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Mechanisms of alloimmunization in sickle cell disease

Mechanisms of alloimmunization in sickle cell disease Purpose of review Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is an important treatment for some complications of sickle cell disease (SCD). On the contrary, transfusion may lead to alloimmunization to RBC antigens, with such alloantibodies putting patients at risk for acute or delayed hemolysis, and increasing the difficulty of finding compatible RBCs. Patients with SCD are more susceptible to developing RBC alloantibodies than other multiply transfused patient populations, for reasons that are not completely understood. In this review, we summarize the available data about risk factors and underlying mechanisms associated with RBC alloimmunization in SCD. Recent findings Although RBC antigen matching between blood donors and transfusion recipients can decrease alloimmunization, complete matching at all loci is not feasible. Patients with SCD show evidence of increased inflammation at baseline and in times of illness. Resultant changes to the innate and adaptive immune systems presumably influence the development of RBC alloantibodies as well as RBC autoantibodies. Summary The inflammation and immune dysregulation associated with SCD may be therapeutic targets for preventing the formation of antibodies and/or for mitigating the dangers of existing RBC alloantibodies. As long as RBC transfusion therapy remains an important treatment for SCD, the quest to improve its safety profile will continue. aLaboratory of Transfusion Biology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York bAflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta cDepartment of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine dDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia eVersiti, Medical Sciences Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin fDepartments of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Correspondence to Richard O. Francis, MD, PhD, Laboratory of Transfusion Biology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 West 168th Street, P&S 14-434, New York, NY 10032, USA. Tel: +1 212 342 4569; fax: +1 212 342 5256; e-mail: rof3@cumc.columbia.edu http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Current Opinion in Hematology Wolters Kluwer Health

Mechanisms of alloimmunization in sickle cell disease

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Publisher
Wolters Kluwer Health
ISSN
1065-6251
eISSN
1531-7048
DOI
10.1097/MOH.0000000000000540
Publisher site
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Abstract

Purpose of review Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is an important treatment for some complications of sickle cell disease (SCD). On the contrary, transfusion may lead to alloimmunization to RBC antigens, with such alloantibodies putting patients at risk for acute or delayed hemolysis, and increasing the difficulty of finding compatible RBCs. Patients with SCD are more susceptible to developing RBC alloantibodies than other multiply transfused patient populations, for reasons that are not completely understood. In this review, we summarize the available data about risk factors and underlying mechanisms associated with RBC alloimmunization in SCD. Recent findings Although RBC antigen matching between blood donors and transfusion recipients can decrease alloimmunization, complete matching at all loci is not feasible. Patients with SCD show evidence of increased inflammation at baseline and in times of illness. Resultant changes to the innate and adaptive immune systems presumably influence the development of RBC alloantibodies as well as RBC autoantibodies. Summary The inflammation and immune dysregulation associated with SCD may be therapeutic targets for preventing the formation of antibodies and/or for mitigating the dangers of existing RBC alloantibodies. As long as RBC transfusion therapy remains an important treatment for SCD, the quest to improve its safety profile will continue. aLaboratory of Transfusion Biology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York bAflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta cDepartment of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine dDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia eVersiti, Medical Sciences Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin fDepartments of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Correspondence to Richard O. Francis, MD, PhD, Laboratory of Transfusion Biology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, 630 West 168th Street, P&S 14-434, New York, NY 10032, USA. Tel: +1 212 342 4569; fax: +1 212 342 5256; e-mail: rof3@cumc.columbia.edu

Journal

Current Opinion in Hematology – Wolters Kluwer Health

Published: Nov 1, 2019

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