects among different treatments. Source df Mean square Standard Erro F Valuble P Valuble TKW Tr. 3 4.771 0.571 1.218 0.335 Cr.S 1 26.861 0.808 6.859 0.019 Tr. Cr.S 3 5.035 1.143 1.286 0.313 TKWL % Cr.S 3 51.425 1.120 0.954 0.460 2 2 Note: R = 0.473, Adjust R = 0.243; Tr. means Treatments; Cr.S means Crop season; Tr. Cr.S means the interaction of treatments and crop seasons. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.t003 The thousand-kernel weight lost (TKWL) is a very important factor to evaluate the effect without leaf function during the dough stage. The TKWL (Table 4, S2 Table) of IH was less than that of CK by 4.56% (P>0.05), 10.87% (P>0.05) and 3.13% (P>0.05) in 2011, 2012 and 2013 year, respectively. And the three-year average TKWL (6.33%, P>0.05) was not signifi- cant. The results showed that Huixianhong has a special way to keep normal grain filling and almost normal TKW although leaf photosynthesis was lost at the earlier grain filling stage. The stripe rust could make the IH maximum speed up the rate of grain filling in advance and earlier than that of CK by 5 days, 3 days and 2 days in 2011, 2012 and 2013 year, respec- tively (Table 5, S3 Table). In order to assure grain filling normal and keep maximum TKW, Huixianhong produced special physiology mechanism of higher and earlier grain filling rate which could increase TKW and grain filling efficiency. At the maximum rate (Table 5, S3 Table), the IH TKW was more than that of CK by 3.38% (P>0.05) and 3.09% (P>0.05) in 2011 and 2012 year while less than by 7.84% (P>0.05) in 2013 year. And the three-year average was less than CK by 1.48% (P>0.05). The results could explain why the stage of heading and mature of IH were prior to those of CK by 2 to 4 days and 3 to 6 days, respectively. The growth stage showed the grain filling under the condition infected by Pst finished ear- lier than that under the condition without infection, which special physiological mechanism could assure the maximum plumpness of seeds and the minimum TKWL. Based on the Table 4. The TKWL LSD difference results of IH and CK. Crop seasons I TWL (%) Crop seasons II Mean Difference Std. Erro P 95% Confidence Space Low Bound Up Bound 2011 4.56 2012 5.94 5.996 0.351 -7.887 19.767 2013 -4.14 5.996 0.509 -17.971 -7.887 2011–2013 0.86 5.996 0.890 -12.971 14.684 2012 10.87 2011 -5.94 5.996 0.351 -19.767 7.887 2013 -10.08 5.996 0.131 -23.911 3.744 2011–2013 -5.08 5.996 0.421 -18.911 8.744 2013 3.13 2011 4.143 5.996 0.509 -9.684 17.971 2012 10.08 5.996 0.131 -3.744 23.911 2011–2013 5.00 5.996 0.429 -8.827 18.827 2011–2013 Average 6.19 2011 -0.857 5.996 0.890 -14.684 12.971 2012 5.08 5.996 0.421 -8.744 18.911 2013 -5.00 5.996 0.429 -18.827 8.827 Note: The table showed the Least Significant Difference results of IH and CK about the TKWL. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.t004 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 9 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Table 5. The TKW equation and max values. Crop seasons TrS Equations V T TWKm TWKe TKWs max max -1 -1 (mg�TKW �d ) (d) (g) (g) (g) 4.188–24.507/T 2011 IH W = e 1.23 19 18.14 65.89 37.70 11IH 3.924–14.827/T CK W = e 1.33 14 17.55 50.60 39.50 11CK 4.361–22.875/T 2012 IH W = e 1.55 18 21.98 78.34 36.90 12IH 4.190–16.954/T CK W = e 1.61 15 21.32 66.02 41.40 12CK 4.113–16.035/T 2013 IH W = e 1.59 14 19.45 61.13 37.02 13IH 3.978–11.144/T CK W = e 1.63 12 21.10 53.41 37.07 13CK 4.196–20.094/T 2011–2013 IH W = e 1.48 16 18.92 66.42 37.21 11-13IH 4.028–13.949/T CK W = e 1.58 13 19.20 56.15 39.32 11-13CK Note: TrS = Treatments. Vmaxe = the expected graining filling rate, W = TKW, T = days after Anthesis, T = time at the maximum grain filling rate, TKWm = TKW max at the maximum grain filling rate, TKWe = the expected maximum TKW, TKWs = the sample TKW. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066.t005 experiment data, we built the model and equation about the grain filling rate and increased TKW after anthesis. This is the first model to simulate the process of grain filling and solve the eigenvalues under the condition infected by Pst. In order to analyze the mechanism of grain filling, we built TKW equation based on the three-year data. The equation showed the expected TKW(TKWe) and time at the maximum rate (T ) of IH should be higher than those of CK (Table 5, S3 Table). It indicated that stripe max rust could affect grain filling through photosynthetic function and matter transition. At the beginning of infection, in order to assure the normal grain filling, IH could produce and accu- mulate biomass which be transited in the other organs. It would be beneficial to TWK while leaf lost photosynthetic function. Although the IH TKWe was higher than CK, in practice, for many factors, the TKWs of IH was less than that of CK. Discussion Knowledge of crop physiology in terms of grain yield determination enhances the efficiency of crop management programs. Decisions about fungicide applications during grain filling would also be based on knowledge of crop physiology. If source limitation takes place during the active grain-growth phase, grain weight could be affected by source limitation to growing grains[12]. Conversely, if the diseases affect the assimilate supply during the lag phase, grain weight potential could be affected without effects on assimilation supply [12]. The leaf function of Huixianhong was completely lost in the middle and earlier stage of grain filling, and showed similar response characteristics to stripe rust, i.e., susceptibility, high sensitivity, rapid onset, reoccurrence, rapid prevalence, rapid green loss of leaves and serious damage to leaf photosynthesis in the early stage of grain filling. This is consistent with many studies[2,4,13]. Many researchers found the incubation period of slowing rust varieties was 10.0 d-20.0 d longer than that of the corresponding control, while the latent breeding period of long-lasting stripe rust resistant varieties could reach 14.85 days. Huixianhong’s characteristics are highly susceptible, recurrent and rapid epidemic. From the first inoculation stage to the symptomatic stage, the average latent period was 13.5d in three years, which was different from the characteristics of high-susceptible, fast-developing and relapsing varieties. A longer latent period was conducive to the synthesis and accumula- tion of dry matter in the early stage, and it provided sufficient conditions for the transfer of dry matter to other vegetative organs. Many researchers have found that the long incubation PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 10 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong period and the infection of stripe rust have the effect of promoting the rate of dry matter syn- thesis [2,14–18]. A similar conclusion was obtained in this study: the infection of stripe rust could significantly promote the synthesis and transfer rate of dry matter at the early stage. Immune and high resistant varieties could prolong the green state of leaves to the maxi- mum extent. It was beneficial to the early accumulation of photosynthesis and photosynthetic substances, and the plumpness and grain weight of grain were generally affected when the leaf photosynthetic ability was damaged by Pst with grain dried, thousand-kernel weight signifi- cantly reduced, yield seriously reduced, population yellow abnormal, plant, stem, leaf sheath or panicle abnormal green dry or dead[5,19–23]. However, Huixianhong showed a completely different result. After the lost of leaf source, the grain filling was still normal, the grain plumpness and the loss rate of thousand-kernel weight were lower, which was different from all the varieties previously reported. Distribution of photosynthetic substances in leaves before and after anthesis was studied. As a result, the assimilates were used in organ construction and about 3.0%-30% of which were transported to grain before anthesis. After anthesis, the assimilates contributed to grain yield significantly. Seed growth will be more dependent on pre-anthesis storage. Canopy leaf (flag leaf and upper second leaf) is the main source of dry matter, grain weight per ear is mainly determined by photosynthetic product of canopy leaf at late stage, and grain development mainly depends on photosynthesis of green organ after anthesis, especially the accumulation of photosynthesis in the upper trefoil, panicle and subear internodes[2,10,21,24–26]. Previous studies on disease index and TKWLR showed the DI of slow rust varieties was between 0.0067–0.5900 and the TKWLR was 0.08–22.350 and highly slow rust varieties with disease index 0.0152–0.0433 was still 1.03% 4.35%[17]. Some researchers also found that the different cultivars under different inffection condition have different TKWLR [7,14,15,18]. The early ending of grain filling caused by infection of stripe rust was a physiological mech- anism to ensure the lowest loss rate of grain filling and TKW, which was consistent with the conclusion of many reports that other diseases lead to early maturation of crops. Huixian- ghong had ability to significantly reduce the loss rate of thousand-kernel weight and maintain the normal grain filling. The maximum grain filling rate was 4.75% lower than that of CK (P < 0.05), which was related to the decrease of dry matter provided for grain formation after the loss of leaf source and the main energy source for grain morphogenesis[22,24,25]. Conclusions Huixianhong characteristics are susceptible, highly susceptible, recurrent and rapid epidemic types of stripe rust. The leaf source of Huixianhong has lost at the early stage of grain filling due to the infection of stripe rust. Because of its own special grain filling mechanism, this vari- ety could guarantee grain filling normally and maintain a low loss rate of thousand-kernel weight, and it is helpful for screening in stripe rust resistant breeding materials. Supporting information S1 Table. Original data of SE,IR,LWAR,DI and SDS (Fig 1,2 and 3). (XLSX) S2 Table. Original data of GF,TKW,TKWL,TKWLR (Fig. 4,5 Table 1-4). (XLSX) S3 Table. Original data of TKW equation (Table 5). (XLSX) PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215066 May 21, 2019 11 / 13 Stripe rust effect on grain filling and seed morphology building of special winter wheat Huixianhong Acknowledgments Thanks to Lijun Zhang, Bin Bai, Fangping Yang, Ying Guo, Wentao Zhang, Xueting Zhang and Na Liu, Dr. Shaobo Sun, Dr. Shengtang Zhang, Tianxiao Ren, Jing Wang, Linlin Yu, Hon- gmei Zhou, Xiuhong Tian, Yanhong Xue, Hongyan Zhang, Zhongli Wang, etc. Author Contributions Data curation: Chunyu He. Formal analysis: Chunyu He, Wei Zhou, Sanbao Shen. Funding acquisition: Chunyu He. Investigation: Chunyu He, Yanhong Zhang. Methodology: Chunyu He. Project administration: Chunyu He. Resources: Chunyu He, Qingyi Guo, Bin Bai. Supervision: Chunyu He, Gaobao Huang. Writing – original draft: Chunyu He. Writing – review & editing: Chunyu He. References 1. Li Z Q, Zeng S M. Chinese wheat rust. Beijing: China agricultural press, 2000: 1–91, 109–161, 204– 2. He C Y, Zhang L J, Du J Y, Zhou X C, Zhou J, Bai B, et al. Study on Different Typical-resistant Responses of winter wheat to stripe rust at adult stage and their influences on yield. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2011, 31(4): 757–761. 3. Li Q, Jing J X, Du JY. Analysis on Durable Resistance toWheat Stripe Rust of Wheat Cul tivarsL ibel lula and Xiannong. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2005. 25(6): 112–115. 4. Han D J, Wang Q L, Zang L, Wei G R, Zeng Q D, Zhao J, et al. 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