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HUGH F. GRAHAM (Bakersfield. Cali., U.S.A.) HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT I VAN THE TERRIBLE? (A PARADIGM) The sack of Novgorod formed the centerpiece of a massive punitive raid carriecl out by ]van the Terrible and his Oprichiiiiia army in January and February, 1570. Some contemporaries (who have acquired a considerable fullowing) tltought the attack was instigated by the tsar's fear the city might go over to Poland. Recent research has shown that this contingency was highly unlikely, Whatever the the incident has been strongly condemned in historical literature as one of the most vicious and heinous acts of his turbu- lent, controversial reign. Popular biographers have had a field diy;3 scliolal's 1. Inge Aucrbach, "lvan Groznyj, Spionc und Vcrr5ter in Moskaucr Itussland und das Grossfiirstentum Litauen": paper presented to the lvan Groznyi Quarcentenaty Confer cncc, Chicago, 1984, p. 4. 2. Robert O. Crun>i>icy, "Ncw Wine in Old Boltles*!: Ivan IV and Novgorod": paper read at the Ivan Groznyi Qurrccntcn:uy Conference. 1984, pp. 61-76 above, ingeniously argues that in sacking Novgorod Ivan was fighting a battle his predecessors had already won. The action could serve no rational purpose in terms of contemporary political configurations. Four incidents
Russian History – Brill
Published: Jan 1, 1987
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