Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

Learn More →

Association of Exposure to Court-Ordered Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit Smoking Among US Adults

Association of Exposure to Court-Ordered Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With... Key Points Question Is exposure to tobacco IMPORTANCE In 2006, a US district court judge ordered tobacco companies to sponsor nationwide industry antismoking advertisements antismoking advertising campaigns. This landmark ruling and its subsequent execution represent an associated with increased odds of unprecedented tobacco control event; however, the association of this campaign with intentions smoking cessation intentions and/or and/or attempts to quit smoking is unknown. attempts among current smokers? Findings In a cross-sectional survey of OBJECTIVES To assess the reach of the expanded court-ordered tobacco industry antismoking US adults, less than half reported seeing advertisements (via television, newspapers, tobacco company websites, and/or cigarette packages), tobacco industry antismoking to examine associations between exposure to industry antismoking advertisements and intentions advertisements via television, and/or attempts to quit smoking among cigarette smokers, and to calculate the numbers of US newspapers, tobacco company smokers who would have quit intentions associated with exposure to multiple advertisements. websites, or cigarette packages. Exposure to antismoking messages was DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Data for this study were obtained from 5309 US adults, associated with increased odds of including 610 smokers, who responded to the Health Information National Trends Survey, a intentions to quit smoking among nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted from January 22 to April 30, 2019. smokers, but no associations were Respondents were representatives of households selected by equal-probability sampling of a found with actual attempts to database of US residential addresses. quit smoking. EXPOSURE Reported exposure to antismoking messages. Meaning Industry-sponsored antismoking advertisements were MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cigarette smoking cessation attempt in the past 12 months and associated with increased intentions to intentions to quit cigarette smoking in the next 6 months. Covariates were age, sex, household quit smoking; however, they have not annual income, race/ethnicity, educational level, and geographical residence. Data were weighted to been effective in stimulating attempts to be nationally representative after applying survey weights specified for the survey cycle. quit among current smokers. RESULTS The overall sample of 5309 respondents were a mean (SD) age of 55.6 (19.1) years and Supplemental content included 3073 women (51.2%), 3037 non-Hispanic white respondents (59.1%), 4645 respondents who lived in urban US areas (84.7%), and 610 current smokers (12.5%). Findings indicate that 2464 Author affiliations and article information are listed at the end of this article. US adults (45.8%; 95% CI, 43.2%-48.5%) and 410 current smokers (66.8%; 95% CI, 61.1%-72.4%) were exposed to antismoking advertisements. Exposure to multiple antismoking messages was associated with 2.19 (95% CI, 1.10-4.34) greater odds of having intentions to quit cigarette smoking but was not associated with attempts to quit (adjusted odds ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.69-2.52). Furthermore, an examination of the association of cumulative exposure to antismoking messages with cessation intentions revealed that, with each additional exposure to an antismoking message, the odds of smoking cessation intentions increased by 1.21 (95% CI, 1.02-1.44). If all smokers were to be exposed to multiple antitobacco messages, there could be an estimated 3.98 million (95% CI, 492 480-7 223 040) current smokers in the United States with intentions to quit. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although the reach of court-ordered industry advertisements increased among smokers, the reach of these advertisements within the general population remains (continued) Open Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 1/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit Abstract (continued) suboptimal. The finding that industry advertisements helped smokers consider quitting highlights their potential to aid smoking cessation. However, the lack of association with actual attempts to quit suggests that the industry antismoking advertisement campaigns were inadequate. The design and content of industry antismoking advertisement campaigns should be enhanced to help smokers quit. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 Introduction In 1999, the US Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against the tobacco industry for misleading the general public on the dangers of tobacco use, thereby violating the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. In proceedings that followed this suit, US District Judge Gladys Kessler ordered the tobacco industry to make “corrective statements” about the hazards of tobacco use. To this end, corrective advertising campaigns were executed via newspapers (from November 2017 to May 2018) and television (from November 2017 to November 2018); court-ordered corrective messaging placement on tobacco company corporate websites (beginning June 2018) and as onserts on 2,3 cigarette packages (beginning November 2018) are currently ongoing. Antismoking advertisement placement at retail points of sale are currently the subject of ongoing litigation. Antismoking mass media campaigns are a key component of tobacco control strategies 5-7 recommended by the World Health Organization. Exposure to antismoking advertising has been shown to be associated with decreased smoking prevalence, as well as increased likelihood of 8-13 11 smoking cessation intentions and attempts. Studies suggest that media channel type ; source 9,14 15-18 (government, pharmaceutical, and tobacco industry) ; content, tone, and intensity ; and dose, 17,19 frequency, and duration of antismoking campaigns are significantly associated with smoking- related outcomes. Furthermore, cumulative exposure to antismoking messages via multiple channels increases the likelihood of a subsequent attempt to quit smoking. The original corrective antismoking messages were preambled by the statement, “A federal court has ruled that R. J. Reynolds Tobacco, Philip Morris USA, Altria and Lorillard deliberately deceived the American public about the health effects of smoking and has ordered those companies 2,20(p570) to make this statement. Here is the truth: [topic/theme of corrective statement],” which conveyed the industry’s guilt. However, the tobacco industry successfully appealed to have key components of this message modified. These modifications may have weakened the corrective 2,20 potency of the final version of the corrective statements. A study of the coverage of the television and newspaper portions of the advertising campaign revealed that only 40% of the US adult population saw the antismoking advertisements and that coverage was even lower among groups known to be at risk of tobacco use, such as youths and socioethnic minority groups. However, since the completion of the newspaper and television components of the court-ordered advertising campaign and the onset of the implementation of a corrective statement placement on tobacco company websites and cigarette packages, no assessment has been conducted on the population-level reach of the overall antismoking advertising campaigns, to our knowledge. In addition, previous data did not allow for individual-level assessment of the outcome of this advertising campaign, such as its association with smoking cessation intentions or attempts. This study aims to examine the reach of the fully completed television and newspaper antismoking advertisements, as well as the ongoing placement of antismoking messages on tobacco company websites and cigarette packages. Furthermore, we examine the association between exposure to corrective antismoking messages and predecessors of smoking cessation among a representative sample of adult cigarette smokers in the United States. Specifically, this study examines the association between cumulative exposure to corrective antismoking messages and intentions to quit cigarette smoking in the next 6 months. In addition, this study examines the JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 2/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit association between cumulative exposure to corrective antismoking messages and attempts to quit in the past 12 months. We hypothesize that cumulative exposure to corrective antismoking messages will be significantly associated with greater odds of both past attempts to quit smoking and intentions to quit smoking in the next 6 months. Secondarily, we sought to estimate the potential real-world effect of being exposed to multiple antitobacco messages concurrently. This is critical because, while specific antismoking campaigns may only measure and evaluate the outcome of their own intervention, the reality is that the public is exposed to multiple advertisements from different sources. Methods Study Population and Design and Setting Data for this study were obtained from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5; cycle 3), a National Cancer Institute–administered survey of US adults that is nationally representative, conducted from January 22 to April 30, 2019. The sample frame for HINTS 5 cycle 3 was derived from a database of US residential addresses provided by Marketing Systems Group. In this sampling frame, addresses were grouped into low-minority and high-minority strata. The high- minority strata were oversampled to enhance accuracy of estimates for this population. The sampling strategy for HINTS 5 cycle 3 had 2 phases. First, an equal-probability method was used to select addresses within each stratum, and, second, an adult was selected per sampled household. Written informed consent was obtained from study participants. HINTS 5 cycle 3 was approved by the Westat Institutional Review Board and classified as exempt from review by the US National Institutes of Health Office of Human Subjects Research Protections because the data were deidentified. A detailed description of the survey method has been published. This study followed the reporting recommendations of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline. A web survey was piloted, but respondents were also given the option to the complete survey via a paper questionnaire. Paper questionnaire responses were returned by mail and were documented by month and period of return. The response rate for cycle 3 (paper only) was 30.2% (n = 3439), while the web pilot study response rate was 30.6% (n = 2035). The overall response rate for HINTS 5 cycle 3 was 30.3% (n = 5474). This was estimated using the RR2 formula of the American 24 25 Association of Public Opinion Research and is comparable to those of previous cycles of HINTS. Study Variables Exposure Measure The main exposure measure of this study was self-reported exposure to court-ordered antismoking messages, as well as the scale of exposure to the different corrective messages. Exposure to corrective messages was via media that includes television, newspapers, tobacco company corporate websites, or cigarette package onserts. To assess exposure, respondents were first asked, “In the past 12 months, have you seen messages saying that a federal court has ordered tobacco companies to make statements about the dangers of smoking cigarettes? These messages have been in newspapers, on television, on tobacco company websites, and on cigarette packs?” Respondents who answered “yes” were then assessed for the type of corrective message seen using the question: “Which of the following messages about the dangers of smoking cigarettes have you seen?” Possible responses were: “federal court–ordered tobacco messages: health effects of smoking,” “federal court–ordered tobacco messages: health effects secondhand smoke,” “federal court–ordered tobacco messages: addictiveness,” “federal court–ordered tobacco messages: enhanced delivery,” and “federal court–ordered tobacco message: low-tar and light cigarettes.” Respondents who answered “no” to the initial question were categorized to “no message seen.” Respondents who indicated having seen only 1 of the 5 corrective messages were categorized to JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 3/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit “single message seen.” Respondents who selected more than 1 type of corrective message were categorized to “multiple messages seen.” Outcome Measure We examined predecessors of smoking cessation among current smokers. We assessed smoking cessation intentions using the following survey question: “Are you seriously considering quitting smoking within the next 6 months?” Respondents who answered “yes” were considered to have intentions to quit. Smoking cessation attempts were assessed using the following questions: “At any time in the past year, have you stopped smoking for 1 day or longer because you were trying to quit?” Responses of “yes” were considered attempts to quit. Outcome questions were restricted to current smokers. This population was derived from respondents who answered “yes” to the survey question “Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes in your entire life?” and reported smoking “every day” or “some days” when asked: “Do you now smoke cigarettes every day, some days, or not at all?” Covariates The sociodemographic characteristics of study respondents were used as covariates, including age, sex, household annual income, race/ethnicity, educational level, and rural or urban residence. Age was grouped into 4 categories: 18 to 34 years, 35 to 49 years, 50 to 64 years, and 65 years or older. Race/ethnicity was categorized as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic. Educational level was grouped into 3 categories: high school graduate or lower, post–high school or some college (a combination of post–high school training other than college and some college training), and college graduate or postgraduate. Household annual income was categorized as less than $35 000, $35 000 to $49 999, $50 000 to $74 999, and $75 000 or more. Residence was defined using the US Department of Agriculture’s 2003 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes. Codes 1 to 3 were designated as urban, and codes 4 to 9 were categorized as rural. Statistical Analysis Data were weighted to be nationally representative after applying survey weights specified for HINTS 5 cycle 3. Specifically, data were calibrated using the estimates from the 2017 American Community Survey of the US Census Bureau. The computation of full-sample weights consisted of calculating household-level base weights, adjusting for household nonresponse, calculating person- level initial weights, and calibrating the person-level weights to population counts. Further details on the weighting methods is described in the survey methodology report. The HINTS 5 cycle 3 data release provided final sample weights for the calculation of estimates as well as replicate weights for the calculation of the SE of estimates. We used the final weights in the weight option and replicated weights in the repweight option of the PROC SURVEYLOGISTIC Statement (SAS, version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc) as recommended by HINTS. Prevalence and associated 95% CIs of exposure to the court-ordered antismoking messages via newspaper, television, tobacco company corporate websites, or cigarette package were estimated for the overall adult population by age, sex, household annual income, race/ethnicity, educational level, and rural or urban residence. We also conducted prevalence estimates of advertisement exposure among a subpopulation of current smokers. Prevalence and associated 95% CIs of current smokers with smoking cessation intentions and attempts were also estimated by advertisement exposure status (no message seen, single message seen, or multiple messages seen), by mean number of corrective message types seen, and by the sociodemographic characteristics outlined. Survey-weighted logistic regressions were used to study the association between exposure to court-ordered industry antismoking messages and intentions and attempts to quit among US adult smokers. An additional survey-weighted logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine whether cumulative exposure to different types of antismoking messages (by summing the number of antismoking messages seen) increased the odds of smoking JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 4/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit cessation intentions or attempts. Statistical significance was defined as P < .05, and all tests were 2-tailed. Analyses were also conducted after stratifying current smokers into those who smoke every day and those who smoke some days. To model the potential real-world effect of adults being exposed to multiple messages, we calculated the adjusted odds ratios associated with being exposed to multiple corrective statements (assuming homogeneity in treatment effects between these messages and any other messages). To calculate the excess numbers of individuals who would have a quit intention assocated with exposure to multiple advertisements, we multiplied the estimated excess risk by the numbers of US adults who had a quit intention (number of US cigarette smokers, 34.2 million, multiplied by the probability of having a quit intention, estimated from the current data). All data were weighted to be nationally representative and analyzed with SAS, version 9.4. Results The overall sample of 5309 respondents were a mean (SD) age of 55.6 (19.1) years and included 3073 women (51.2%), 3037 non-Hispanic white respondents (59.1%), 4645 respondents who lived in urban US areas (84.7%), and 610 current smokers (12.5%) (Table 1). A total of 2464 of the overall study sample (45.8%; 95% CI, 43.2%-48.5%) reported exposure to US federal court–ordered antismoking advertisements. Exposure was lowest among respondents who had a high school Table 1. Exposure to US Federal Court–Ordered Antismoking Advertisements Among US Adults, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Smoking Status Characteristic Overall sample, No. Exposure to advertisements, No. (%; 95% CI) Total 5309 2464 (45.8; 43.2-48.5) Sex Male 2236 1053 (47.4; 42.6-52.3) Female 3073 1411 (44.3; 41.8-46.7) Age, y 18-34 670 311 (49.5; 41.5-57.6) 35-49 951 417 (41.1; 36.9-45.4) 50-64 1642 819 (48.3; 43.8-52.7) ≥65 1937 867 (44.4; 41.4-47.5) Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic white 3037 1457 (48.6; 45.6-51.6) Non-Hispanic black 672 334 (43.9; 37.4-50.4) Hispanic 722 302 (43.2; 36.1-50.3) Educational level High school graduate or lower 1261 534 (41.7; 36.1-47.3) Post–high school or some college 1574 753 (48.9; 45.3-52.6) College graduate or postgraduate 2399 1148 (45.4; 41.7-49.2) Residence Urban 4645 2163 (45.7; 42.7-48.7) Rural 664 301 (46.5; 40.1-52.8) Household annual income, $ <35 000 1497 661 (40.6; 35.1-46.0) Indicates “yes” response to the survey question: “In 35 000-49 999 625 298 (46.1; 38.2-53.9) the past 12 months, have you seen messages saying 50 000-74 999 843 397 (44.3; 38.1-50.5) that a Federal Court has ordered tobacco companies ≥75 000 1796 872 (50.2; 47.0-53.4) to make statements about the dangers of smoking cigarettes? These messages have been in Smoking status newspapers, on television, on tobacco company Current 610 410 (66.8; 61.1-72.4) websites, and on cigarette packs?” Former 1397 686 (49.3; 45.3-53.2) Seven current smokers had missing information on Never 3253 1349 (40.5; 36.8-44.1) sex and were removed from the analyses. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 5/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit education or lower (534 [41.7%; 95% CI, 36.1%-47.3%]), respondents who had a household annual income less than $35 000 (661 [40.6%; 95% CI, 35.1%-46.0%]), respondents who were aged 35 to 49 years (417 [41.1%; 95% CI, 36.9%-45.4%]), and respondents who were Hispanic (302 [43.2%; 95% CI, 36.1%-50.3%]). Among the subpopulation of 610 current smokers (Table 2), 410 (66.8%; 95% CI, 61.1%-72.4%) reported seeing court-ordered antismoking messages. Exposure rates were lowest among Hispanic individuals (36 [43.2%; 95% CI, 23.3%-63.1%]). Among current smokers, 389 (60.0%; 95% CI, 53.7%-66.3%) were seriously considering quitting smoking within the next 6 months, while 368 (60.6%; 95% CI, 55.2%-65.9%) had made quit attempts at any time within the past year (Table 3). Smoking cessation intentions were reported among current smokers who were unexposed to antismoking messages (123 [53.0%; 95% CI, 40.5%-65.5%]) but were higher among those who were exposed to one (79 [55.6%; 95% CI, 40.4%- 70.7%]) or multiple (172 [65.8%; 95% CI, 57.5%-74.0%]) antismoking messages. Similarly, smoking cessation attempts were reported among current smokers who were unexposed to antismoking messages (123 [56.7%; 95% CI, 44.1%-69.2%]) but were higher among those exposed to one (73 [62.7%; 95% CI, 49.7%-75.7%]) or multiple (158 [60.0%; 95% CI, 50.7%-69.4%]) antismoking messages. Descriptive results of smoking cessation intentions and attempts of current smokers, stratified by use of cigarettes every day or some days, are provided in eTable 1 and eTable 2 in the Supplement. The associations of advertisement exposure with the characteristics of respondents are reported in eTable 3 in the Supplement. In our multivariate logistic regression analysis (Table 4), after adjusting for covariates, we found that exposure to multiple antismoking messages was associated with increased odds of intentions to quit smoking (adjusted odds ratio, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.10-4.34); however, exposure to a single antismoking message was not associated with smoking cessation intention (adjusted odds ratio, 1.22; Table 2. Exposure to US Federal Court–Ordered Antismoking Advertisements Among Current Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics Characteristic Overall sample, No. Exposure to advertisements, No. (%; 95% CI) Total 610 410 (66.8; 61.1-72.4) Sex Male 283 193 (68.9; 59.3-78.5) Female 327 217 (64.2; 57.6-70.8) Age, y 18-34 57 34 (69.2; 53.5-84.9) 35-49 124 78 (58.5; 47.0-69.9) 50-64 267 186 (71.7; 62.9-80.6) ≥65 154 107 (70.2; 58.7-81.8) Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic white 338 237 (71.9; 64.3-79.6) Non-Hispanic black 90 66 (59.0; 42.5-75.4) Hispanic 72 36 (43.2; 23.3-63.1) Educational level High school graduate or lower 218 135 (62.0; 51.3-72.7) Post–high school or some college 225 159 (72.7; 64.2-81.3) College graduate or postgraduate 162 113 (61.6; 46.5-76.7) Residence Urban 516 342 (68.2; 62.1-74.3) Rural 94 68 (60.1; 43.1-77.2) Indicates “yes” response to the survey question: “In Household annual income, $ the past 12 months, have you seen messages saying <35 000 283 182 (57.4; 46.9-67.9) that a Federal Court has ordered tobacco companies to make statements about the dangers of smoking 35 000-49 999 88 65 (71.3; 58.9-83.7) cigarettes? These messages have been in 50 000-74 999 69 44 (67.5; 54.8-80.1) newspapers, on television, on tobacco company ≥75 000 119 84 (80.4; 69.1-91.7) websites, and on cigarette packs?” JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 6/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit 95% CI, 0.50-3.01). Also, exposure to a single corrective message (adjusted odds ratio, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.64-2.92) or multiple corrective messages (adjusted odds ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.69-2.52) was not associated with smoking cessation attempts. Finally, we found that, with each additional exposure to a corrective antismoking message, the odds of smoking cessation intentions among cigarette smokers increased by 1.21 (95% CI, 1.02-1.44), adjusting for covariates. Once again, additive exposure to multiple corrective messages was not associated with smoking cessation attempts (adjusted odds ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.84-1.20). Results of analyses after stratifying current smokers by use of cigarettes every day or some days are provided in eTable 4 and eTable 5 in the Supplement.The association of exposure to antismoking messages with smoking cessation intentions were largely preserved among those who smoked every day, but there was no association among those who smoked some days. In calculating the numbers of smokers who would have quit intentions associated with exposure to multiple advertisements, we found that if all smokers were to be exposed to multiple antitobacco Table 3. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among Current Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure Smoking cessation intention Smoking cessation attempted Overall sample, Overall sample, a b Characteristic No. Yes, No. (%; 95% CI) No. Yes, No. (%; 95% CI) Total 599 389 (60.0; 53.7-66.3) 606 368 (60.6; 55.2-65.9) Sex Male 280 185 (60.0; 50.3-69.7) 282 174 (62.0; 53.1-70.9) Female 319 204 (60.1; 51.2-69.0) 324 194 (58.9; 50.9-66.9) Age, y 18-34 57 29 (51.6; 32.9-70.2) 57 40 (74.9; 61.9-87.9) 35-49 122 88 (68.9; 57.3-80.6) 123 75 (60.9; 47.6-74.2) 50-64 265 175 (58.0; 48.4-67.7) 266 153 (57.9; 50.0-65.8) ≥65 150 94 (54.7; 41.9-67.5) 153 95 (53.8; 41.3-66.2) Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic white 336 203 (55.4; 47.1-63.6) 337 183 (54.4; 46.6-62.2) Non-Hispanic black 89 64 (59.9; 42.0-77.8) 89 65 (68.3; 53.0-83.5) Hispanic 71 44 (67.2; 52.2-82.1) 72 45 (70.9; 55.0-86.7) Educational level High school graduate or 213 132 (58.8; 48.7-69.0) 217 118 (50.3; 41.4-59.2) lower Post–high school or some 221 140 (59.0; 48.5-69.5) 223 144 (65.1; 54.9-75.3) college College graduate or 160 114 (62.6; 48.2-77.1) 161 102 (71.1; 58.6-83.7) postgraduate Residence Urban 506 336 (62.0; 55.8-68.3) 512 322 (64.7; 59.7-69.8) Rural 93 53 (50.8; 33.1-68.6) 94 46 (41.7; 25.3-58.2) Household annual income, $ <35 000 281 189 (57.3; 44.9-69.6) 282 180 (61.3; 51.6-71.0) 35 000-49 999 86 57 (65.6; 48.8-82.4) 87 56 (68.0; 53.7-82.3) 50 000-74 999 68 42 (62.3; 44.8-79.9) 69 37 (52.0; 35.0-69.0) ≥75 000 117 79 (62.8; 50.7-74.8) 118 68 (61.3; 49.1-73.4) Exposure to antismoking advertisements Indicates “yes” response to the survey question: “Are Not seen 195 123 (53.0; 40.5-65.5) 198 123 (56.7; 44.1-69.2) you seriously considering quitting smoking within the next 6 months?” Single message type seen 120 79 (55.6; 40.4-70.7) 121 73 (62.7; 49.7-75.7) Indicates “yes” response to the survey question: “At Multiple message types 263 172 (65.8; 57.5-74.0) 265 158 (60.0; 50.7-69.4) seen any time in the past year, have you stopped smoking Exposure to antismoking for 1 day or longer because you were trying to quit?” advertisements Mean (95% CI) number of messages seen by c c No. of messages seen 578 374 (1.80; 1.50-2.00) 584 354 (1.60; 1.40-1.80) participants. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 7/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit messages, there could be an estimated 3 980 880 current smokers (95% CI, 492 480-7 223 040) with a quit intention. Discussion On full completion of the execution of the court-ordered tobacco industry antismoking advertising campaign on television and in newspapers and several months into the implementation of antismoking message placement on tobacco company corporate websites and cigarette package onserts, the reach of the corrective antismoking advertisements among US adults was 45.8% in the general adult population and 66.8% among current smokers. Although the coverage among smokers improved, population-level coverage represents only a small increment from a study that was conducted prior to the completion of the television advertisements and the onset of antismoking message placement on tobacco company websites and cigarette packages. This study found a significant association between exposure to corrective antismoking messages and intentions to quit cigarette smoking among a nationally representative sample of adult smokers in the United States. The findings build on previous research that found that exposure to antitobacco messaging is associated with an increased likelihood of smoking cessation 8,9,13 intentions. However, prior research has focused largely on federally or state-sponsored and 8,15,16,28 federally or state-executed antismoking advertising campaigns. 29-31 Per the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change), behavioral intentions are the antecedent to behavioral change. As such, the observed association between exposure to antismoking advertisements and increased intentions to quit is an encouraging finding. Specifically, our study suggests that adult cigarette smokers who were exposed to antismoking advertisements were further along the continuum of behavior change toward cigarette smoking cessation (ie, contemplation and preparation) than those who were not exposed to these messages. This finding suggests that court-ordered industry-sponsored antismoking advertisements may be an effective component of comprehensive tobacco control measures by increasing intentions to quit among adult cigarette smokers. However, this campaign was not sufficient for behavior change, as evidenced by the lack of association with actual attempts to quit. Our findings are consistent with those of a 2012 study that showed that exposure to tobacco industry–sponsored campaigns was not associated with increased attempts to quit. The content of messages used in antismoking advertisements play a crucial role in stimulating 15,18,28 behavioral outcomes. Our findings underscore the need to make corrective statements more emphatic than they currently are. The prosaic, unremarkable, and heavily scripted nature of the industry-sponsored antitobacco advertisements contrast quite sharply with their own pro-tobacco advertisements that are full of color, vibrancy, and designed to elicit strong emotional responses. Messages used in future industry-sponsored corrective advertising campaigns should undergo more rigorous pretesting, similar to other antitobacco advertisements, to ensure those messages resonate Table 4. Odds of Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among Current Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages Smoking cessation Smoking cessation Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; NA, not a b intention attempted applicable. c c Exposure to antismoking advertisements aOR (95% CI) P value aOR (95% CI) P value a Assessed using the survey question: “Are you Exposure to messages seriously considering quitting smoking within the next 6 months?” Not seen 1 [Reference] NA 1 [Reference] NA Assessed using the survey question: “At any time in Single message type seen 1.22 (0.50-3.01) .66 1.37 (0.64-2.92) .42 the past year, have you stopped smoking for 1 day or Multiple message types seen 2.19 (1.10-4.34) .03 1.31 (0.69-2.52) .40 longer because you were trying to quit?” Cumulative exposure to messages Adjusted for covariates including age, sex, household Cumulative exposure to antismoking advertisement 1.21 (1.02-1.44) .03 1.00 (0.84-1.20) .98 annual income, race/ethnicity, educational level, and messages rural or urban residence. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 8/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit with the target audience. Furthermore, enhancing the present corrective statements with industry deception statements and firsthand emotional narrative testimonials from former smokers (where possible; eg, on tobacco company websites) may improve the effectiveness of industry-sponsored antismoking advertisement campaigns. These components have been shown to resonate highly 15,19,20,33 among smokers, yield greater recall rates, and bring about changes in smoking behaviors. In addition, a comprehensive approach that combines this type of population-level strategy with individual-level interventions (eg, smoking cessation counseling by a health professional) may provide further benefits. Clinicians are advised to use effective counseling and medication in treating tobacco dependence, guided under approaches such as the 5As model. Population-level interventions can be potentiated such that individuals who have been exposed to corrective antismoking messages and are considering quitting (step 3 of the 5As model) can be referred to a nicotine dependence treatment program to receive assistance with quitting (step 4) and commence follow-up care (step 5). Although interventions such as corrective statements, when combined with other robust tobacco control measures, have the potential to lower the overall prevalence of smoking, there is also potential for the interventions to have a negative equity outcome. In our study, we observed that exposure to these advertisements were significantly lower among ethnic/racial minority groups as well as those with a low educational level and low income. Equity approaches to public health interventions call for enhanced and sustained efforts to ensure that hard-to-reach populations receive culturally sensitive messages delivered in a medium and form that they can access, understand, and use. Limitations This study has several limitations. First, HINTS data are cross-sectional; hence, causal inferences cannot be made. Second, HINTS data are self-reported, and several covariates, as well as the outcome variable used to assess attempts to quit, rely on respondents’ ability to recall past events; as such, this factor may have rendered our study prone to recall bias. Owing to the framing of the exposure question in the survey, we could not determine to which specific advertisement medium respondents were exposed (ie, television, newspapers, tobacco company corporate websites, or cigarette packages); as such, we could not assess exposure by individual advertising medium because these data were pooled. In addition, the primary outcomes of this study were examined only among current cigarette smokers, and thus we could not explore the outcome of antismoking advertisements among those who had recently quit smoking. Conclusions The reach of court-ordered industry advertisements has increased among smokers; however, the reach of this advertisement campaign within the general population remains suboptimal, and disparities in its penetration persists among disadvantaged groups. Industry antismoking advertising campaigns may help improve intentions to quit smoking among adult cigarette smokers; however, they have not been effective in stimulating behavioral change among smokers. Strategies to improve the effectiveness of the industry-sponsored antismoking advertisement campaigns outlined in this study should be considered to achieve maximal tobacco control benefits. ARTICLE INFORMATION Accepted for Publication: April 24, 2020. Published: July 7, 2020. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 9/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit Corresponding Author: Sanjay Shete, PhD, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Dr, Unit 1411, FCT4.6002, Houston, TX 77030 (sshete@ mdanderson.org). Author Affiliations: Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Chido-Amajuoyi, Shete); Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (Agaku); Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (Mantey); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Yu, Shete); Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Shete). Author Contributions: Dr Shete had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Concept and design: Chido-Amajuoyi, Agaku, Mantey, Shete. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors. Drafting of the manuscript: Chido-Amajuoyi, Mantey. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Statistical analysis: Agaku, Yu. Obtained funding: Shete. Administrative, technical, or material support: Chido-Amajuoyi, Agaku, Shete. Supervision: Shete. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported. Funding/Support: This study was funded by a postdoctoral fellowship award supported by the Mrs Harry C. Wiess Cancer Research Fund and the Laura and John Arnold Foundation (Dr Chido-Amajuoyi), a postdoctoral fellowship award supported by the National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health (T32/CA057712) (Mr Mantey), grant P30CA016672 from the National Cancer Institute (Dr Shete), the Betty B. Marcus Chair in Cancer Prevention (Dr Shete), and grant RP170259 from the Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas (Dr Shete). Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. REFERENCES 1. United States District Court for the District of Columbia. United States of America and interveners vs Philip Morris USA, Inc., et al. US district court for the District of Columbia. Civil action no. 99-2496 (GK). Updated 2018. Accessed December 12, 2018. https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/assets/content/what_we_do/industry_watch/ doj/FinalOpinion.pdf 2. Farber HJ, Neptune ER, Ewart GW. Corrective statements from the tobacco industry: more evidence for why we need effective tobacco control. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15(2):127-130. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201711-845GH 3. Dyer O. US tobacco companies run court ordered advertisements. BMJ. 2017;359:j5613. doi:10.1136/bmj.j5613 4. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Tobacco companies ordered to place statements about products’ dangers on websites and cigarette packs. Updated 2018. Accessed December 11, 2018. https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/press- releases/2018_05_01_correctivestatements 5. World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2019: Offer Help to Quit Tobacco Use. World Health Organization; 2019. 6. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2017: monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies. Updated 2017. Accessed February 12, 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/ 255874/9789241512824-eng.pdf?sequence=1 7. Siegel M. Mass media antismoking campaigns: a powerful tool for health promotion. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129 (2):128-132. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-2-199807150-00013 8. Davis KC, Farrelly MC, Duke J, Kelly L, Willett J. Antismoking media campaign and smoking cessation outcomes, New York state, 2003-2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:E40. 9. Emery S, Kim Y, Choi YK, Szczypka G, Wakefield M, Chaloupka FJ. The effects of smoking-related television advertising on smoking and intentions to quit among adults in the United States: 1999-2007. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(4):751-757. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300443 10. Li L, Borland R, Yong HH, et al. Reported exposures to anti-smoking messages and their impact on Chinese smoker’s subsequent quit attempts. Int J Behav Med. 2014;21(4):667-676. doi:10.1007/s12529-013-9349-3 JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 10/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit 11. Li L, Borland R, Yong HH, et al. The association between exposure to point-of-sale anti-smoking warnings and smokers’ interest in quitting and quit attempts: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey. Addiction. 2012;107(2):425-433. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03668.x 12. Liu H, Tan W. The effect of anti-smoking media campaign on smoking behavior: the California experience. Ann Econ Financ. 2009;10(1):29-47. Accessed May 21, 2020. http://www.aeconf.com/Articles/May2009/aef100103.pdf 13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Antismoking messages and intention to quit—17 countries, 2008-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(21):417-422. 14. Henriksen L, Dauphinee AL, Wang Y, Fortmann SP. Industry sponsored anti-smoking ads and adolescent reactance: test of a boomerang effect. Tob Control. 2006;15(1):13-18. doi:10.1136/tc.2003.006361 15. Leas EC, Myers MG, Strong DR, Hofstetter CR, Al-Delaimy WK. Recall of anti-tobacco advertisements and effects on quitting behavior: results from the California Smokers Cohort. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(2):e90-e97. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302249 16. Biener L, McCallum-Keeler G, Nyman AL. Adults’ response to Massachusetts anti-tobacco television advertisements: impact of viewer and advertisement characteristics. Tob Control. 2000;9(4):401-407. doi:10. 1136/tc.9.4.401 17. Wakefield MA, Spittal MJ, Yong HH, Durkin SJ, Borland R. Effects of mass media campaign exposure intensity and durability on quit attempts in a population-based cohort study. Health Educ Res. 2011;26(6):988-997. doi:10. 1093/her/cyr054 18. Biener L, Ji M, Gilpin EA, Albers AB. The impact of emotional tone, message, and broadcast parameters in youth anti-smoking advertisements. J Health Commun. 2004;9(3):259-274. doi:10.1080/10810730490447084 19. McAfee T, Davis KC, Shafer P, Patel D, Alexander R, Bunnell R. Increasing the dose of television advertising in a national antismoking media campaign: results from a randomised field trial. Tob Control. 2017;26(1):19-28. doi:10. 1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052517 20. Lee SJ, Sanders-Jackson A, Tan ASL. Effects of current and enhanced tobacco corrective messages on smokers’ intention to quit smoking and intention to purchase cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020;22(4):569-575. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz063 21. Chido-Amajuoyi OG, Yu RK, Agaku I, Shete S. Exposure to court-ordered tobacco industry antismoking advertisements among US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(7):e196935-e196935. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen. 2019.6935 22. National Cancer Institute. Health Information National Trends Survey 5 (HINTS 5) cycle 2 methodology report. Published July 2018. Accessed March/8, 2019. https://hints.cancer.gov/docs/methodologyreports/HINTS5_Cycle_ 2_Methodology_Report.pdf 23. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(8):573-577. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-8- 200710160-00010 24. American Association for Public Opinion Research. Standard definitions: final dispositions of case codes and outcome rates for surveys. Updated 2016. Accessed April 30, 2019. https://www.aapor.org/AAPOR_Main/media/ publications/Standard-Definitions20169theditionfinal.pdf 25. Finney Rutten LJ, Blake KD, Skolnick VG, Davis T, Moser RP, Hesse BW. Data resource profile: the National Cancer Institute’s Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49(1):17-17j. doi:10. 1093/ije/dyz083 26. National Cancer Institute. Health Information National Trends Survey 5 (HINTS 5): cycle 3 methodology report. Published August 2019. Accessed May 22, 2020. https://hints.cancer.gov/docs/Instruments/HINTS5_Cycle3_ MethodologyReport.pdf 27. Creamer MR, Wang TW, Babb S, et al. Tobacco product use and cessation indicators among adults—United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(45):1013-1019. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6845a2 28. McAfee T, Davis KC, Alexander RL Jr, Pechacek TF, Bunnell R. Effect of the first federally funded US antismoking national media campaign. Lancet. 2013;382(9909):2003-2011. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61686-4 29. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am J Health Promot.1997; 12(1):38-48. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38 30. Littell JH, Girvin H. Stages of change: a critique. Behav Modif. 2002;26(2):223-273. doi:10.1177/ 31. Prochaska JO, Redding CA, Evers KE. The transtheoretical model and stages of change. In: Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath KV, eds. Health Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practice. Jossey-Bass; 2015:125-148. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 11/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit 32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best practices for comprehensive tobacco control programs— 2014. Accessed April 8, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/stateandcommunity/best_practices/index.htm 33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best practices user guides: health communications in tobacco prevention and control. Updated 2018. Accessed April 8, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/stateandcommunity/ bp-health-communications/pdfs/health-communications-508.pdf 34. Fiore MC, Bailey WC, Cohen SJ, et al. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: Clinical Practice Guideline.US Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. SUPPLEMENT. eTable 1. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among “Every Day” Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure eTable 2. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among “Some Days” Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure eTable 3. Factors Associated with Exposure to US Federal Court-Ordered Antismoking Advertisements Based on Multivariable Logistic Regression eTable 4. Odds of Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among “Every Day” Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages eTable 5. Odds of Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among “Some Days” Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 12/12 Supplementary Online Content Chido-Amajuoyi OG, Agaku I, Mantey DS, Yu RK, Shete S. Association of exposure to court-ordered tobacco industry antismoking advertisements with intentions and attempts to quit smoking among US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 eTable 1. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among "Every Day" Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure eTable 2. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among "Some Days" Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure eTable 3. Factors Associated with Exposure to US Federal Court-Ordered Antismoking Advertisements Based on Multivariable Logistic Regression eTable 4. Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages eTable 5. Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages This supplementary material has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. eTable 1. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among "Every Day" Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure Characteristics Smoking cessation intention Smoking cessation attempted a b Overall Sample Yes Overall Sample Yes n % 95% CI n % 95% CI Total 421 57.5 50.0 65.1 426 53.9 47.5 60.2 Sex Male 187 58.6 47.1 70.1 189 58.4 48.0 68.7 Female 234 56.4 45.7 67.0 237 48.9 38.7 59.1 Age, years 18 to 34 25 40.2 16.2 64.2 25 59.6 35.8 83.3 35 to 49 78 69.1 55.4 82.9 79 54.7 39.4 70.1 50 to 64 204 56.3 44.7 67.9 205 54.6 46.0 63.3 65+ 114 48.1 33.9 62.3 116 46.5 32.0 61.1 Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic White 251 56.7 47.0 66.3 252 51.4 41.9 61.0 Non-Hispanic Black 57 54.4 36.5 72.3 57 60.9 42.9 78.9 Hispanic 44 48.8 26.7 70.9 44 56.3 30.3 82.3 Level of education High school graduate or lower 171 58.3 47.6 69.1 174 46.2 36.7 55.7 Post high school/some college 156 55.3 42.5 68.2 157 60.9 48.6 73.1 © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. College graduate/postgraduate 92 62.7 45.7 79.7 93 58.8 41.3 76.3 Residence Urban 346 59.5 51.6 67.3 350 57.7 51.5 63.9 Rural 75 49.2 30.7 67.7 76 37.5 21.7 53.2 Household Annual income Less than $35,000 211 57.0 43.8 70.1 212 57.3 46.9 67.6 $35,000 to $49,999 60 54.4 33.1 75.7 60 57.6 37.2 78.0 $50,000 to $74,999 52 56.3 34.0 78.5 53 42.6 23.8 61.5 $75,000 or more 68 64.9 49.4 80.4 69 55.9 39.6 72.1 Exposure to antismoking advertisements Not Seen 128 46.8 34.8 58.7 130 45.9 33.6 58.1 Single message type seen 83 52.9 36.5 69.2 84 53.5 38.1 68.9 Multiple message types seen 194 65.1 55.1 75.1 195 57.0 46.6 67.5 Exposure to antismoking advertisements Number of Message Seen (mean; 95%CI) 405 1.9 1.7 2.2 409 1.7 1.5 2.0 Indicates "yes" Indicates "yes" © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. eTable 2. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among "Some Days" Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure Characteristics Smoking cessation intention Smoking cessation attempted a b Overall Sample Yes Overall Sample Yes n % 95% CI n % 95% CI Total 178 65.7 53.2 78.1 180 75.9 64.5 87.4 Sex Male 93 62.8 44.4 81.1 93 69.3 51.4 87.2 Female 85 69.9 52.3 87.6 87 85.5 74.7 96.4 Age, years 18 to 34 32 58.9 31.2 86.6 32 84.8 69.1 100.0 35 to 49 44 68.5 42.0 95.1 44 72.0 44.3 99.7 50 to 64 61 65.1 45.5 84.8 61 71.4 52.3 90.5 65+ 36 88.5 76.3 100.0 37 90.9 78.9 100.0 Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic White 85 51.1 35.0 67.2 85 64.2 46.4 82.0 Non-Hispanic Black 32 67.4 36.4 98.4 32 78.2 50.8 100.0 Hispanic 27 87.8 75.2 100.0 28 87.1 73.5 100.0 Level of education High school graduate or lower 42 60.6 34.7 86.4 43 65.8 39.8 91.8 Post high school/some college 65 68.5 52.1 84.9 66 76.0 59.8 92.1 © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. College graduate/postgraduate 68 62.6 37.6 87.6 68 82.0 67.9 96.0 Residence Urban 160 67.7 55.0 80.5 162 80.4 70.9 90.0 Rural 18 55.1 0.0 100.0 18 53.0 0.0 100.0 Household Annual income Less than $35,000 70 58.0 34.3 81.7 70 71.4 47.8 95.1 $35,000 to $49,999 26 94.6 87.4 100.0 27 94.7 87.5 100.0 $50,000 to $74,999 16 87.9 69.0 100.0 16 91.8 80.0 100.0 $75,000 or more 49 59.4 33.6 85.1 49 70.1 47.4 92.7 Exposure to antismoking advertisements Not Seen 67 63.4 41.2 85.6 68 74.8 51.7 97.8 Single message type seen 37 61.0 29.5 92.5 37 81.3 61.7 100.0 Multiple message types seen 69 67.9 52.9 82.8 70 70.3 51.3 89.3 Exposure to antismoking advertisements Number of Message Seen (mean; 95%CI) 173 1.4 1.0 1.8 175 1.3 0.9 1.7 Indicates "yes" Indicates "yes" r © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. eTable 3. Factors Associated with Exposure to US Federal Court-Ordered Antismoking Advertisements Based on Multivariable Logistic Regression aOR 95% CI p Characteristics Sex Male Ref Female 0.95 0.76 1.19 0.6290 Age, y 18-34 Ref 35-49 0.57 0.40 0.82 0.0027 50-64 0.79 0.55 1.15 0.2200 0.79 0.54 1.14 0.2020 Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic white Ref Non-Hispanic black 0.99 0.72 1.35 0.9360 Hispanic 0.98 0.72 1.33 0.9040 Level of education College graduate or postgraduate Ref NA Post-high school or some college 1.11 0.91 1.36 0.2940 AHigh school graduate 0.91 0.67 1.23 0.5170 Residence Urban Ref Rural 1.05 0.77 1.42 0.7620 Household annual income, $ <35,000 Ref 35,000-49,999 1.36 0.91 2.02 0.1340 © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. 50,000-74,999 1.31 0.92 1.87 0.1370 75,000 1.81 1.33 2.48 0.0004 Smoking status Never Ref Former 1.39 1.08 1.79 0.0106 Current 3.55 2.60 4.83 <0.0001 Adjusted odds ratio; adjusted for covariates including age, sex, household annual income, race /ethnicity, level of education and rural-urban residence. © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. eTable 4. Odds of Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among Every Day Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages a b Exposure to antismoking advertisements Smoking cessation intention Smoking cessation attempted c c aOR 95% CI p aOR 95% CI p Panel A 1.00 Not Seen 1.00 Single message type seen 1.53 0.62 3.77 0.3447 1.58 0.62 4.01 0.3305 Multiple message types seen 2.90 1.42 5.92 0.0043 1.75 0.75 4.09 0.1898 Panel B Cumulative exposure to antismoking advertisement messages 1.24 1.05 1.47 0.0137 1.01 0.81 1.25 0.9516 were trying Adjusted odds ratio; adjusted for covariates including age, sex, household annual income, race /ethnicity, level of education and rural-urban residence. © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. eTable 5. Odds of Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among Some Days Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages a b Exposure to antismoking advertisements Smoking cessation intention Smoking cessation attempted c c aOR 95% CI p aOR 95% CI p Panel A 1.00 Not Seen 1.00 Single message type seen 0.64 0.09 4.50 0.6450 0.51 0.04 6.65 0.6001 Multiple message types seen 1.16 0.25 5.45 0.8450 0.36 0.06 2.02 0.2390 Panel B Cumulative exposure to antismoking advertisement messages 1.21 0.78 1.90 0.3904 0.91 0.61 1.36 0.6289 were trying Adjusted odds ratio; adjusted for covariates including age, sex, household annual income, race /ethnicity, level of education and rural-urban residence. © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png JAMA Network Open American Medical Association

Association of Exposure to Court-Ordered Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit Smoking Among US Adults

Download PDF
21 pages

Loading next page...
 
/lp/american-medical-association/association-of-exposure-to-court-ordered-tobacco-industry-antismoking-v9cgKkZuG6

References (69)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open.
eISSN
2574-3805
DOI
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Key Points Question Is exposure to tobacco IMPORTANCE In 2006, a US district court judge ordered tobacco companies to sponsor nationwide industry antismoking advertisements antismoking advertising campaigns. This landmark ruling and its subsequent execution represent an associated with increased odds of unprecedented tobacco control event; however, the association of this campaign with intentions smoking cessation intentions and/or and/or attempts to quit smoking is unknown. attempts among current smokers? Findings In a cross-sectional survey of OBJECTIVES To assess the reach of the expanded court-ordered tobacco industry antismoking US adults, less than half reported seeing advertisements (via television, newspapers, tobacco company websites, and/or cigarette packages), tobacco industry antismoking to examine associations between exposure to industry antismoking advertisements and intentions advertisements via television, and/or attempts to quit smoking among cigarette smokers, and to calculate the numbers of US newspapers, tobacco company smokers who would have quit intentions associated with exposure to multiple advertisements. websites, or cigarette packages. Exposure to antismoking messages was DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Data for this study were obtained from 5309 US adults, associated with increased odds of including 610 smokers, who responded to the Health Information National Trends Survey, a intentions to quit smoking among nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted from January 22 to April 30, 2019. smokers, but no associations were Respondents were representatives of households selected by equal-probability sampling of a found with actual attempts to database of US residential addresses. quit smoking. EXPOSURE Reported exposure to antismoking messages. Meaning Industry-sponsored antismoking advertisements were MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cigarette smoking cessation attempt in the past 12 months and associated with increased intentions to intentions to quit cigarette smoking in the next 6 months. Covariates were age, sex, household quit smoking; however, they have not annual income, race/ethnicity, educational level, and geographical residence. Data were weighted to been effective in stimulating attempts to be nationally representative after applying survey weights specified for the survey cycle. quit among current smokers. RESULTS The overall sample of 5309 respondents were a mean (SD) age of 55.6 (19.1) years and Supplemental content included 3073 women (51.2%), 3037 non-Hispanic white respondents (59.1%), 4645 respondents who lived in urban US areas (84.7%), and 610 current smokers (12.5%). Findings indicate that 2464 Author affiliations and article information are listed at the end of this article. US adults (45.8%; 95% CI, 43.2%-48.5%) and 410 current smokers (66.8%; 95% CI, 61.1%-72.4%) were exposed to antismoking advertisements. Exposure to multiple antismoking messages was associated with 2.19 (95% CI, 1.10-4.34) greater odds of having intentions to quit cigarette smoking but was not associated with attempts to quit (adjusted odds ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.69-2.52). Furthermore, an examination of the association of cumulative exposure to antismoking messages with cessation intentions revealed that, with each additional exposure to an antismoking message, the odds of smoking cessation intentions increased by 1.21 (95% CI, 1.02-1.44). If all smokers were to be exposed to multiple antitobacco messages, there could be an estimated 3.98 million (95% CI, 492 480-7 223 040) current smokers in the United States with intentions to quit. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although the reach of court-ordered industry advertisements increased among smokers, the reach of these advertisements within the general population remains (continued) Open Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 1/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit Abstract (continued) suboptimal. The finding that industry advertisements helped smokers consider quitting highlights their potential to aid smoking cessation. However, the lack of association with actual attempts to quit suggests that the industry antismoking advertisement campaigns were inadequate. The design and content of industry antismoking advertisement campaigns should be enhanced to help smokers quit. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 Introduction In 1999, the US Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against the tobacco industry for misleading the general public on the dangers of tobacco use, thereby violating the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. In proceedings that followed this suit, US District Judge Gladys Kessler ordered the tobacco industry to make “corrective statements” about the hazards of tobacco use. To this end, corrective advertising campaigns were executed via newspapers (from November 2017 to May 2018) and television (from November 2017 to November 2018); court-ordered corrective messaging placement on tobacco company corporate websites (beginning June 2018) and as onserts on 2,3 cigarette packages (beginning November 2018) are currently ongoing. Antismoking advertisement placement at retail points of sale are currently the subject of ongoing litigation. Antismoking mass media campaigns are a key component of tobacco control strategies 5-7 recommended by the World Health Organization. Exposure to antismoking advertising has been shown to be associated with decreased smoking prevalence, as well as increased likelihood of 8-13 11 smoking cessation intentions and attempts. Studies suggest that media channel type ; source 9,14 15-18 (government, pharmaceutical, and tobacco industry) ; content, tone, and intensity ; and dose, 17,19 frequency, and duration of antismoking campaigns are significantly associated with smoking- related outcomes. Furthermore, cumulative exposure to antismoking messages via multiple channels increases the likelihood of a subsequent attempt to quit smoking. The original corrective antismoking messages were preambled by the statement, “A federal court has ruled that R. J. Reynolds Tobacco, Philip Morris USA, Altria and Lorillard deliberately deceived the American public about the health effects of smoking and has ordered those companies 2,20(p570) to make this statement. Here is the truth: [topic/theme of corrective statement],” which conveyed the industry’s guilt. However, the tobacco industry successfully appealed to have key components of this message modified. These modifications may have weakened the corrective 2,20 potency of the final version of the corrective statements. A study of the coverage of the television and newspaper portions of the advertising campaign revealed that only 40% of the US adult population saw the antismoking advertisements and that coverage was even lower among groups known to be at risk of tobacco use, such as youths and socioethnic minority groups. However, since the completion of the newspaper and television components of the court-ordered advertising campaign and the onset of the implementation of a corrective statement placement on tobacco company websites and cigarette packages, no assessment has been conducted on the population-level reach of the overall antismoking advertising campaigns, to our knowledge. In addition, previous data did not allow for individual-level assessment of the outcome of this advertising campaign, such as its association with smoking cessation intentions or attempts. This study aims to examine the reach of the fully completed television and newspaper antismoking advertisements, as well as the ongoing placement of antismoking messages on tobacco company websites and cigarette packages. Furthermore, we examine the association between exposure to corrective antismoking messages and predecessors of smoking cessation among a representative sample of adult cigarette smokers in the United States. Specifically, this study examines the association between cumulative exposure to corrective antismoking messages and intentions to quit cigarette smoking in the next 6 months. In addition, this study examines the JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 2/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit association between cumulative exposure to corrective antismoking messages and attempts to quit in the past 12 months. We hypothesize that cumulative exposure to corrective antismoking messages will be significantly associated with greater odds of both past attempts to quit smoking and intentions to quit smoking in the next 6 months. Secondarily, we sought to estimate the potential real-world effect of being exposed to multiple antitobacco messages concurrently. This is critical because, while specific antismoking campaigns may only measure and evaluate the outcome of their own intervention, the reality is that the public is exposed to multiple advertisements from different sources. Methods Study Population and Design and Setting Data for this study were obtained from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5; cycle 3), a National Cancer Institute–administered survey of US adults that is nationally representative, conducted from January 22 to April 30, 2019. The sample frame for HINTS 5 cycle 3 was derived from a database of US residential addresses provided by Marketing Systems Group. In this sampling frame, addresses were grouped into low-minority and high-minority strata. The high- minority strata were oversampled to enhance accuracy of estimates for this population. The sampling strategy for HINTS 5 cycle 3 had 2 phases. First, an equal-probability method was used to select addresses within each stratum, and, second, an adult was selected per sampled household. Written informed consent was obtained from study participants. HINTS 5 cycle 3 was approved by the Westat Institutional Review Board and classified as exempt from review by the US National Institutes of Health Office of Human Subjects Research Protections because the data were deidentified. A detailed description of the survey method has been published. This study followed the reporting recommendations of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline. A web survey was piloted, but respondents were also given the option to the complete survey via a paper questionnaire. Paper questionnaire responses were returned by mail and were documented by month and period of return. The response rate for cycle 3 (paper only) was 30.2% (n = 3439), while the web pilot study response rate was 30.6% (n = 2035). The overall response rate for HINTS 5 cycle 3 was 30.3% (n = 5474). This was estimated using the RR2 formula of the American 24 25 Association of Public Opinion Research and is comparable to those of previous cycles of HINTS. Study Variables Exposure Measure The main exposure measure of this study was self-reported exposure to court-ordered antismoking messages, as well as the scale of exposure to the different corrective messages. Exposure to corrective messages was via media that includes television, newspapers, tobacco company corporate websites, or cigarette package onserts. To assess exposure, respondents were first asked, “In the past 12 months, have you seen messages saying that a federal court has ordered tobacco companies to make statements about the dangers of smoking cigarettes? These messages have been in newspapers, on television, on tobacco company websites, and on cigarette packs?” Respondents who answered “yes” were then assessed for the type of corrective message seen using the question: “Which of the following messages about the dangers of smoking cigarettes have you seen?” Possible responses were: “federal court–ordered tobacco messages: health effects of smoking,” “federal court–ordered tobacco messages: health effects secondhand smoke,” “federal court–ordered tobacco messages: addictiveness,” “federal court–ordered tobacco messages: enhanced delivery,” and “federal court–ordered tobacco message: low-tar and light cigarettes.” Respondents who answered “no” to the initial question were categorized to “no message seen.” Respondents who indicated having seen only 1 of the 5 corrective messages were categorized to JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 3/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit “single message seen.” Respondents who selected more than 1 type of corrective message were categorized to “multiple messages seen.” Outcome Measure We examined predecessors of smoking cessation among current smokers. We assessed smoking cessation intentions using the following survey question: “Are you seriously considering quitting smoking within the next 6 months?” Respondents who answered “yes” were considered to have intentions to quit. Smoking cessation attempts were assessed using the following questions: “At any time in the past year, have you stopped smoking for 1 day or longer because you were trying to quit?” Responses of “yes” were considered attempts to quit. Outcome questions were restricted to current smokers. This population was derived from respondents who answered “yes” to the survey question “Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes in your entire life?” and reported smoking “every day” or “some days” when asked: “Do you now smoke cigarettes every day, some days, or not at all?” Covariates The sociodemographic characteristics of study respondents were used as covariates, including age, sex, household annual income, race/ethnicity, educational level, and rural or urban residence. Age was grouped into 4 categories: 18 to 34 years, 35 to 49 years, 50 to 64 years, and 65 years or older. Race/ethnicity was categorized as non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic. Educational level was grouped into 3 categories: high school graduate or lower, post–high school or some college (a combination of post–high school training other than college and some college training), and college graduate or postgraduate. Household annual income was categorized as less than $35 000, $35 000 to $49 999, $50 000 to $74 999, and $75 000 or more. Residence was defined using the US Department of Agriculture’s 2003 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes. Codes 1 to 3 were designated as urban, and codes 4 to 9 were categorized as rural. Statistical Analysis Data were weighted to be nationally representative after applying survey weights specified for HINTS 5 cycle 3. Specifically, data were calibrated using the estimates from the 2017 American Community Survey of the US Census Bureau. The computation of full-sample weights consisted of calculating household-level base weights, adjusting for household nonresponse, calculating person- level initial weights, and calibrating the person-level weights to population counts. Further details on the weighting methods is described in the survey methodology report. The HINTS 5 cycle 3 data release provided final sample weights for the calculation of estimates as well as replicate weights for the calculation of the SE of estimates. We used the final weights in the weight option and replicated weights in the repweight option of the PROC SURVEYLOGISTIC Statement (SAS, version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc) as recommended by HINTS. Prevalence and associated 95% CIs of exposure to the court-ordered antismoking messages via newspaper, television, tobacco company corporate websites, or cigarette package were estimated for the overall adult population by age, sex, household annual income, race/ethnicity, educational level, and rural or urban residence. We also conducted prevalence estimates of advertisement exposure among a subpopulation of current smokers. Prevalence and associated 95% CIs of current smokers with smoking cessation intentions and attempts were also estimated by advertisement exposure status (no message seen, single message seen, or multiple messages seen), by mean number of corrective message types seen, and by the sociodemographic characteristics outlined. Survey-weighted logistic regressions were used to study the association between exposure to court-ordered industry antismoking messages and intentions and attempts to quit among US adult smokers. An additional survey-weighted logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine whether cumulative exposure to different types of antismoking messages (by summing the number of antismoking messages seen) increased the odds of smoking JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 4/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit cessation intentions or attempts. Statistical significance was defined as P < .05, and all tests were 2-tailed. Analyses were also conducted after stratifying current smokers into those who smoke every day and those who smoke some days. To model the potential real-world effect of adults being exposed to multiple messages, we calculated the adjusted odds ratios associated with being exposed to multiple corrective statements (assuming homogeneity in treatment effects between these messages and any other messages). To calculate the excess numbers of individuals who would have a quit intention assocated with exposure to multiple advertisements, we multiplied the estimated excess risk by the numbers of US adults who had a quit intention (number of US cigarette smokers, 34.2 million, multiplied by the probability of having a quit intention, estimated from the current data). All data were weighted to be nationally representative and analyzed with SAS, version 9.4. Results The overall sample of 5309 respondents were a mean (SD) age of 55.6 (19.1) years and included 3073 women (51.2%), 3037 non-Hispanic white respondents (59.1%), 4645 respondents who lived in urban US areas (84.7%), and 610 current smokers (12.5%) (Table 1). A total of 2464 of the overall study sample (45.8%; 95% CI, 43.2%-48.5%) reported exposure to US federal court–ordered antismoking advertisements. Exposure was lowest among respondents who had a high school Table 1. Exposure to US Federal Court–Ordered Antismoking Advertisements Among US Adults, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Smoking Status Characteristic Overall sample, No. Exposure to advertisements, No. (%; 95% CI) Total 5309 2464 (45.8; 43.2-48.5) Sex Male 2236 1053 (47.4; 42.6-52.3) Female 3073 1411 (44.3; 41.8-46.7) Age, y 18-34 670 311 (49.5; 41.5-57.6) 35-49 951 417 (41.1; 36.9-45.4) 50-64 1642 819 (48.3; 43.8-52.7) ≥65 1937 867 (44.4; 41.4-47.5) Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic white 3037 1457 (48.6; 45.6-51.6) Non-Hispanic black 672 334 (43.9; 37.4-50.4) Hispanic 722 302 (43.2; 36.1-50.3) Educational level High school graduate or lower 1261 534 (41.7; 36.1-47.3) Post–high school or some college 1574 753 (48.9; 45.3-52.6) College graduate or postgraduate 2399 1148 (45.4; 41.7-49.2) Residence Urban 4645 2163 (45.7; 42.7-48.7) Rural 664 301 (46.5; 40.1-52.8) Household annual income, $ <35 000 1497 661 (40.6; 35.1-46.0) Indicates “yes” response to the survey question: “In 35 000-49 999 625 298 (46.1; 38.2-53.9) the past 12 months, have you seen messages saying 50 000-74 999 843 397 (44.3; 38.1-50.5) that a Federal Court has ordered tobacco companies ≥75 000 1796 872 (50.2; 47.0-53.4) to make statements about the dangers of smoking cigarettes? These messages have been in Smoking status newspapers, on television, on tobacco company Current 610 410 (66.8; 61.1-72.4) websites, and on cigarette packs?” Former 1397 686 (49.3; 45.3-53.2) Seven current smokers had missing information on Never 3253 1349 (40.5; 36.8-44.1) sex and were removed from the analyses. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 5/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit education or lower (534 [41.7%; 95% CI, 36.1%-47.3%]), respondents who had a household annual income less than $35 000 (661 [40.6%; 95% CI, 35.1%-46.0%]), respondents who were aged 35 to 49 years (417 [41.1%; 95% CI, 36.9%-45.4%]), and respondents who were Hispanic (302 [43.2%; 95% CI, 36.1%-50.3%]). Among the subpopulation of 610 current smokers (Table 2), 410 (66.8%; 95% CI, 61.1%-72.4%) reported seeing court-ordered antismoking messages. Exposure rates were lowest among Hispanic individuals (36 [43.2%; 95% CI, 23.3%-63.1%]). Among current smokers, 389 (60.0%; 95% CI, 53.7%-66.3%) were seriously considering quitting smoking within the next 6 months, while 368 (60.6%; 95% CI, 55.2%-65.9%) had made quit attempts at any time within the past year (Table 3). Smoking cessation intentions were reported among current smokers who were unexposed to antismoking messages (123 [53.0%; 95% CI, 40.5%-65.5%]) but were higher among those who were exposed to one (79 [55.6%; 95% CI, 40.4%- 70.7%]) or multiple (172 [65.8%; 95% CI, 57.5%-74.0%]) antismoking messages. Similarly, smoking cessation attempts were reported among current smokers who were unexposed to antismoking messages (123 [56.7%; 95% CI, 44.1%-69.2%]) but were higher among those exposed to one (73 [62.7%; 95% CI, 49.7%-75.7%]) or multiple (158 [60.0%; 95% CI, 50.7%-69.4%]) antismoking messages. Descriptive results of smoking cessation intentions and attempts of current smokers, stratified by use of cigarettes every day or some days, are provided in eTable 1 and eTable 2 in the Supplement. The associations of advertisement exposure with the characteristics of respondents are reported in eTable 3 in the Supplement. In our multivariate logistic regression analysis (Table 4), after adjusting for covariates, we found that exposure to multiple antismoking messages was associated with increased odds of intentions to quit smoking (adjusted odds ratio, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.10-4.34); however, exposure to a single antismoking message was not associated with smoking cessation intention (adjusted odds ratio, 1.22; Table 2. Exposure to US Federal Court–Ordered Antismoking Advertisements Among Current Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics Characteristic Overall sample, No. Exposure to advertisements, No. (%; 95% CI) Total 610 410 (66.8; 61.1-72.4) Sex Male 283 193 (68.9; 59.3-78.5) Female 327 217 (64.2; 57.6-70.8) Age, y 18-34 57 34 (69.2; 53.5-84.9) 35-49 124 78 (58.5; 47.0-69.9) 50-64 267 186 (71.7; 62.9-80.6) ≥65 154 107 (70.2; 58.7-81.8) Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic white 338 237 (71.9; 64.3-79.6) Non-Hispanic black 90 66 (59.0; 42.5-75.4) Hispanic 72 36 (43.2; 23.3-63.1) Educational level High school graduate or lower 218 135 (62.0; 51.3-72.7) Post–high school or some college 225 159 (72.7; 64.2-81.3) College graduate or postgraduate 162 113 (61.6; 46.5-76.7) Residence Urban 516 342 (68.2; 62.1-74.3) Rural 94 68 (60.1; 43.1-77.2) Indicates “yes” response to the survey question: “In Household annual income, $ the past 12 months, have you seen messages saying <35 000 283 182 (57.4; 46.9-67.9) that a Federal Court has ordered tobacco companies to make statements about the dangers of smoking 35 000-49 999 88 65 (71.3; 58.9-83.7) cigarettes? These messages have been in 50 000-74 999 69 44 (67.5; 54.8-80.1) newspapers, on television, on tobacco company ≥75 000 119 84 (80.4; 69.1-91.7) websites, and on cigarette packs?” JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 6/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit 95% CI, 0.50-3.01). Also, exposure to a single corrective message (adjusted odds ratio, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.64-2.92) or multiple corrective messages (adjusted odds ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.69-2.52) was not associated with smoking cessation attempts. Finally, we found that, with each additional exposure to a corrective antismoking message, the odds of smoking cessation intentions among cigarette smokers increased by 1.21 (95% CI, 1.02-1.44), adjusting for covariates. Once again, additive exposure to multiple corrective messages was not associated with smoking cessation attempts (adjusted odds ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.84-1.20). Results of analyses after stratifying current smokers by use of cigarettes every day or some days are provided in eTable 4 and eTable 5 in the Supplement.The association of exposure to antismoking messages with smoking cessation intentions were largely preserved among those who smoked every day, but there was no association among those who smoked some days. In calculating the numbers of smokers who would have quit intentions associated with exposure to multiple advertisements, we found that if all smokers were to be exposed to multiple antitobacco Table 3. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among Current Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure Smoking cessation intention Smoking cessation attempted Overall sample, Overall sample, a b Characteristic No. Yes, No. (%; 95% CI) No. Yes, No. (%; 95% CI) Total 599 389 (60.0; 53.7-66.3) 606 368 (60.6; 55.2-65.9) Sex Male 280 185 (60.0; 50.3-69.7) 282 174 (62.0; 53.1-70.9) Female 319 204 (60.1; 51.2-69.0) 324 194 (58.9; 50.9-66.9) Age, y 18-34 57 29 (51.6; 32.9-70.2) 57 40 (74.9; 61.9-87.9) 35-49 122 88 (68.9; 57.3-80.6) 123 75 (60.9; 47.6-74.2) 50-64 265 175 (58.0; 48.4-67.7) 266 153 (57.9; 50.0-65.8) ≥65 150 94 (54.7; 41.9-67.5) 153 95 (53.8; 41.3-66.2) Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic white 336 203 (55.4; 47.1-63.6) 337 183 (54.4; 46.6-62.2) Non-Hispanic black 89 64 (59.9; 42.0-77.8) 89 65 (68.3; 53.0-83.5) Hispanic 71 44 (67.2; 52.2-82.1) 72 45 (70.9; 55.0-86.7) Educational level High school graduate or 213 132 (58.8; 48.7-69.0) 217 118 (50.3; 41.4-59.2) lower Post–high school or some 221 140 (59.0; 48.5-69.5) 223 144 (65.1; 54.9-75.3) college College graduate or 160 114 (62.6; 48.2-77.1) 161 102 (71.1; 58.6-83.7) postgraduate Residence Urban 506 336 (62.0; 55.8-68.3) 512 322 (64.7; 59.7-69.8) Rural 93 53 (50.8; 33.1-68.6) 94 46 (41.7; 25.3-58.2) Household annual income, $ <35 000 281 189 (57.3; 44.9-69.6) 282 180 (61.3; 51.6-71.0) 35 000-49 999 86 57 (65.6; 48.8-82.4) 87 56 (68.0; 53.7-82.3) 50 000-74 999 68 42 (62.3; 44.8-79.9) 69 37 (52.0; 35.0-69.0) ≥75 000 117 79 (62.8; 50.7-74.8) 118 68 (61.3; 49.1-73.4) Exposure to antismoking advertisements Indicates “yes” response to the survey question: “Are Not seen 195 123 (53.0; 40.5-65.5) 198 123 (56.7; 44.1-69.2) you seriously considering quitting smoking within the next 6 months?” Single message type seen 120 79 (55.6; 40.4-70.7) 121 73 (62.7; 49.7-75.7) Indicates “yes” response to the survey question: “At Multiple message types 263 172 (65.8; 57.5-74.0) 265 158 (60.0; 50.7-69.4) seen any time in the past year, have you stopped smoking Exposure to antismoking for 1 day or longer because you were trying to quit?” advertisements Mean (95% CI) number of messages seen by c c No. of messages seen 578 374 (1.80; 1.50-2.00) 584 354 (1.60; 1.40-1.80) participants. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 7/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit messages, there could be an estimated 3 980 880 current smokers (95% CI, 492 480-7 223 040) with a quit intention. Discussion On full completion of the execution of the court-ordered tobacco industry antismoking advertising campaign on television and in newspapers and several months into the implementation of antismoking message placement on tobacco company corporate websites and cigarette package onserts, the reach of the corrective antismoking advertisements among US adults was 45.8% in the general adult population and 66.8% among current smokers. Although the coverage among smokers improved, population-level coverage represents only a small increment from a study that was conducted prior to the completion of the television advertisements and the onset of antismoking message placement on tobacco company websites and cigarette packages. This study found a significant association between exposure to corrective antismoking messages and intentions to quit cigarette smoking among a nationally representative sample of adult smokers in the United States. The findings build on previous research that found that exposure to antitobacco messaging is associated with an increased likelihood of smoking cessation 8,9,13 intentions. However, prior research has focused largely on federally or state-sponsored and 8,15,16,28 federally or state-executed antismoking advertising campaigns. 29-31 Per the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change), behavioral intentions are the antecedent to behavioral change. As such, the observed association between exposure to antismoking advertisements and increased intentions to quit is an encouraging finding. Specifically, our study suggests that adult cigarette smokers who were exposed to antismoking advertisements were further along the continuum of behavior change toward cigarette smoking cessation (ie, contemplation and preparation) than those who were not exposed to these messages. This finding suggests that court-ordered industry-sponsored antismoking advertisements may be an effective component of comprehensive tobacco control measures by increasing intentions to quit among adult cigarette smokers. However, this campaign was not sufficient for behavior change, as evidenced by the lack of association with actual attempts to quit. Our findings are consistent with those of a 2012 study that showed that exposure to tobacco industry–sponsored campaigns was not associated with increased attempts to quit. The content of messages used in antismoking advertisements play a crucial role in stimulating 15,18,28 behavioral outcomes. Our findings underscore the need to make corrective statements more emphatic than they currently are. The prosaic, unremarkable, and heavily scripted nature of the industry-sponsored antitobacco advertisements contrast quite sharply with their own pro-tobacco advertisements that are full of color, vibrancy, and designed to elicit strong emotional responses. Messages used in future industry-sponsored corrective advertising campaigns should undergo more rigorous pretesting, similar to other antitobacco advertisements, to ensure those messages resonate Table 4. Odds of Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among Current Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages Smoking cessation Smoking cessation Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; NA, not a b intention attempted applicable. c c Exposure to antismoking advertisements aOR (95% CI) P value aOR (95% CI) P value a Assessed using the survey question: “Are you Exposure to messages seriously considering quitting smoking within the next 6 months?” Not seen 1 [Reference] NA 1 [Reference] NA Assessed using the survey question: “At any time in Single message type seen 1.22 (0.50-3.01) .66 1.37 (0.64-2.92) .42 the past year, have you stopped smoking for 1 day or Multiple message types seen 2.19 (1.10-4.34) .03 1.31 (0.69-2.52) .40 longer because you were trying to quit?” Cumulative exposure to messages Adjusted for covariates including age, sex, household Cumulative exposure to antismoking advertisement 1.21 (1.02-1.44) .03 1.00 (0.84-1.20) .98 annual income, race/ethnicity, educational level, and messages rural or urban residence. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 8/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit with the target audience. Furthermore, enhancing the present corrective statements with industry deception statements and firsthand emotional narrative testimonials from former smokers (where possible; eg, on tobacco company websites) may improve the effectiveness of industry-sponsored antismoking advertisement campaigns. These components have been shown to resonate highly 15,19,20,33 among smokers, yield greater recall rates, and bring about changes in smoking behaviors. In addition, a comprehensive approach that combines this type of population-level strategy with individual-level interventions (eg, smoking cessation counseling by a health professional) may provide further benefits. Clinicians are advised to use effective counseling and medication in treating tobacco dependence, guided under approaches such as the 5As model. Population-level interventions can be potentiated such that individuals who have been exposed to corrective antismoking messages and are considering quitting (step 3 of the 5As model) can be referred to a nicotine dependence treatment program to receive assistance with quitting (step 4) and commence follow-up care (step 5). Although interventions such as corrective statements, when combined with other robust tobacco control measures, have the potential to lower the overall prevalence of smoking, there is also potential for the interventions to have a negative equity outcome. In our study, we observed that exposure to these advertisements were significantly lower among ethnic/racial minority groups as well as those with a low educational level and low income. Equity approaches to public health interventions call for enhanced and sustained efforts to ensure that hard-to-reach populations receive culturally sensitive messages delivered in a medium and form that they can access, understand, and use. Limitations This study has several limitations. First, HINTS data are cross-sectional; hence, causal inferences cannot be made. Second, HINTS data are self-reported, and several covariates, as well as the outcome variable used to assess attempts to quit, rely on respondents’ ability to recall past events; as such, this factor may have rendered our study prone to recall bias. Owing to the framing of the exposure question in the survey, we could not determine to which specific advertisement medium respondents were exposed (ie, television, newspapers, tobacco company corporate websites, or cigarette packages); as such, we could not assess exposure by individual advertising medium because these data were pooled. In addition, the primary outcomes of this study were examined only among current cigarette smokers, and thus we could not explore the outcome of antismoking advertisements among those who had recently quit smoking. Conclusions The reach of court-ordered industry advertisements has increased among smokers; however, the reach of this advertisement campaign within the general population remains suboptimal, and disparities in its penetration persists among disadvantaged groups. Industry antismoking advertising campaigns may help improve intentions to quit smoking among adult cigarette smokers; however, they have not been effective in stimulating behavioral change among smokers. Strategies to improve the effectiveness of the industry-sponsored antismoking advertisement campaigns outlined in this study should be considered to achieve maximal tobacco control benefits. ARTICLE INFORMATION Accepted for Publication: April 24, 2020. Published: July 7, 2020. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 9/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit Corresponding Author: Sanjay Shete, PhD, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Dr, Unit 1411, FCT4.6002, Houston, TX 77030 (sshete@ mdanderson.org). Author Affiliations: Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Chido-Amajuoyi, Shete); Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (Agaku); Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (Mantey); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Yu, Shete); Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Shete). Author Contributions: Dr Shete had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Concept and design: Chido-Amajuoyi, Agaku, Mantey, Shete. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors. Drafting of the manuscript: Chido-Amajuoyi, Mantey. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Statistical analysis: Agaku, Yu. Obtained funding: Shete. Administrative, technical, or material support: Chido-Amajuoyi, Agaku, Shete. Supervision: Shete. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported. Funding/Support: This study was funded by a postdoctoral fellowship award supported by the Mrs Harry C. Wiess Cancer Research Fund and the Laura and John Arnold Foundation (Dr Chido-Amajuoyi), a postdoctoral fellowship award supported by the National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health (T32/CA057712) (Mr Mantey), grant P30CA016672 from the National Cancer Institute (Dr Shete), the Betty B. Marcus Chair in Cancer Prevention (Dr Shete), and grant RP170259 from the Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas (Dr Shete). Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. REFERENCES 1. United States District Court for the District of Columbia. United States of America and interveners vs Philip Morris USA, Inc., et al. US district court for the District of Columbia. Civil action no. 99-2496 (GK). Updated 2018. Accessed December 12, 2018. https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/assets/content/what_we_do/industry_watch/ doj/FinalOpinion.pdf 2. Farber HJ, Neptune ER, Ewart GW. Corrective statements from the tobacco industry: more evidence for why we need effective tobacco control. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15(2):127-130. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201711-845GH 3. Dyer O. US tobacco companies run court ordered advertisements. BMJ. 2017;359:j5613. doi:10.1136/bmj.j5613 4. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Tobacco companies ordered to place statements about products’ dangers on websites and cigarette packs. Updated 2018. Accessed December 11, 2018. https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/press- releases/2018_05_01_correctivestatements 5. World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2019: Offer Help to Quit Tobacco Use. World Health Organization; 2019. 6. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2017: monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies. Updated 2017. Accessed February 12, 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/ 255874/9789241512824-eng.pdf?sequence=1 7. Siegel M. Mass media antismoking campaigns: a powerful tool for health promotion. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129 (2):128-132. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-2-199807150-00013 8. Davis KC, Farrelly MC, Duke J, Kelly L, Willett J. Antismoking media campaign and smoking cessation outcomes, New York state, 2003-2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:E40. 9. Emery S, Kim Y, Choi YK, Szczypka G, Wakefield M, Chaloupka FJ. The effects of smoking-related television advertising on smoking and intentions to quit among adults in the United States: 1999-2007. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(4):751-757. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300443 10. Li L, Borland R, Yong HH, et al. Reported exposures to anti-smoking messages and their impact on Chinese smoker’s subsequent quit attempts. Int J Behav Med. 2014;21(4):667-676. doi:10.1007/s12529-013-9349-3 JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 10/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit 11. Li L, Borland R, Yong HH, et al. The association between exposure to point-of-sale anti-smoking warnings and smokers’ interest in quitting and quit attempts: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey. Addiction. 2012;107(2):425-433. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03668.x 12. Liu H, Tan W. The effect of anti-smoking media campaign on smoking behavior: the California experience. Ann Econ Financ. 2009;10(1):29-47. Accessed May 21, 2020. http://www.aeconf.com/Articles/May2009/aef100103.pdf 13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Antismoking messages and intention to quit—17 countries, 2008-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(21):417-422. 14. Henriksen L, Dauphinee AL, Wang Y, Fortmann SP. Industry sponsored anti-smoking ads and adolescent reactance: test of a boomerang effect. Tob Control. 2006;15(1):13-18. doi:10.1136/tc.2003.006361 15. Leas EC, Myers MG, Strong DR, Hofstetter CR, Al-Delaimy WK. Recall of anti-tobacco advertisements and effects on quitting behavior: results from the California Smokers Cohort. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(2):e90-e97. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302249 16. Biener L, McCallum-Keeler G, Nyman AL. Adults’ response to Massachusetts anti-tobacco television advertisements: impact of viewer and advertisement characteristics. Tob Control. 2000;9(4):401-407. doi:10. 1136/tc.9.4.401 17. Wakefield MA, Spittal MJ, Yong HH, Durkin SJ, Borland R. Effects of mass media campaign exposure intensity and durability on quit attempts in a population-based cohort study. Health Educ Res. 2011;26(6):988-997. doi:10. 1093/her/cyr054 18. Biener L, Ji M, Gilpin EA, Albers AB. The impact of emotional tone, message, and broadcast parameters in youth anti-smoking advertisements. J Health Commun. 2004;9(3):259-274. doi:10.1080/10810730490447084 19. McAfee T, Davis KC, Shafer P, Patel D, Alexander R, Bunnell R. Increasing the dose of television advertising in a national antismoking media campaign: results from a randomised field trial. Tob Control. 2017;26(1):19-28. doi:10. 1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052517 20. Lee SJ, Sanders-Jackson A, Tan ASL. Effects of current and enhanced tobacco corrective messages on smokers’ intention to quit smoking and intention to purchase cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020;22(4):569-575. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz063 21. Chido-Amajuoyi OG, Yu RK, Agaku I, Shete S. Exposure to court-ordered tobacco industry antismoking advertisements among US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(7):e196935-e196935. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen. 2019.6935 22. National Cancer Institute. Health Information National Trends Survey 5 (HINTS 5) cycle 2 methodology report. Published July 2018. Accessed March/8, 2019. https://hints.cancer.gov/docs/methodologyreports/HINTS5_Cycle_ 2_Methodology_Report.pdf 23. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(8):573-577. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-8- 200710160-00010 24. American Association for Public Opinion Research. Standard definitions: final dispositions of case codes and outcome rates for surveys. Updated 2016. Accessed April 30, 2019. https://www.aapor.org/AAPOR_Main/media/ publications/Standard-Definitions20169theditionfinal.pdf 25. Finney Rutten LJ, Blake KD, Skolnick VG, Davis T, Moser RP, Hesse BW. Data resource profile: the National Cancer Institute’s Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49(1):17-17j. doi:10. 1093/ije/dyz083 26. National Cancer Institute. Health Information National Trends Survey 5 (HINTS 5): cycle 3 methodology report. Published August 2019. Accessed May 22, 2020. https://hints.cancer.gov/docs/Instruments/HINTS5_Cycle3_ MethodologyReport.pdf 27. Creamer MR, Wang TW, Babb S, et al. Tobacco product use and cessation indicators among adults—United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(45):1013-1019. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6845a2 28. McAfee T, Davis KC, Alexander RL Jr, Pechacek TF, Bunnell R. Effect of the first federally funded US antismoking national media campaign. Lancet. 2013;382(9909):2003-2011. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61686-4 29. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am J Health Promot.1997; 12(1):38-48. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38 30. Littell JH, Girvin H. Stages of change: a critique. Behav Modif. 2002;26(2):223-273. doi:10.1177/ 31. Prochaska JO, Redding CA, Evers KE. The transtheoretical model and stages of change. In: Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath KV, eds. Health Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practice. Jossey-Bass; 2015:125-148. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 11/12 JAMA Network Open | Public Health Association of Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements With Intentions and Attempts to Quit 32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best practices for comprehensive tobacco control programs— 2014. Accessed April 8, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/stateandcommunity/best_practices/index.htm 33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best practices user guides: health communications in tobacco prevention and control. Updated 2018. Accessed April 8, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/stateandcommunity/ bp-health-communications/pdfs/health-communications-508.pdf 34. Fiore MC, Bailey WC, Cohen SJ, et al. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: Clinical Practice Guideline.US Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. SUPPLEMENT. eTable 1. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among “Every Day” Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure eTable 2. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among “Some Days” Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure eTable 3. Factors Associated with Exposure to US Federal Court-Ordered Antismoking Advertisements Based on Multivariable Logistic Regression eTable 4. Odds of Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among “Every Day” Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages eTable 5. Odds of Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among “Some Days” Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 (Reprinted) July 7, 2020 12/12 Supplementary Online Content Chido-Amajuoyi OG, Agaku I, Mantey DS, Yu RK, Shete S. Association of exposure to court-ordered tobacco industry antismoking advertisements with intentions and attempts to quit smoking among US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(7):e209504. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9504 eTable 1. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among "Every Day" Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure eTable 2. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among "Some Days" Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure eTable 3. Factors Associated with Exposure to US Federal Court-Ordered Antismoking Advertisements Based on Multivariable Logistic Regression eTable 4. Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages eTable 5. Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages This supplementary material has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. eTable 1. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among "Every Day" Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure Characteristics Smoking cessation intention Smoking cessation attempted a b Overall Sample Yes Overall Sample Yes n % 95% CI n % 95% CI Total 421 57.5 50.0 65.1 426 53.9 47.5 60.2 Sex Male 187 58.6 47.1 70.1 189 58.4 48.0 68.7 Female 234 56.4 45.7 67.0 237 48.9 38.7 59.1 Age, years 18 to 34 25 40.2 16.2 64.2 25 59.6 35.8 83.3 35 to 49 78 69.1 55.4 82.9 79 54.7 39.4 70.1 50 to 64 204 56.3 44.7 67.9 205 54.6 46.0 63.3 65+ 114 48.1 33.9 62.3 116 46.5 32.0 61.1 Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic White 251 56.7 47.0 66.3 252 51.4 41.9 61.0 Non-Hispanic Black 57 54.4 36.5 72.3 57 60.9 42.9 78.9 Hispanic 44 48.8 26.7 70.9 44 56.3 30.3 82.3 Level of education High school graduate or lower 171 58.3 47.6 69.1 174 46.2 36.7 55.7 Post high school/some college 156 55.3 42.5 68.2 157 60.9 48.6 73.1 © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. College graduate/postgraduate 92 62.7 45.7 79.7 93 58.8 41.3 76.3 Residence Urban 346 59.5 51.6 67.3 350 57.7 51.5 63.9 Rural 75 49.2 30.7 67.7 76 37.5 21.7 53.2 Household Annual income Less than $35,000 211 57.0 43.8 70.1 212 57.3 46.9 67.6 $35,000 to $49,999 60 54.4 33.1 75.7 60 57.6 37.2 78.0 $50,000 to $74,999 52 56.3 34.0 78.5 53 42.6 23.8 61.5 $75,000 or more 68 64.9 49.4 80.4 69 55.9 39.6 72.1 Exposure to antismoking advertisements Not Seen 128 46.8 34.8 58.7 130 45.9 33.6 58.1 Single message type seen 83 52.9 36.5 69.2 84 53.5 38.1 68.9 Multiple message types seen 194 65.1 55.1 75.1 195 57.0 46.6 67.5 Exposure to antismoking advertisements Number of Message Seen (mean; 95%CI) 405 1.9 1.7 2.2 409 1.7 1.5 2.0 Indicates "yes" Indicates "yes" © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. eTable 2. Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among "Some Days" Smokers, by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Antismoking Advertisement Exposure Characteristics Smoking cessation intention Smoking cessation attempted a b Overall Sample Yes Overall Sample Yes n % 95% CI n % 95% CI Total 178 65.7 53.2 78.1 180 75.9 64.5 87.4 Sex Male 93 62.8 44.4 81.1 93 69.3 51.4 87.2 Female 85 69.9 52.3 87.6 87 85.5 74.7 96.4 Age, years 18 to 34 32 58.9 31.2 86.6 32 84.8 69.1 100.0 35 to 49 44 68.5 42.0 95.1 44 72.0 44.3 99.7 50 to 64 61 65.1 45.5 84.8 61 71.4 52.3 90.5 65+ 36 88.5 76.3 100.0 37 90.9 78.9 100.0 Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic White 85 51.1 35.0 67.2 85 64.2 46.4 82.0 Non-Hispanic Black 32 67.4 36.4 98.4 32 78.2 50.8 100.0 Hispanic 27 87.8 75.2 100.0 28 87.1 73.5 100.0 Level of education High school graduate or lower 42 60.6 34.7 86.4 43 65.8 39.8 91.8 Post high school/some college 65 68.5 52.1 84.9 66 76.0 59.8 92.1 © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. College graduate/postgraduate 68 62.6 37.6 87.6 68 82.0 67.9 96.0 Residence Urban 160 67.7 55.0 80.5 162 80.4 70.9 90.0 Rural 18 55.1 0.0 100.0 18 53.0 0.0 100.0 Household Annual income Less than $35,000 70 58.0 34.3 81.7 70 71.4 47.8 95.1 $35,000 to $49,999 26 94.6 87.4 100.0 27 94.7 87.5 100.0 $50,000 to $74,999 16 87.9 69.0 100.0 16 91.8 80.0 100.0 $75,000 or more 49 59.4 33.6 85.1 49 70.1 47.4 92.7 Exposure to antismoking advertisements Not Seen 67 63.4 41.2 85.6 68 74.8 51.7 97.8 Single message type seen 37 61.0 29.5 92.5 37 81.3 61.7 100.0 Multiple message types seen 69 67.9 52.9 82.8 70 70.3 51.3 89.3 Exposure to antismoking advertisements Number of Message Seen (mean; 95%CI) 173 1.4 1.0 1.8 175 1.3 0.9 1.7 Indicates "yes" Indicates "yes" r © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. eTable 3. Factors Associated with Exposure to US Federal Court-Ordered Antismoking Advertisements Based on Multivariable Logistic Regression aOR 95% CI p Characteristics Sex Male Ref Female 0.95 0.76 1.19 0.6290 Age, y 18-34 Ref 35-49 0.57 0.40 0.82 0.0027 50-64 0.79 0.55 1.15 0.2200 0.79 0.54 1.14 0.2020 Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic white Ref Non-Hispanic black 0.99 0.72 1.35 0.9360 Hispanic 0.98 0.72 1.33 0.9040 Level of education College graduate or postgraduate Ref NA Post-high school or some college 1.11 0.91 1.36 0.2940 AHigh school graduate 0.91 0.67 1.23 0.5170 Residence Urban Ref Rural 1.05 0.77 1.42 0.7620 Household annual income, $ <35,000 Ref 35,000-49,999 1.36 0.91 2.02 0.1340 © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. 50,000-74,999 1.31 0.92 1.87 0.1370 75,000 1.81 1.33 2.48 0.0004 Smoking status Never Ref Former 1.39 1.08 1.79 0.0106 Current 3.55 2.60 4.83 <0.0001 Adjusted odds ratio; adjusted for covariates including age, sex, household annual income, race /ethnicity, level of education and rural-urban residence. © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. eTable 4. Odds of Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among Every Day Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages a b Exposure to antismoking advertisements Smoking cessation intention Smoking cessation attempted c c aOR 95% CI p aOR 95% CI p Panel A 1.00 Not Seen 1.00 Single message type seen 1.53 0.62 3.77 0.3447 1.58 0.62 4.01 0.3305 Multiple message types seen 2.90 1.42 5.92 0.0043 1.75 0.75 4.09 0.1898 Panel B Cumulative exposure to antismoking advertisement messages 1.24 1.05 1.47 0.0137 1.01 0.81 1.25 0.9516 were trying Adjusted odds ratio; adjusted for covariates including age, sex, household annual income, race /ethnicity, level of education and rural-urban residence. © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open. eTable 5. Odds of Smoking Cessation Intentions and Attempts Among Some Days Smokers, by Scale of Exposure to Antismoking Advertisement Messages a b Exposure to antismoking advertisements Smoking cessation intention Smoking cessation attempted c c aOR 95% CI p aOR 95% CI p Panel A 1.00 Not Seen 1.00 Single message type seen 0.64 0.09 4.50 0.6450 0.51 0.04 6.65 0.6001 Multiple message types seen 1.16 0.25 5.45 0.8450 0.36 0.06 2.02 0.2390 Panel B Cumulative exposure to antismoking advertisement messages 1.21 0.78 1.90 0.3904 0.91 0.61 1.36 0.6289 were trying Adjusted odds ratio; adjusted for covariates including age, sex, household annual income, race /ethnicity, level of education and rural-urban residence. © 2020 Chido-Amajuoyi OG et al. JAMA Network Open.

Journal

JAMA Network Open – American Medical Association

Published: Jul 7, 2020

There are no references for this article.