Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
S. Borgatti, Ajay Mehra, Daniel Brass, G. Labianca (2009)
Network Analysis in the Social SciencesScience, 323
(2016)
Cross-cultural values and nascent entrepreneurship: factual versus normative values
A. Strauss, J. Corbin (1993)
Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques.Contemporary Sociology, 21
L. Song, Xiujuan Zhang, Joshua Wu (2014)
A Multilevel Analysis of Middle Manager Performance: The Role of CEO and Top Manager Leadership CEO (�?�高层�?�?�的领导行为对中层�?�?�工作绩效的多层次交互影�?)Wiley-Blackwell: Management & Organization Review
G. Bruton, D. Ahlstrom (2003)
An institutional view of China's venture capital industry Explaining the differences between China and the WestJournal of Business Venturing, 18
Hwee Lim (2012)
Generation Y workforce expectations: implications for the UAEEducation, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 5
(1998)
Business Management in the Arab Middle East
Shaomin Li (2013)
China's (Painful) Transition from Relation‐Based to Rule‐Based Governance: When and How, Not If and WhyFEN: Other International Corporate Finance (Topic)
Abbas Ali (1995)
Cultural Discontinuity and Arab Management ThoughtInternational Studies of Management and Organization, 25
Fawaz Alhussan, Faten Al-Husan, C. Fletcher-Chen (2014)
Environmental factors influencing the management of key accounts in an Arab Middle Eastern contextIndustrial Marketing Management, 43
N. Ozler, B. Buyukarslan (2011)
THE OVERALL OUTLOOK OF FAVORITISM IN ORGANIZATIONS: A LITERATURE REVIEWThe International Journal of Business and Management, 3
Thorvaldur Gylfason, I. Martínez‐Zarzoso, P. Wijkman (2015)
Can free trade help convert the ‘Arab Spring’ into permanent peace and democracy?Defence and Peace Economics, 26
Ozgur Onday (2013)
Network Theory
Shaomin Li, S. Park, Shuhe Li (2004)
The Great Leap Forward: The Transition from Relation-Based Governance to Rule-Based GovernanceEntrepreneurship & Management eJournal
Janine Nahapiet, S. Ghoshal (1998)
Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational AdvantageAcademy of Management Review, 23
H. Yeung (2000)
Limits to the Growth of Family-Owned Business? The Case of Chinese Transnational Corporations from Hong KongFamily Business Review, 13
N. Mizrachi, I. Drori, R. Anspach (2007)
Repertoires of Trust: The Practice of Trust in a Multinational Organization amid Political ConflictAmerican Sociological Review, 72
J. Delhey, K. Newton, C. Welzel (2011)
How General Is Trust in “Most People”? Solving the Radius of Trust ProblemAmerican Sociological Review, 76
Dirk Morschett, Hanna Schramm-Klein, Joachim Zentes (2010)
Strategic International Management: Text and Cases
S. Horak, Katja Restel (2016)
A Dynamic Typology of Informal Institutions: Learning from the Case of GuanxiManagement and Organization Review, 12
R. Suddaby (2006)
From the Editors: What Grounded Theory is NotAcademy of Management Journal, 49
(2003)
Network in entrepreneurship: the case of high-technology firms
K. Hutchings, D. Weir (2006)
Guanxi and Wasta: A comparisonThunderbird International Business Review, 48
Yasmeen Al, Wayne Mackie (2014)
The Arabian Spring in three Middle Eastern Countries and the Business Implications Nationally & Internationally
Abbas Ali, A. Al-Aali, Abdullah Al-Owaihan (2013)
Islamic Perspectives on Profit MaximizationJournal of Business Ethics, 117
Ingmar Björkman, C. Fey, H. Park (2007)
Institutional theory and MNC subsidiary HRM practices: evidence from a three-country studyJournal of International Business Studies, 38
I. Khaldūn, F. Rosenthal (1959)
The Muqaddimah : an introduction to historyArtibus Asiae, 15
(2014)
The Arab spring popular uprising – myth and reality
Arvind Parkhe, S. Wasserman, D. Ralston (2006)
New Frontiers in Network Theory DevelopmentAcademy of Management Review, 31
Fayez Simadi (2006)
The United Arab Emirates youths (UAEU) between modernity and traditionalismInternational Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 26
(1995)
Growing the entrepreneurial firm: networking for international market development
Ahmed Mohamed, M. Mohamad (2011)
The effect of wasta on perceived competence and morality in EgyptCross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 18
D. Safina (2015)
Favouritism and Nepotism in an Organization: Causes and EffectsProcedia. Economics and finance, 23
N. Coviello, H. Munro (1995)
Growing the entrepreneurial firmEuropean Journal of Marketing, 29
P. Blau (1964)
Exchange and Power in Social Life
T. Khanna, K. Palepu (1997)
Why Focused Strategies May Be Wrong for Emerging MarketsHarvard Business Review, 75
I. Abosag, Joong-Woo Lee (2013)
The formation of trust and commitment in business relationships in the Middle East: Understanding Et-Moone relationshipsInternational Business Review, 22
D. Ahlstrom, G. Bruton, E. Chan (2000)
Venture Capital in China, 3
P. Frost, C. Egri (1990)
Influence of Political Action on Innovation: Part ILeadership & Organization Development Journal, 11
Mark Granovetter (1983)
T H E S T R E N G T H O F WEAK TIES: A NETWORK THEORY REVISITED
Chao Chen, Xiao-ping Chen, Shengsheng Huang (2013)
Chinese Guanxi: An Integrative Review and New Directions for Future ResearchManagement and Organization Review, 9
Organization Science, 22
M. Costello, J. Jenkins, Hassan Aly (2015)
Bread, Justice, or Opportunity? The Determinants of the Arab Awakening ProtestsWorld Development, 67
G. Hofstede, G. Hofstede, M. Minkov (1991)
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
R. Berger (2014)
Mastering the Art of Jugaad and Guanxi: A Western Guide to Business Practices in India and ChinaInt. J. Asian Bus. Inf. Manag., 5
M. Boisot, J. Child (1996)
From Fiefs to Clans and Network Capitalism: Explaining China's Emerging Economic OrderAdministrative Science Quarterly, 41
H. Khashan (2012)
The Eclipse of Arab Authoritarianism and the Challenge of Popular SovereigntyThird World Quarterly, 33
D. Guthrie (1998)
The Declining Significance of Guanxi in China's Economic TransitionThe China Quarterly, 154
J. Sinha (1997)
A cultural perspective on organizational behavior in India.
N. Hassine (2014)
Economic Inequality in the Arab Region
Abbas Ali, Mohammed Al‐Shakhis (1990)
Multinationals and the Host Arab Society: A Managerial PerspectiveLeadership & Organization Development Journal, 11
Abbas Ali (2009)
Levels of existence and motivation in IslamJournal of Management History, 15
N. Smelser, R. Swedberg (1994)
Handbook of Economic Sociology
Mamoun Benmamoun, M. Kalliny, R. Cropf (2012)
The Arab Spring, MNEs, and virtual public spheresThe Multinational Business Review, 20
S. Khalaf, Roseanne Khalaf (2009)
Arab society and culture : an esssential reader
Bessma Momani (2015)
Arab Dawn: Arab Youth and the Demographic Dividend They Will Bring
Sheila Puffer, D. McCarthy, Alfred Jaeger, Denise Dunlap (2013)
The use of favors by emerging market managers: Facilitator or inhibitor of international expansion?Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30
(2018)
The Global Encyclopedia of the Informal Economy
S. Abuznaid (2006)
Islam and management: What can be learned?Thunderbird International Business Review, 48
Daphne Yiu, C. Lau (2007)
Corporate Entrepreneurship as Resource Capital Configuration in Emerging Market FirmsEntrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32
(2011)
The Psychology of the Arab: The Influences that Shape an Arab life, Author
D. Fan, C. Zhu (2014)
How do Chinese multinationals perceive factors affecting the integration-responsiveness framework?International Journal of Emerging Markets, 9
Jörg Raab (2018)
Powell (1990): Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of OrganizationSchlüsselwerke der Netzwerkforschung
A. Malik, Bassem Awadallah (2013)
The Economics of the Arab SpringWorld Development, 45
A. Pitasi (2014)
The Fourth Paradigm
B. Batjargal (2003)
Social Capital and Entrepreneurial Performance in Russia: A Longitudinal StudyOrganization Studies, 24
(2017)
Running to Stand Still: The Structure of Agency in Russian Public Policy
Kevin Quigley (1996)
Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperityOrbis, 40
J. Loan-Clarke (1996)
The Management Charter Initiative ‐ a critique of management standards/NVQsJournal of Management Development, 15
D. Yen, B. Barnes, C. Wang (2011)
The measurement of guanxi: Introducing the GRX scaleIndustrial Marketing Management, 40
(2016)
The Triumphs and Struggles of Arab Startups, INSEAD, Project Syndicate, Fontainebleau
L. Anselm, Strauss, Andrew Cerniglia (2008)
Excerpts from : The Discovery of Grounded Theory : Strategies for Qualitative Research
A. Rugman, A. Verbeke (2004)
A perspective on regional and global strategies of multinational enterprisesJournal of International Business Studies, 35
L. Staeheli, C. Nagel (2013)
Whose awakening is it? Youth and the geopolitics of civic engagement in the ‘Arab Awakening’European Urban and Regional Studies, 20
M. Sardy, J. Munoz, J. Sun, I. Alon (2010)
Dimensionality of business ethics in ChinaCompetitiveness Review: An International Business Journal Incorporating Journal of Global Competitiveness, 20
K. Hutchings, Snejina Michailova (2006)
The impact of group membership on knowledge sharing in Russia and ChinaInternational Journal of Emerging Markets, 1
Mosad Zineldin (2002)
Globalisation, strategic co‐operation and economic integration among Islamic/Arab countriesManagement Research News, 25
Corporate Governance: An International Review, 21
D. Singerman (2013)
Youth, Gender, and Dignity in the Egyptian UprisingJournal of Middle East Women's Studies, 9
Alex Stewart (2003)
Help One Another, Use One Another: Toward an Anthropology of Family Business*Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27
G. Bruton, D. Ahlstrom, Kulwant Singh (2002)
The impact of the institutional environment on the venture capital industry in SingaporeVenture Capital, 4
T. Elfring, W. Hulsink (2003)
Networks in Entrepreneurship: The Case of High-technology FirmsSmall Business Economics, 21
Mark Granovetter (1973)
The Strength of Weak TiesAmerican Journal of Sociology, 78
(1998)
The fourth paradigm”, in Shamali
Ying Chen, R. Friedman, Enhai Yu, Weihua Fang, Xinping Lu (2009)
Supervisor–Subordinate Guanxi: Developing a Three-Dimensional Model and ScaleManagement and Organization Review, 5
D. Ahlstrom, G. Bruton (2006)
Venture Capital in Emerging Economies: Networks and Institutional ChangeEntrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30
G. Hofstede, G. Hofstede, M. Minkov, McGraw-Hill New (2010)
Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 3rd ed.
(1964)
Exchange and Power In Social
S. Wasti, H. Tan, S. Erdil (2011)
Antecedents of Trust across Foci: A Comparative Study of Turkey and ChinaManagement and Organization Review, 7
Abbas Ali (1996)
Organizational development in the Arab worldJournal of Management Development, 15
张秀娟, 吴滨, 张秀娟宋继文 (2014)
A Multilevel Analysis of Middle Manager Performance: The Role of CEO and Top Manager LeadershipManagement and Organization Review, 10
(2015)
Mastering the art of jugaad: a Western guide to business practices in India and China
(2008)
Arab Society and Culture: An Essential Reader, Saqi, London
Fei Song, C. Cadsby, Y. Bi (2007)
Trust, Reciprocity, and Guanxi in China: An Experimental InvestigationManagement and Organization Review, 8
Catherine Welch, R. Piekkari (2017)
How should we (not) judge the ‘quality’ of qualitative research? A re-assessment of current evaluative criteria in International BusinessJournal of World Business, 52
(2016)
The Triumphs and Struggles of Arab Startups, INSEAD, Project Syndicate
G. Bruton, D. Ahlstrom, K. Yeh (2004)
Understanding venture capital in East Asia: the impact of institutions on the industry today and tomorrowJournal of World Business, 39
R. Morck, B. Yeung (2003)
Family Control and the Rent–Seeking SocietyEntrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28
R. Berger, Avi Silbiger, Ram Herstein, B. Barnes (2015)
Analyzing business-to-business relationships in an Arab contextJournal of World Business, 50
Nailin Bu, Jean-Paul Roy (2015)
Guanxi Practice and Quality: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Managers’ Business-to-Business and Business-to-Government TiesManagement and Organization Review, 11
B. Barnes, D. Yen, Lianxi Zhou (2011)
Investigating guanxi dimensions and relationship outcomes: Insights from Sino-Anglo business relationshipsIndustrial Marketing Management, 40
Suad Joseph (2008)
Familism and critical Arab family studies
D. McCarthy, Sheila Puffer (2008)
Interpreting the Ethicality of Corporate Governance Decisions in Russia: Utilizing Integrative Social Contracts Theory to Evaluate the Relevance of Agency Theory NormsAcademy of Management Review, 33
E. Altman, Tara Baidya, Luis Dias (1979)
Assessing Potential Financial Problems for Firms in BrazilJournal of International Business Studies, 10
(2008)
Understanding the Arab Culture: A Practical Cross-Cultural Guide to Working in the Arab world, How To Books, Oxford
Y. Sidani, Jon Thornberry (2013)
Nepotism in the Arab World: An Institutional Theory PerspectiveBusiness Ethics Quarterly, 23
(2003)
Human Resource Management in the Arab Middle East
(2011)
The Psychology of the Arab: The Influences that Shape an Arab life, Author House
M. Wright, A. Lockett, S. Pruthi (2002)
Internationalization of Western Venture Capitalists into Emerging Markets: Risk Assessment and Information in IndiaSmall Business Economics, 19
Sheila Puffer, D. McCarthy, M. Boisot (2010)
Entrepreneurship in Russia and China: The Impact of Formal Institutional VoidsEntrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34
Alvaro Cuervo‐Cazurra, William Newburry, Seung Park (2015)
Emerging Market Multinationals: Managing Operational Challenges for Sustained International Growth IntroductionINTL: Multinational Enterprise Structure (Topic)
D. Bealer, Ramudu Bhanugopan (2014)
Transactional and transformational leadership behaviour of expatriate and national managers in the UAE: a cross-cultural comparative analysisThe International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25
Chun Guo, Jane Miller (2010)
Guanxi Dynamics and Entrepreneurial Firm Creation and Development in ChinaManagement and Organization Review, 6
G. Bruton, Maneksh Dattani, M. Fung, C. Chow, D. Ahlstrom (1999)
Private Equity in China, 2
(1992)
Informal networks as a vehicle of international market entry: future research directions
T. Niblock (1982)
State, society, and economy in Saudi ArabiaForeign Affairs, 60
R. Hoskisson, Lorraine Eden, C. Lau, M. Wright (2000)
Strategy in Emerging EconomiesAcademy of Management Journal, 43
Jar-der Luo (2011)
Guanxi Revisited: An Exploratory Study of Familiar Ties in a Chinese WorkplaceManagement and Organization Review, 7
H. Jansson, S. Söderman (2015)
International strategic management hybrids in ChinaInternational Journal of Emerging Markets, 10
(2018)
The Global Encyclopedia of the Informal Economy, University College London Press, London
(2003)
The Arab Way: How to Work More Effectively with Arab Cultures
Priyan Khakhar, H. Rammal (2013)
Culture and business networks: International business negotiations with Arab managersInternational Business Review, 22
Alan Lipman, E. Hall (1970)
The Hidden DimensionBritish Journal of Sociology, 21
T. Kostova, Kendall Roth (2002)
Adoption of an Organizational Practice by Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations: Institutional and Relational EffectsAcademy of Management Journal, 45
Imad Salamey (2015)
Post-Arab Spring: changes and challengesThird World Quarterly, 36
M. Balakrishnan (2013)
Methods to increase research output: some tips looking at the MENA regionInternational Journal of Emerging Markets, 8
A. Lockett, M. Wright, H. Sapienza, S. Pruthi (2002)
Venture capital investors, valuation and information: A comparative study of the US, Hong Kong, India and SingaporeVenture Capital, 4
Ram Herstein, Netanel Drori, R. Berger, B. Barnes (2017)
Exploring the gap between policy and practice in private branding strategy management in an emerging marketInternational Marketing Review, 34
R. Snyder (2015)
The Arab uprising and the persistence of monarchyInternational Affairs, 91
B. Batjargal (2007)
Comparative Social Capital: Networks of Entrepreneurs and Venture Capitalists in China and RussiaManagement and Organization Review, 3
Tarek Osman (2014)
Young Egyptians: Their Society and FutureSocial Research: An International Quarterly, 79
L. Steier, James Chrisman, J. Chua (2004)
Entrepreneurial Management and Governance in Family Firms: An IntroductionEntrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28
Ataul Pramanik (2014)
Arab-uprising: an analysis from political economy perspectiveHumanomics, 30
Ido Zelkovitz (2014)
Education, revolution and evolution: the Palestinian universities as initiators of national struggle 1972–1995History of Education, 43
Anuradha Bhattacharjee, Liyan Zhang (2011)
Cultural Toolkit for Indians Desirous of Doing Business in ChinaVikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 36
C. Brodsky (1968)
The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative ResearchPsychosomatics, 9
R. Cunningham, Yasin Sarayrah (1994)
Taming Wasta to Achieve DevelopmentArab Studies Quarterly, 16
Andrea Larson (1992)
Network Dyads in Entrepreneurial Settings: A Study of the Governance of Exchange RelationshipsAdministrative Science Quarterly, 37
(2003)
Human Resource Management in the Arab Middle East. Frontiers of Human Resource Management
Khaled Alhyasat (2012)
The role of Islamic work ethics in developing organizational citizenship behavior at the Jordanian Press FoundationsJournal of Islamic Marketing, 3
R. Berger, Ram Herstein, Avi Silbiger, B. Barnes (2015)
Can guanxi be created in Sino–Western relationships? An assessment of Western firms trading with China using the GRX scaleIndustrial Marketing Management, 47
D. McCarthy, Sheila Puffer, Denise Dunlap, Alfred Jaeger (2012)
A Stakeholder Approach to the Ethicality of BRIC-firm Managers’ Use of FavorsJournal of Business Ethics, 109
R. Berger, Ram Herstein, Avi Silbiger, B. Barnes (2016)
Developing International Business Relationships in a Russian ContextManagement International Review, 57
Jar-der Luo (2005)
Particularistic Trust and General Trust: A Network Analysis in Chinese Organizations[1]Management and Organization Review, 1
(2011)
The psychology of the Arab: The influences that shape an Arab life
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of Wasta, a culturally based system of social networks of exchange among in-group members in the Arab world, as exemplified by three groups of Arabs in the Palestinian Authority, and then compares it to Guanxi (China), Sviazi (Russia) and Jaan–Pechaan (India). The use of social networks is a common business model around the world to accomplish business objectives and is especially relied upon in emerging economies where formal institutions are weak. It is important to understand the commonalities and differences in the use of reciprocity in various cultural contexts in order to conduct business effectively. The aim of the paper is to illustrate the structure of Wasta and how it is perceived and constructed among three Arab social groups, and then compare and contrast it with social business models in three other high context cultures.Design/methodology/approachQualitative approach based on interviews to better understand the relationships involved.FindingsThe findings provide the foundation for a number of critical insights for non-Arab managers seeking to do business in the Arab world. For international managers to conduct business successfully, it is essential to understand how Wasta works, and establish relationships with members of influential social networks by building trust over time such that they create Wasta for themselves and indirectly for their firms. Using Wasta in the Arab world, as noted above, is similar to doing business successfully in other emerging economies such as using Sviazi in Russia (McCarthy and Puffer, 2008; Berger et al., 2017), Guanxi in China (Yen et al., 2011) and Jaan–Pechaan in India (Bhattacharjee and Zhang, 2011). The authors feel more confident in stating this view after comparing Wasta with these other three concepts, and noting that all four are built upon the same fundamental constructs.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors recognize that the study is limited in terms of the geographical sample since it does not include any non-Palestinians, although the managers the authors sampled came from various regions in the Palestinian authority. Additionally, Palestinian managers are highly educated and mobile, and can be found in many other Arab countries working in managerial positions (Zineldin, 2002), thus potentially broadening the generalizability of the findings. Nonetheless, the samples would be called ones of convenience rather than randomly drawn from the three groups, since the latter would be extremely difficult to execute not only in the Palestinian Authority but in most of the Arab world due to the culturally based reluctance to provide sensitive information to those outside one’s network. Despite the difficulties that might be involved in exploring such culturally sensitive issues as the authors did in this study, the benefits in knowledge gained can be of significant importance to the study of international business in emerging and transition economies.Originality/valueLittle research has focused on the use of Wasta in the Arab world, a gap which this paper addresses. The authors do so by analyzing the views of Wasta held by three important groups – leaders, business people and students. While each type of reciprocity has its own unique characteristics, the authors focus on three interrelated constructs that have been found to underlie the use of reciprocity in various cultures. In the Arab world, these are Hamola, which incorporates reciprocity; Somah, that incorporates trust; and Mojamala, which incorporates empathy through social business networks.
International Journal of Emerging Markets – Emerald Publishing
Published: Nov 22, 2019
Keywords: Guanxi; Wasta; Jaan–Pechaan; Sviazi
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.