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H. Catterall (1924)
Some Antecedents of the Dred Scott CaseThe American Historical Review, 30
L. Murphy (2000)
A gathering of rivers
L. Murphy (2002)
A Gathering of Rivers: Indians, Metis, and Mining in the Western Great Lakes, 1737-1832The Journal of American History, 88
Frederick Blue (1996)
The Emerging Midwest: Upland Southerners and the Political Culture of the Old Northwest, 1787–1861 by Nicole EtchesonIndiana Magazine of History
Richard Hobbs (2017)
Glamorous Galena and Jo Daviess County: Little Switzerland of Illinois
Jeff Fynn-Paul (2009)
Empire, Monotheism and Slavery in the Greater Mediterranean Region from Antiquity to the Early Modern Era*Past & Present, 205
S. Johnson (2000)
Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush
African Americans inhabited a multicultural spectrum of bondage and resistance in the antebellum Illinois-Wisconsin lead district. Contests between early Upper Mississippi River Valley Native American, French, and British inhabitants first forced bondspeople into the lead country. There, overlapping US and French practices of bondage and lengthy race-based indentures made a mockery of the Northwest Ordinance that forbade slavery, consigning black men and women to outright slavery at worst or a liminal, limited freedom at best. Bondage fractured families and imposed arduous mining and domestic labor upon African Americans. Simultaneously, it underpinned white Americans’ bids for supremacy in the region, making elite masculinity, protecting whiteness, promoting political advancement, and civilizing the “wilderness” in the process. In response to the miseries inflicted upon them, bondspeople pursued courtroom resistance and sought extralegal respite through religion and within military culture. Too often, their efforts yielded disappointment or devastation. Freedom eluded most until 1850.
Journal of Global Slavery – Brill
Published: Jan 1, 2016
Keywords: slaving zones; Midwest; African diaspora; mining; domestic work; resistance; social construction of race; Native Americans
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