Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
R. Garcia, B. Boville (1994)
'Downward control' of the mean meridional circulation and temperature distribution of the polar winter stratosphereJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 51
C. Schär, M. Sprenger, D. Lüthi, Q. Jiang, Ronald Smith, R. Benoit (2003)
Structure and dynamics of an Alpine potential‐vorticity bannerQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 129
J. Holton, P. Haynes, M. McIntyre, A. Douglass, R. Rood, L. Pfister (1995)
Stratosphere‐troposphere exchangeReviews of Geophysics, 33
G. Grell, J. Dudhia, D. Stauffer (1994)
A description of the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)
D. Fritts, Ronald Smith, M. Taylor, J. Doyle, S. Eckermann, A. Dörnbrack, M. Rapp, B. Williams, P. Pautet, K. Bossert, N. Criddle, C. Reynolds, P. Reinecke, M. Uddstrom, M. Revell, R. Turner, B. Kaifler, J. Wagner, Tyler Mixa, C. Kruse, A. Nugent, C. Watson, S. Gisinger, Steven Smith, R. Lieberman, B. Laughman, James Moore, W. Brown, J. Haggerty, A. Rockwell, G. Stossmeister, S. Williams, G. Hernández, D. Murphy, A. Klekociuk, I. Reid, Jun Ma (2016)
The deep propagating gravity wave experiment (deepwave): an airborne and ground-based exploration of gravity wave propagation and effects from their sources throughout the lower and middle atmosphereBulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97
SB Vosper, SD Mobbs (1998)
Momentum fluxes due to three‐dimensional gravity‐waves: Implications for measurements and numerical modellingQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 124
(2010)
Chemistry - climate model validation
M. Geller, M. Alexander, P. Love, J. Bacmeister, M. Ern, A. Hertzog, E. Manzini, P. Preusse, Kaoru Sato, Adam Scaife, Tiehan Zhou (2013)
A comparison between gravity wave momentum fluxes in observations and climate modelsJournal of Climate, 26
(2010)
MERRA - 2 : Initial evaluation of the climate
H. Arakawa (1941)
AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF POTENTIAL VORTICITYMonthly Weather Review, 69
M. Alexander, A. Grimsdell (2013)
Seasonal cycle of orographic gravity wave occurrence above small islands in the Southern Hemisphere: Implications for effects on the general circulationJournal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118
T. Palmer, G. Shutts, R. Swinbank (1986)
Alleviation of a systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parametrizationQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 112
H. Aumann, C. Miller (1995)
Atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) on the earth observing system, 2583
G. Vallis (2017)
Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation
J. Booker, F. Bretherton (1967)
The critical layer for internal gravity waves in a shear flowJournal of Fluid Mechanics, 27
M. Alexander, M. Geller, C. McLandress, S. Polavarapu, P. Preusse, F. Sassi, Kaoru Sato, S. Eckermann, M. Ern, A. Hertzog, Y. Kawatani, M. Pulido, T. Shaw, M. Sigmond, R. Vincent, S. Watanabe (2010)
Recent developments in gravity‐wave effects in climate models and the global distribution of gravity‐wave momentum flux from observations and modelsQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136
S. Eckermann, Dong Wu (2012)
Satellite detection of orographic gravity‐wave activity in the winter subtropical stratosphere over Australia and AfricaGeophysical Research Letters, 39
J. Holton, M. Alexander (2013)
The Role of Waves in the Transport Circulation of the Middle AtmosphereGeophysical monograph, 123
R. Garcia, S. Solomon (1985)
The effect of breaking gravity waves on the dynamics and chemical composition of the mesosphere and lower thermosphereJournal of Geophysical Research, 90
C. Kruse, Ronald Smith (2015)
Gravity Wave Diagnostics and Characteristics in Mesoscale FieldsJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 72
R. Müller, G. Günther (2003)
A Generalized Form of Lait's Modified Potential VorticityJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 60
M. Rienecker, Max Suarez, R. Gelaro, R. Todling, J. Bacmeister, E. Liu, M. Bosilovich, Siegfried Schubert, L. Takacs, Gi-Kong Kim, S. Bloom, Junye Chen, Douglas Collins, A. Conaty, A. Silva, Wei Gu, J. Joiner, R. Koster, R. Lucchesi, A. Molod, Tommy Owens, Steven Pawson, P. Pegion, C. Redder, R. Reichle, F. Robertson, Albert Ruddick, M. Sienkiewicz, J. Woollen (2011)
MERRA: NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and ApplicationsJournal of Climate, 24
Kaoru Sato, S. Watanabe, Y. Kawatani, Y. Tomikawa, K. Miyazaki, M. Takahashi (2009)
On the origins of mesospheric gravity wavesGeophysical Research Letters, 36
J. Holton (1983)
The Influence of Gravity Wave Breaking on the General Circulation of the Middle AtmosphereJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 40
C. McLandress, Theodore Shepherd (2012)
Is Missing Orographic Gravity Wave Drag near 60°S the Cause of the Stratospheric Zonal Wind Biases in Chemistry–Climate Models?Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 69
B. Kaifler, N. Kaifler, Benedikt Ehard, A. Dörnbrack, M. Rapp, D. Fritts (2015)
Influences of source conditions on mountain wave penetration into the stratosphere and mesosphereGeophysical Research Letters, 42
V. Jewtoukoff, A. Hertzog, R. Plougonven, A. Cámara, F. Lott (2015)
Comparison of Gravity Waves in the Southern Hemisphere Derived from Balloon Observations and the ECMWF AnalysesJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 72
D. Fritts, M. Alexander (2003)
Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphereReviews of Geophysics, 41
L. Lait (1994)
An Alternative Form for Potential VorticityJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 51
F. Bouttier, G. Kelly (2001)
Observing‐system experiments in the ECMWF 4D‐Var data assimilation systemQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 127
M. Sigmond, J. Scinocca (2010)
The Influence of the Basic State on the Northern Hemisphere Circulation Response to Climate ChangeJournal of Climate, 23
C. Schär, D. Leuenberger, O. Fuhrer, D. Lüthi, C. Girard (2002)
A new terrain-following vertical coordinate formulation for atmospheric prediction modelsMonthly Weather Review, 130
T. Dunkerton (1997)
The role of gravity waves in the quasi‐biennial oscillationJournal of Geophysical Research, 102
N. McFarlane (1987)
The Effect of Orographically Excited Gravity Wave Drag on the General Circulation of the Lower Stratosphere and TroposphereJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 44
J. Pleim (2007)
A Combined Local and Nonlocal Closure Model for the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Part II: Application and Evaluation in a Mesoscale Meteorological ModelJournal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46
C. McLandress (1998)
On the importance of gravity waves in the middle atmosphere and their parameterization in general circulation modelsJournal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 60
N. Cohen, E. Gerber, O. Bühler (2013)
Compensation between Resolved and Unresolved Wave Driving in the Stratosphere: Implications for Downward ControlJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 70
R. Lindzen (1981)
Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal breakdownJournal of Geophysical Research, 86
Ronald Smith, A. Nugent, C. Kruse, D. Fritts, J. Doyle, S. Eckermann, M. Taylor, A. Dörnbrack, M. Uddstrom, W. Cooper, P. Romashkin, J. Jensen, S. Beaton (2016)
Stratospheric gravity wave fluxes and scales during DEEPWAVEJournal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 73
(2010)
Response to Reviewers Reviewer #1
AbstractThe vertical propagation and attenuation of mountain waves launched by New Zealand terrain during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE) field campaign are investigated. New Zealand mountain waves were frequently attenuated in a lower-stratospheric weak wind layer between z = 15 and 25 km. This layer is termed a “valve layer,” as conditions within this layer (primarily minimum wind speed) control mountain wave momentum flux through it, analogous to a valve controlling mass flux through a pipe. This valve layer is a climatological feature in the wintertime midlatitude lower stratosphere above the subtropical jet.Mountain wave dynamics within this valve layer are studied using realistic Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulations that were extensively validated against research aircraft, radiosonde, and satellite observations. Locally, wave attenuation is horizontally and vertically inhomogeneous, evidenced by numerous regions with wave-induced low Richardson numbers and potential vorticity generation. WRF-simulated gravity wave drag (GWD) is peaked in the valve layer, and momentum flux transmitted through this layer is well approximated by a cubic function of minimum ambient wind speed within it, consistent with linear saturation theory. Valve-layer GWD within the well-validated WRF simulations was 3–6 times larger than that parameterized within MERRA. Previous research suggests increasing parameterized orographic GWD (performed in MERRA2) decreases the stratospheric polar vortex strength by altering planetary wave propagation and drag. The results reported here suggest carefully increasing orographic GWD is warranted, which may help to ameliorate the common cold-pole problem in chemistry–climate models.
Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences – American Meteorological Society
Published: Dec 6, 2016
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.