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Two Contradictory Hypotheses on Globalization: Societal Convergence or Civilization Differentiation and Clash * J UAN D ÍEZ -N ICOLÁS ** Theoretical Framework For more than two centuries social scientists have struggled with the hen and egg problem, that is, whether the economic system, the political system or the cultural system determines the other two systems (Marx 1904; Weber 1946; Pareto 1921; Lasswell 1977). From social ecosystem theory, economic, political and cultural organizations are instrumental responses that human populations develop to adapt to their (natural and social) environment within a given state of the arts (technology) (Hawley 1986; Duncan 1964). From this theoretical perspective, social ecosystems have expanded through time on the basis of the interaction of the four elements of the ecosystem: population, environment, social organization and value systems (non-material culture) and technology (material culture) (Hawley 1986; Díez-Nicolás 1982, 1995, 1999). The history of mankind has been a continuous process of expansion from small autarchic independent communities to large interdependent communities. In this process, isomorphic processes tend to produce similar social organizational structures to facilitate exchange and communication among increasingly interdependent social systems. Obviously, isomorphism takes place earlier with respect to economic systems (because exchange and * A
Comparative Sociology – Brill
Published: Jan 1, 2002
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