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Assessment of Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools

Assessment of Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools Key Points Question What is the state of curricula IMPORTANCE Researchers have published surveys on health professionals' perceptions of the on the possible association between possible association between climate change and health (climate-health) and assessed climate- climate change and health health or planetary health curricula in medical schools. However, curricula on climate-health are still (climate-health) among health lacking and gaps in knowledge persist. professions institutions internationally? Findings In this survey that included OBJECTIVE To understand the state of climate-health curricula among health professions responses from 84 health professions institutions internationally. institutions internationally, 63% reported offering education on climate- DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A survey of 160 institutional members of the Global health, most commonly as part of a Consortium on Climate and Health Education, which includes international health professions required core course. Adding the topic is schools and programs, was conducted from August 3, 2017, to March 1, 2018. The survey, hosted by under discussion at most institutions, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, used an online survey tool for data collection. with respondents reporting challenges in trying to institute the curriculum and MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The survey assessed climate-health curricular offerings across receiving a positive response to adding health professions institutions internationally, including existing climate-health educational the content. offerings, method of teaching climate-health education, whether institutions are considering adding climate-health education, whether institutions received a positive response to adding climate- Meaning The survey suggests that health curricula and/or encountered challenges in adding curricula, and opportunities to advance there is a range of educational offerings climate-health education. on climate-health, gaps in those offerings at many institutions, and RESULTS Overall response rate to the survey was 53%, with 84 of 160 institutional responses challenges and opportunities for collected; 59 of the responses (70%) were from schools/programs of public health, health sciences, instituting or developing curricula. or health professions; 15 (18%) were from medicine; 9 (11%) were from nursing; and 1 (1%) was from another type of health profession institution. Among respondents, 53 (63%) institutions offer Invited Commentary climate-health education, most commonly as part of a required core course (41 [76%]). Sixty-one of 82 respondents (74%) reported that climate-health offerings are under discussion to add, 42 of 59 Supplemental content respondents (71%) encountered some challenges trying to institute the curriculum, and most Author affiliations and article information are respondents have received a positive response to adding content, mainly from students (39 of 58 listed at the end of this article. [67%]), faculty (35 of 58 [60%]), and administration (23 of 58 [40%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Current climate-health educational offerings appear to vary considerably among health professions institutions. Students, faculty, and administration are important groups to engage when instituting curricula, and awareness, support, and resources may be able to assist in this effort. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 Open Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 1/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools Introduction Climate change appears to have both direct and indirect effects on human health, which may increase globally, and some populations may be affected more than others. Factors associated with health include heat-related illness and death as well as increased risk of vector-borne diseases, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory conditions from degraded air quality and threats to food and fresh water supplies. Global health leaders, such as physicians, nurses, and public health professionals, are among the professional groups that need to understand the complex interactions of climate and health along with current and emerging health challenges. To try and build a healthier, more secure future, health professionals should be trained to prevent, mitigate, and respond to the health consequences of climate change. However, curricula and educational programs on the topic of climate-health (defined as the health consequences from anthropogenic climate change) are still lacking and gaps in knowledge persist. Several researchers have published climate-health education research projects and surveys. A survey conducted in 2018 and 2019 evaluated planetary health (defined as a field focused on characterizing the human health factors associated with human-based disruptions of the earth’s natural systems) teachings in all 17 Canadian medical schools; results showed variation in coverage of planetary health topics from “minimal to no teaching, to some lecture-, case-, or project-based teaching.” The researchers also identified barriers to integrating the education, such as limited time in the busy medical curricula, and provided recommendations for adding content. The Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Colombia conducted a survey in 2017 to determine the state of climate- health education among the 59 medical schools in Colombia. The survey revealed that, of 47 respondents, the topic of climate-health is offered at 53% of the medical schools; however, the topic is not a priority in curricula, does not have set guidelines, and is not taught by qualified professionals. Another research project searched the Curriculum Inventory database supported by the Association of American Medical Colleges for specific terms related to climate change and found that none of the medical schools in the database reported explicit inclusion of climate change education in their 7,8 curriculum. Other researchers have published surveys on health professionals’ perceptions of climate- health topics. One study involved interviews with public health and climate change professionals to understand barriers to and opportunities for advancing work on climate-health. Sarfaty and 10-13 colleagues published the findings from several surveys that were conducted to determine physicians’ perceptions of, experience with, and opinions on health factors that may be associated with climate change. The surveys found that physicians observed that climate change may affect human health and supported responses to address it. The Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education (GCCHE) surveyed its members to understand the current state of climate-health curricula among health professions institutions internationally. The survey describes present practices and is intended as an initial assessment with the aim of improving this educational content, addressing gaps in knowledge on the topic, and helping to chart future GCCHE progress. The present study aimed to examine how many health professions schools and programs currently have climate-health curricula, including planetary health curricula; the existing course and programmatic offerings; plans for adding curricula; and challenges and opportunities for instituting the curricula. Methods The GCCHE at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health designed and developed the survey in conjunction with the broader GCCHE Coordinating Committee, a group of 12 (7 at the time the survey was developed) researchers and professionals in the climate-health field with appointments outside Columbia University who help guide Consortium efforts. The survey was deemed exempt by the Columbia University Institutional Review Board. The Columbia GCCHE team JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 2/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools reviewed the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) reporting guidelines for survey studies and made efforts to devise clear questions of appropriate length that did not lead to bias; the team also characterized nonresponders to check for the association between nonresponse bias and the validity of the findings. The goal of this study was to assess the climate-health curricular offerings at health professions institutions by surveying the GCCHE membership. Member institutions are health professions institutions including schools and programs of public health, nursing, and medicine. The primary contact person from each GCCHE member institution served as survey respondent. The survey was conducted from August 3, 2017, to March 1, 2018, and was sent to the primary contact person at 160 GCCHE member institutions. Surveys were voluntary, self-administered online, and introduced by an email from GCCHE staff with brief background information on the study. It was indicated in the survey instrument that the results of the survey would be aggregated before anonymous results were reported more widely; participants did not receive financial compensation. The survey included 23 questions (eAppendix in the Supplement). Four questions pertained to demographic characteristics of the institution and the individual completing the survey; the other 19 questions were about the climate-health educational activities at the school/program. Responses to 5 questions were required, including the respondent’s name, email address, name of school, whether they offer climate-health education, and whether discussion is under way to add any climate-health offerings. Responses to the remaining 18 questions were optional, of which some were conditional (based on answers to previous questions); thus, the number of responses differs for each question. Several questions allowed respondents to select all answers that apply. Key words (ie, climate-health and planetary health) were not defined within the survey. Responses were categorized into 4 school/program types: (1) public health, health sciences, and health professions; (2) medicine; (3) nursing; and (4) other. Each response received 1 type of designation, which was selected based on the name of the school/program or the category that most closely fit the school/program. Each institutional response was given 1 designation: a school/ program of public health, nursing, medicine, or other. However, a school might also include a program of another type that was not counted in this analysis. For example, a medical school might also include a program of public health; however, for the purposes of this study, the response was counted only as a medical school. To address the possibility of nonresponse bias, a sample of nonrespondents was characterized to determine whether members were more likely to respond to the survey if their institution offered education on climate-health than if their institution did not offer education on climate-health. This informal assessment was made by looking at institutions’ webpages and/or online course catalogs to see if nonrespondents were less likely to offer climate-health curricula. To make this assessment, the Columbia GCCHE team first looked at whether differences existed between respondent institutions’ climate-health educational offerings listed online and how these institutions responded in the survey. For a sample of 15 respondents, their institutions’ webpages and/or online course catalogs were examined to determine whether information was available online to support their survey response of whether they offer climate-health curricula. Next, for a sample of 15 nonrespondents, the webpages and/or online course catalogs of these institutions were searched to determine whether these institutions appeared to offer climate-health education. These 2 samples were then compared for differences. Results The overall response rate for the survey was 53%, with 84 of 160 institutional responses collected (Table 1). Fifty-nine of the 84 responses (70%) were from schools/programs of public health, health sciences, or health professions; 15 responses (18%) were from medicine; 9 responses (11%) were from nursing; and 1 response (1%) was from another type of health profession institution. Regarding climate-health education currently offered, the institutions of 53 of 84 respondents (63%) offer JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 3/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools climate-health education and 31 institutions (37%) do not. Thirty-seven of the 53 programs (70%) that offer climate-health education were from schools/programs of public health, health sciences, or health professions; 12 (23%) were from medicine; and 4 (8%) were from nursing. Of the 50 institutions offering climate-health education that responded, 33 institutions (66%) assess students’ knowledge of climate-health and 17 institutions (34%) do not assess students’ knowledge. Members were asked to describe the climate-health education that their school offers (Table 2). Forty-one of 54 respondents (76%) indicated that their institution provides a climate-health session as part of a required core course; 24 institutions (44%) offer a climate-health stand-alone elective course; and 21 institutions (39%) offer a climate-health session as part of a nonrequired course. Fewer institutions offer a climate-health doctoral program (4 [7%]), climate-health postdoctoral positions (4 [7%]), a climate-health stand-alone required course(1 [2%]), and/or a climate-health master’s or certificate program (1 [2%]). The second main research question addressed how climate-health education is being taught in member institutions including this content. Of schools that offer a stand-alone course on climate- health, most courses are 3 credits (18 of 29 [62%] responses), ranging from 0.25 to 6 credits. Members were asked how long their climate-health educational offerings have been in place. The average course age reported by 48 respondents was approximately 5 years, ranging from less than 1 year to 17 years. Twenty-seven respondents from 49 schools (55%) reported that their school had received evaluations from students on their experience and/or satisfaction with climate-health teachings, whereas 22 institutions (45%) had not received such evaluations. Members described the main goals of their overall climate-health curriculum, and responses included the following: • Improving understanding of the science and factors responsible for climate change; • Increasing awareness of and literacy on climate-health and relevance to health professions practice; • Improving knowledge of methods or tools to analyze health risks and climate information; • Developing skills to identify vulnerable populations and strengthening understanding of climate- health–relevant policies, including mitigation of climate change and adaptation actions and health disparities; • Instigating behavior change and advocacy for sustainability in health care; and • Improving climate-health communication skills. Table 1. Climate-Health Educational Offerings and Evaluations Response, No. (%) Institutions Survey question surveyed, No. Yes No Recruitment 160 84 (53) 76 (48) Does your school offer climate-health education? 84 53 (63) 31 (37) Does your school offer planetary health modules, courses, 51 17 (33) 34 (67) or programs? Has your school received evaluations from students on their 49 27 (55) 22 (45) experience of and/or satisfaction with the climate-health teachings? Climate-health refers to possible association Does your school assess students’ climate-health knowledge? 50 33 (66) 17 (34) between climate change and health. Table 2. Types of Climate-Health Educational Offerings Survey question Response, No. (%) What climate-health education does your school offer? 54 Climate-health session as part of nonrequired course 21 (39) Climate-health session as part of required core course 41 (76) Climate-health stand-alone elective course 24 (44) Climate-health stand-alone required course 1 (2) Climate-health refers to possible association Climate-health master’s or certificate program 1 (2) between climate change and health. Climate-health doctoral program 4 (7) Respondents were asked to select all responses Climate-health postdoctoral positions 4 (7) that apply. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 4/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools The third main research question aimed to determine whether institutions are discussing adding climate-health content and what their experience with adding the curricula has been, including if they received a positive response to adding climate-health curricula and/or challenges. Of 82 respondents, 61 individuals (74%) reported that the addition of climate-health offerings is under discussion and 21 individuals (26%) responded that nothing is being considered (Table 3). Almost all institutions have received a positive response to adding climate-health curricula. Of 58 respondents, 39 individuals (67%) have received a positive response from students, 35 (60%) from faculty, 23 (40%) from administration. Fifteen respondents (26%) selected other, which included positive responses from funders, professional organizations in the community, climate change nonprofit organizations, and departments of health as well as that it is too early to know or is unknown. Members were asked if they have encountered any challenges in trying to institute climate- health curricula. Forty-two of 59 respondents (71%) encountered some challenges trying to institute the curriculum. Of 59 respondents, 24 individuals (41%) experienced a lack of available staff time to work on development of curricula, 20 individuals (34%) reported a lack of funding and/or time to support development, 18 individuals (31%) reported competing institutional priorities and/or politics, 17 individuals (29%) reported that there is no available space in the core curriculum, 14 individuals (24%) reported a lack of teaching materials and staff expertise, 5 individuals (8%) described a lack of interest or demand from students, and 4 individuals (7%) reported administrative or other skepticism about climate-health science. Seventeen respondents (29%) reported that they had no challenges and 8 individuals (14%) selected other; these responses included the following: • Issues were encountered early in the implementation, but they have successfully moved beyond them; • Virtually impossible at master of public health level owing to full course load of students; • Need updated teaching materials; and • A few students stating that the faculty member was trying to push a “liberal agenda.” The fourth main research question aimed to discover the opportunities to advance climate- health education. Specifically, members were asked what they have found helpful and whether they have any partnerships on climate-health. When asked what they have found helpful in instituting or developing climate-health curricula, 47 of 59 respondents (80%) reported interest from students, 46 respondents (78%) described interest from faculty, 26 respondents (44%) reported interest from administration, 10 respondents (17%) indicated support from donors, 4 respondents (7%) reported support from institutional board Table 3. Challenges, Responses, and Future Plans for Climate-Health Education Respondents, Response, Question No. No. (%) Are any climate- 82 Session as Session as part Climate- Climate- Climate-health Climate- Climate- Nothing NA health offerings part of of required core health stand- health stand- master’s or health health being under discussion nonrequired course, 32 (39) alone elective alone required certificate doctoral postdoctoral considered, to add? course, 32 course, 22 course, 6 (7) program, 9 (11) degrees, 3 (4) positions, 4 21 (26) (39) (27) (5) Have you 58 Yes, from Yes, from Yes, from No, have not Other, 15 (26) NA NA NA NA received a students, 39 faculty, 35 (60) administration, received a positive (67) 23 (40) positive response to response, 1 adding climate- (2) health curriculum? Have you 59 Yes, lack of Yes, Yes, lack of Yes, lack of Yes, no available Yes, lack of Yes, No Other, 8 encountered any interest or administration funding/time available staff space in the core teaching competing challenges, (14) challenges in demand from or other to support its time to work curriculum, 17 materials and institutional 17 (29) trying to students, 5 skepticism development, on its (29) staff priorities/ institute (8) about climate- 20 (34) development, expertise, 14 politics, 18 climate-health health science, 24 (41) (24) (31) curriculum? 4 (7) Abbreviation: NA, not applicable. Respondents were asked to select all responses that apply. Climate-health refers to possible association between climate change and health. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 5/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools members, and 8 respondents (14%) selected other (Table 4). Other responses included support from community organizations, political support, being a member of groups and alliances, national and international collaboration, support from the dean, and broader university interest. When we assessed the characteristics of survey respondents and nonrespondents, some evidence of bias was found, indicating that respondents were more likely to already offer climate- health curricula. Specifically, in the sample of 15 responding institutions, 9 institutions (60%) had indicated in the survey that they offer climate-health curricula. When searching these same institutions’ webpages and/or online course catalogs, 12 of 15 institutions (80%) appeared to either offer (n = 8) or probably offer (n = 4) climate-health curricula. Thus, there was a 20 percentage-point difference between information online and survey responses. From the sample of 15 nonresponding institutions, 10 institutions (67%) appeared to offer (n = 5) or probably offer (n = 5) climate-health curricula. These findings identify a slight difference in rates of offering climate-health curricula between respondents and nonrespondents to our survey. Discussion This survey provides a view of the state of climate-health education at health professions schools and programs internationally. The survey results suggest that several institutions included in the survey have successfully integrated climate-health content into their curricula. Typically, of institutions in this survey, climate-health education is offered as part of a required core course (76%), as part of a nonrequired course (39%), or as a climate-health stand-alone elective course (44%). The breadth of educational offerings, number of credits offered, years since inception, and whether members conduct evaluations and assess learning reveal considerable variation among institutions. Many schools have offered climate-health curricula for several years, and most schools assess students’ climate-health knowledge (Table 5). Members were asked if they are discussing adding curricula, and results showed that most are discussing a session, whether part of a nonrequired course (39%) or required core course (39%), followed by a climate-health stand-alone elective course (27%). About a quarter of respondents are not considering further content (26%). The findings suggest that although most institutions are discussing adding curricula, they are considering adding content as sessions or elective courses instead of more substantial offerings or required courses. Most respondents have encountered challenges in trying to institute climate-health curricula, and the 2 most cited issues are lack of available staff time (41%) and funding/time to support its development (34%), followed by competing institutional priorities/politics (31%). This finding suggests that challenges relate to available resources and institutional support, rather than demand for or interest in the content; 29% of respondents reported that they encountered the challenge of no available space in the core curriculum, and 24% reported lack of teaching materials and staff expertise. These data suggest that time and resource constraints as well as support for the content present challenges for instituting the curricula. There may be connections among the various challenges encountered by individual institutions. For example, the broader political context within a Table 4. Opportunities in Climate-Health Education Respondents, Response, Question No. No. (%) What have you found helpful in 59 Interest from Interest from Interest from Support from board Support from Other, 8 (14) instituting or developing students, 47 (80) faculty, 46 (78) administration, 26 member, 4 (7) donor, 10 climate-health curriculum? (44) (17) Does your school currently 48 Yes, with another Yes, with another Yes, with a Yes, with a funder, 8 No, 17 (35) NA have any partnerships on academic institution academic nonacademic (17) climate change and human on training, 13 (27) institution on institution, 19 (40) health? research, 16 (33) Abbreviation: NA, not applicable. Respondents were asked to select all responses that apply. a c Climate-health refers to possible association between climate change and health. For example, business, government, nongovernmental organization. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 6/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools country might influence the priorities of an institution and present challenges for developing curricula. In addition, lack of funding could lead to an inability to hire faculty/staff with expertise in climate-health topics and insufficient time to work on the development of content, teaching materials, or training of staff. Most respondents have received a positive response to adding climate-health curricula, and the positive response was principally from students, followed by faculty; only 40% of the respondents have received a positive response from administration. In addition, most respondents reported that interest of students, followed by interest of faculty, was helpful in instituting or developing climate- health curricula, and 44% responded that interest from administration was helpful. These findings suggest that students and faculty are important groups to work with and engage when planning to institute or develop curricula, and that interest from administration also appears to be important. Most respondents have a partnership on climate-health, and most of the partnerships are with another academic institution on research or with a nonacademic institution. On the basis of these findings, providing resources to help institutions incorporate climate- health education into curricula, including information on how to integrate the curriculum in a way that synthesizes climate-health into existing course material, might help to accelerate the number of health professions schools and programs that offer this education. In addition, support for the curricula, in terms of both time and resources, and building off of the response and interest of students and faculty might help to institute curricula at individual institutions. Climate-health resources from various groups around the world are available, both on the topic generally and specifically related to curricular development. Certain groups focus on climate- health, while others cover environmental health or planetary health topics more broadly. In addition, some resources are discipline specific, such as those developed for medical professionals, while others are tailored for all health professionals or relevant across all disciplines. The GCCHE provides a set of core climate-health competencies for all health professions students and a knowledge bank of resources and recommendations to help institutions integrate content into curricula. Curricular resources are also offered by organizations and groups, such as the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the United States, which develops lesson plans, slides, and case studies on climate-health for clinical health care and public health students; the Alliance of Nurses for Healthy Environments, which offers curricular resources to help integrate environmental health topics into nursing curricula ; the NurSus project, which provides educational materials on sustainability topics for nurses in several languages ; and the World Organization of Family Doctors Working Party on the Environment, which develops curricula and shares educational materials on environmental health for family physicians. Schools and institutions are setting precedents by 19-22 23 24 25 creating climate-health centers, certificates, curricular infusion projects, and fellowships. Table 5. Climate-Health Teaching Methods and Assessment Survey question Response, No. (%) If your school offers a stand-alone course on climate-health, 28 what teaching methods are used? Laboratories 1 (4) Lectures 24 (86) In-class exercises 20 (71) Online tutorials or MOOCs 8 (29) Internships outside the classroom 2 (7) How is climate-health knowledge assessed? 34 Quizzes 19 (56) Examinations 22 (65) Abbreviation: MOOCs, massive open online courses. Papers 19 (56) Climate-health refers to possible association Capstone 5 (15) between climate change and health. Thesis 7 (21) Respondents were asked to select all responses Dissertation 8 (24) that apply. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 7/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools Health professions associations are taking a stance on climate change, and some have developed 26,27 policies and motions on climate-health education, and students are organizing and taking the 28-30 lead. Several articles have described why climate change education may be important in health 8,24 professions curricula and how to integrate content without imposing a large time commitment. Ready-to-use and practical resources are also available to help educate and organize health 31-33 professionals, and many organizations communicate information on climate-health in easily 34,35 understood and relevant ways. All of these efforts suggest the growing importance of understanding, preparing for, and helping to prevent changes in human health that may be associated with climate change. Limitations This study has limitations. The first is a response rate of 53%. The second is that participation was voluntary and from an overall self-selected group that does not include all health professions schools, which prevents assurance that the sample is truly representative of the overall state of climate- health education at all health professions schools internationally. A third possible limitation is the nonresponse bias identified above. Although this sample was small and did not show strong bias, potential for some bias in the overall sample is acknowledged. Conclusions Climate change may be affecting health in a variety of ways with increasing consequences. Health professionals, including those in public health, nursing, and medical services, should be educated on how to prevent, mitigate, and respond to factors associated with climate change that may be associated with health in a negative way. We believe that the results of this survey may provide a baseline assessment of the current state of climate-health education internationally among health professions schools and programs. The survey suggests that a range of educational offerings exist on climate-health, including sessions, courses, programs, and postdoctoral positions. Some schools have offered climate-health education for several years, some are just now adding content, and others do not include any content on the subject. Although many schools are discussing adding climate-health educational offerings, considerable gaps in offerings remain at several institutions as well as challenges that extend beyond the institutional level, such as political and funding priorities that might lead to lack of staff time and materials to support the training. Opportunities also exist to facilitate the integration of curricula, such as working with students, faculty, and members of administrations who are interested in this topic. We suggest that health professions schools include this content in their curricula and that awareness as well as financial support, resources, and expertise increase to help in its uptake. To facilitate this integration, institutions can look to online resources, groups, and networks to provide guidance and information to develop curricula. ARTICLE INFORMATION Accepted for Publication: March 26, 2020. Published: May 28, 2020. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License.©2020SheaBetal. JAMA Network Open. Corresponding Author: Brittany Shea, MA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, Allen Rosenfield Building, Department Ste 1104, New York, NY 10032 (bes2161@cumc.columbia.edu). Author Affiliations: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 8/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools University, New York, New York (Shea, Knowlton, Shaman); The Natural Resources Defense Council, New York, New York (Knowlton). Author Contributions: Ms Shea and Dr Shaman had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Concept and design: All authors. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Shea, Shaman. Drafting of the manuscript: Shea. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Statistical analysis: Shea, Shaman. Obtained funding: Shaman. Administrative, technical, or material support: Knowlton. Supervision: Shaman. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Shaman and Columbia University disclosed partial ownership of SK Analytics. Dr Shaman also disclosed providing paid consultant services for Merck and Business Network International. Funding/Support: The Rockefeller Foundation and ClimateWorks Foundation provided financial support for the Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education (GCCHE) during the course of the study. Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funding organizations had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Additional Contributions: We thank member institutions for providing information about their climate-health educational offerings to the GCCHE, the GCCHE Coordinating Committee for helping to draft the survey, and the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health Dean’s office. REFERENCES 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Climate effects on health. Accessed March 18, 2020. https://www. cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/default.htm 2. Shaman J, Knowlton K. The need for climate and health education. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(suppl 2): S66-S67. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304045 3. Parker CL, Wellbery CE, Mueller M. The changing climate: managing health impacts. 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Accessed February 26, 2020. https://www.globalfamilydoctor.com/groups/WorkingParties/Environment.aspx 19. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Centre on Climate Change & Planetary Health. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/research/centres/centre-climate-change-and-planetary-health 20. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/ 21. Public Health Foundation of India. Centre for Environmental Health. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://www. ceh.org.in/ 22. Public Health Institute. Center for Climate Change and Health. Accessed February 26, 2020. http://www.phi. org/focus-areas/?program=center-for-public-health-and-climate-change 23. Yale School of Public Health. Climate change and health certificate. Accessed February 26, 2020. https:// publichealth.yale.edu/cchcert/program/curriculum/ 24. Cayon C. Preparing medical students for a warmer world. Common Dreams. Published January 3, 2019. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://www.commondreams.org/views/2019/01/03/preparing-medical-students- warmer-world 25. University of Colorado Department of Emergency Medicine. Climate & health science policy fellowship. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://www.coloradowm.org/climate-health-science-policy-fellowship/ 26. American Medical Association. Climate change education across the medical education continuum H-135.919. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://policysearch.ama-assn.org/policyfinder/detail/climate%20change?uri=% 2FAMADoc%2FHOD.xml-H-135.919.xml 27. Australian Medical Association. Climate change is a health emergency. Accessed February 26, 2020. https:// ama.com.au/ausmed/climate-change-health-emergency 28. Australian Medical Students’ Association. AMSA global health. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://www.amsa. org.au/node/907 29. Friedrich MJ. Medical community gathers steam to tackle climate’s health effects. JAMA. 2017;317(15): 1511-1513. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.0969 30. International Federation of Medical Students’ Associations. IFMSA policy: climate change and health. 2018. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://ifmsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/GS_AM2018_Policy_Climate- Change-and-Health_final.pdf 31. George Mason University. The Medical Society Consortium on Climate and Health. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://medsocietiesforclimatehealth.org/ 32. Global Green and Healthy Hospitals. Health care without harm. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://www. greenhospitals.net/who-we-are/ 33. The Global Climate and Health Alliance. Climate change impacts on health. Accessed February 26, 2020. http:// climateandhealthalliance.org/climate-health/climate-change-impacts-on-health/ 34. The Lancet. Climate change and health. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://www.thelancet.com/infographics/ climate-and-health 35. World Health Organization. Climate change. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://www.who.int/health-topics/ climate-change#tab=tab_1 SUPPLEMENT. eAppendix. Survey Instrument JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 10/10 Supplementary Online Content Shea B, Knowlton K, Shaman J. Assessment of climate-health curricula at international health professions schools. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 eAppendix. Survey Instrument This supplementary material has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. eAppendix. eSurveyInstrument Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally The Global Consortium on Climate & Health Education (GCCHE) aims to develop a global community among health professions schools interested in establishing or expanding climate- health education. The GCCHE is being led by the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, home to the US’ first academic Climate and Health Program, with financial support from the Rockefeller Foundation. In order to establish a baseline for charting future progress, we are conducting this survey on the current state of climate-health curricula internationally among Consortium members. As a GCCHE member, we would like to ask you to please complete the survey. If you have any questions or additional comments, please email the GCCHE Project Director, Brittany Shea (bes2161@cumc.columbia.edu). We appreciate your willingness to share this information, the results of which will be aggregated before anonymous results are reported more widely. *Thank you again for your participation in our baseline survey, and for your membership in the GCCHE* * 1. Name 2. Title * 3. Email address * 4. Name of your school * 5. Does your school offer climate-health education? Yes No (If “No,” you will automatically skip to a question about whether you plan to offer some form of climate-health education) © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 6. What climate-health education does your school offer? (Please select all that apply) Climate-health session as part of non-required course Climate-health session as part of required core course Climate-health standalone elective course (If selected, please answer Questions 7 and 8) Climate-health standalone required course (If selected, please answer Questions 7 and 8) Climate-health masters or certificate program (If selected, please answer Questions 9 and 10) Climate-health doctoral program Climate-health post-doctoral positions Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 7. If your school offers a standalone course on climate-health, what is its title, and how many credits are received upon completion? Title: Credits: © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. 8. If your school offers a standalone course on climate-health, what teaching methods are used? (Please select all that apply) Labs Lectures In-class exercises Online tutorials or MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) Internships outside the classroom Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 9. If your school offers a masters or certificate program in climate-health, what is its title, and how many credits are needed for its completion? Title: Credits: 10. If your school offers a masters or certificate program in climate-health, what teaching methods are used? (Please select all that apply) Labs Lectures In-class exercises Online tutorials or MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) Internships outside the classroom © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 11. What are the main goals of your overall climate-health curriculum? 12. How long have the climate-health education teachings been in place? 13. Has your school received evaluations from students on their experience of and/or satisfaction with the climate-health teachings? Yes (If you are willing to share the results of the evaluations, please email Brittany Shea at bes2161@cumc.columbia.edu) No Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 14. Does your school assess students’ climate-health knowledge? Yes No 15. If "Yes," how is climate-health knowledge assessed? (Please select all that apply) Quizzes Exams Papers Capstone Thesis Dissertation © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 16. If available, please provide the URL to your climate-health curriculum website: 17. Does your school offer Planetary Health modules, courses, or programs? Yes No © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally * 18. Are your Planetary Health and climate-health modules or programs linked or integrated? Yes No Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 19. Does your school currently have any partnerships on climate change and human health? (Please select all that apply) Yes, with another academic institution on training Yes, with another academic institution on research Yes, with a non-academic institution (business, government, NGO, etc.) Yes, with a funder No © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. * 20. Are any climate-health offerings under discussion to add? (Please select all that apply) Session as part of non-required course Session as part of required core course Climate-health standalone elective course Climate-health standalone required course Climate-health masters or certificate program Climate-health doctoral degrees Climate-health post-doctoral positions Nothing being considered Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 21. Have you received a positive response to adding climate-health curriculum? (Please select all that apply) Yes, from students Yes, from faculty Yes, from administration No, have not received a positive response Other (please specify) © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. 22. Have you encountered any challenges in trying to institute climate-health curriculum? (Please select all that apply) Yes, lack of interest or demand from students Yes, administration or other skepticism about climate-health science Yes, lack of funding/time to support its development Yes, lack of available staff time to work on its development Yes, no available space in the core curriculum Yes, lack of teaching materials and staff expertise Yes, competing institutional priorities/politics No challenges Other (please specify) 23. What have you found helpful in instituting or developing climate-health curriculum? (Please select all that apply) Interest from students Interest from faculty Interest from administration Support from Board members Support from donor Other (please specify) © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png JAMA Network Open American Medical Association

Assessment of Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools

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American Medical Association
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Copyright 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open.
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2574-3805
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10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609
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Abstract

Key Points Question What is the state of curricula IMPORTANCE Researchers have published surveys on health professionals' perceptions of the on the possible association between possible association between climate change and health (climate-health) and assessed climate- climate change and health health or planetary health curricula in medical schools. However, curricula on climate-health are still (climate-health) among health lacking and gaps in knowledge persist. professions institutions internationally? Findings In this survey that included OBJECTIVE To understand the state of climate-health curricula among health professions responses from 84 health professions institutions internationally. institutions internationally, 63% reported offering education on climate- DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A survey of 160 institutional members of the Global health, most commonly as part of a Consortium on Climate and Health Education, which includes international health professions required core course. Adding the topic is schools and programs, was conducted from August 3, 2017, to March 1, 2018. The survey, hosted by under discussion at most institutions, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, used an online survey tool for data collection. with respondents reporting challenges in trying to institute the curriculum and MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The survey assessed climate-health curricular offerings across receiving a positive response to adding health professions institutions internationally, including existing climate-health educational the content. offerings, method of teaching climate-health education, whether institutions are considering adding climate-health education, whether institutions received a positive response to adding climate- Meaning The survey suggests that health curricula and/or encountered challenges in adding curricula, and opportunities to advance there is a range of educational offerings climate-health education. on climate-health, gaps in those offerings at many institutions, and RESULTS Overall response rate to the survey was 53%, with 84 of 160 institutional responses challenges and opportunities for collected; 59 of the responses (70%) were from schools/programs of public health, health sciences, instituting or developing curricula. or health professions; 15 (18%) were from medicine; 9 (11%) were from nursing; and 1 (1%) was from another type of health profession institution. Among respondents, 53 (63%) institutions offer Invited Commentary climate-health education, most commonly as part of a required core course (41 [76%]). Sixty-one of 82 respondents (74%) reported that climate-health offerings are under discussion to add, 42 of 59 Supplemental content respondents (71%) encountered some challenges trying to institute the curriculum, and most Author affiliations and article information are respondents have received a positive response to adding content, mainly from students (39 of 58 listed at the end of this article. [67%]), faculty (35 of 58 [60%]), and administration (23 of 58 [40%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Current climate-health educational offerings appear to vary considerably among health professions institutions. Students, faculty, and administration are important groups to engage when instituting curricula, and awareness, support, and resources may be able to assist in this effort. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 Open Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 1/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools Introduction Climate change appears to have both direct and indirect effects on human health, which may increase globally, and some populations may be affected more than others. Factors associated with health include heat-related illness and death as well as increased risk of vector-borne diseases, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory conditions from degraded air quality and threats to food and fresh water supplies. Global health leaders, such as physicians, nurses, and public health professionals, are among the professional groups that need to understand the complex interactions of climate and health along with current and emerging health challenges. To try and build a healthier, more secure future, health professionals should be trained to prevent, mitigate, and respond to the health consequences of climate change. However, curricula and educational programs on the topic of climate-health (defined as the health consequences from anthropogenic climate change) are still lacking and gaps in knowledge persist. Several researchers have published climate-health education research projects and surveys. A survey conducted in 2018 and 2019 evaluated planetary health (defined as a field focused on characterizing the human health factors associated with human-based disruptions of the earth’s natural systems) teachings in all 17 Canadian medical schools; results showed variation in coverage of planetary health topics from “minimal to no teaching, to some lecture-, case-, or project-based teaching.” The researchers also identified barriers to integrating the education, such as limited time in the busy medical curricula, and provided recommendations for adding content. The Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Colombia conducted a survey in 2017 to determine the state of climate- health education among the 59 medical schools in Colombia. The survey revealed that, of 47 respondents, the topic of climate-health is offered at 53% of the medical schools; however, the topic is not a priority in curricula, does not have set guidelines, and is not taught by qualified professionals. Another research project searched the Curriculum Inventory database supported by the Association of American Medical Colleges for specific terms related to climate change and found that none of the medical schools in the database reported explicit inclusion of climate change education in their 7,8 curriculum. Other researchers have published surveys on health professionals’ perceptions of climate- health topics. One study involved interviews with public health and climate change professionals to understand barriers to and opportunities for advancing work on climate-health. Sarfaty and 10-13 colleagues published the findings from several surveys that were conducted to determine physicians’ perceptions of, experience with, and opinions on health factors that may be associated with climate change. The surveys found that physicians observed that climate change may affect human health and supported responses to address it. The Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education (GCCHE) surveyed its members to understand the current state of climate-health curricula among health professions institutions internationally. The survey describes present practices and is intended as an initial assessment with the aim of improving this educational content, addressing gaps in knowledge on the topic, and helping to chart future GCCHE progress. The present study aimed to examine how many health professions schools and programs currently have climate-health curricula, including planetary health curricula; the existing course and programmatic offerings; plans for adding curricula; and challenges and opportunities for instituting the curricula. Methods The GCCHE at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health designed and developed the survey in conjunction with the broader GCCHE Coordinating Committee, a group of 12 (7 at the time the survey was developed) researchers and professionals in the climate-health field with appointments outside Columbia University who help guide Consortium efforts. The survey was deemed exempt by the Columbia University Institutional Review Board. The Columbia GCCHE team JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 2/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools reviewed the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) reporting guidelines for survey studies and made efforts to devise clear questions of appropriate length that did not lead to bias; the team also characterized nonresponders to check for the association between nonresponse bias and the validity of the findings. The goal of this study was to assess the climate-health curricular offerings at health professions institutions by surveying the GCCHE membership. Member institutions are health professions institutions including schools and programs of public health, nursing, and medicine. The primary contact person from each GCCHE member institution served as survey respondent. The survey was conducted from August 3, 2017, to March 1, 2018, and was sent to the primary contact person at 160 GCCHE member institutions. Surveys were voluntary, self-administered online, and introduced by an email from GCCHE staff with brief background information on the study. It was indicated in the survey instrument that the results of the survey would be aggregated before anonymous results were reported more widely; participants did not receive financial compensation. The survey included 23 questions (eAppendix in the Supplement). Four questions pertained to demographic characteristics of the institution and the individual completing the survey; the other 19 questions were about the climate-health educational activities at the school/program. Responses to 5 questions were required, including the respondent’s name, email address, name of school, whether they offer climate-health education, and whether discussion is under way to add any climate-health offerings. Responses to the remaining 18 questions were optional, of which some were conditional (based on answers to previous questions); thus, the number of responses differs for each question. Several questions allowed respondents to select all answers that apply. Key words (ie, climate-health and planetary health) were not defined within the survey. Responses were categorized into 4 school/program types: (1) public health, health sciences, and health professions; (2) medicine; (3) nursing; and (4) other. Each response received 1 type of designation, which was selected based on the name of the school/program or the category that most closely fit the school/program. Each institutional response was given 1 designation: a school/ program of public health, nursing, medicine, or other. However, a school might also include a program of another type that was not counted in this analysis. For example, a medical school might also include a program of public health; however, for the purposes of this study, the response was counted only as a medical school. To address the possibility of nonresponse bias, a sample of nonrespondents was characterized to determine whether members were more likely to respond to the survey if their institution offered education on climate-health than if their institution did not offer education on climate-health. This informal assessment was made by looking at institutions’ webpages and/or online course catalogs to see if nonrespondents were less likely to offer climate-health curricula. To make this assessment, the Columbia GCCHE team first looked at whether differences existed between respondent institutions’ climate-health educational offerings listed online and how these institutions responded in the survey. For a sample of 15 respondents, their institutions’ webpages and/or online course catalogs were examined to determine whether information was available online to support their survey response of whether they offer climate-health curricula. Next, for a sample of 15 nonrespondents, the webpages and/or online course catalogs of these institutions were searched to determine whether these institutions appeared to offer climate-health education. These 2 samples were then compared for differences. Results The overall response rate for the survey was 53%, with 84 of 160 institutional responses collected (Table 1). Fifty-nine of the 84 responses (70%) were from schools/programs of public health, health sciences, or health professions; 15 responses (18%) were from medicine; 9 responses (11%) were from nursing; and 1 response (1%) was from another type of health profession institution. Regarding climate-health education currently offered, the institutions of 53 of 84 respondents (63%) offer JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 3/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools climate-health education and 31 institutions (37%) do not. Thirty-seven of the 53 programs (70%) that offer climate-health education were from schools/programs of public health, health sciences, or health professions; 12 (23%) were from medicine; and 4 (8%) were from nursing. Of the 50 institutions offering climate-health education that responded, 33 institutions (66%) assess students’ knowledge of climate-health and 17 institutions (34%) do not assess students’ knowledge. Members were asked to describe the climate-health education that their school offers (Table 2). Forty-one of 54 respondents (76%) indicated that their institution provides a climate-health session as part of a required core course; 24 institutions (44%) offer a climate-health stand-alone elective course; and 21 institutions (39%) offer a climate-health session as part of a nonrequired course. Fewer institutions offer a climate-health doctoral program (4 [7%]), climate-health postdoctoral positions (4 [7%]), a climate-health stand-alone required course(1 [2%]), and/or a climate-health master’s or certificate program (1 [2%]). The second main research question addressed how climate-health education is being taught in member institutions including this content. Of schools that offer a stand-alone course on climate- health, most courses are 3 credits (18 of 29 [62%] responses), ranging from 0.25 to 6 credits. Members were asked how long their climate-health educational offerings have been in place. The average course age reported by 48 respondents was approximately 5 years, ranging from less than 1 year to 17 years. Twenty-seven respondents from 49 schools (55%) reported that their school had received evaluations from students on their experience and/or satisfaction with climate-health teachings, whereas 22 institutions (45%) had not received such evaluations. Members described the main goals of their overall climate-health curriculum, and responses included the following: • Improving understanding of the science and factors responsible for climate change; • Increasing awareness of and literacy on climate-health and relevance to health professions practice; • Improving knowledge of methods or tools to analyze health risks and climate information; • Developing skills to identify vulnerable populations and strengthening understanding of climate- health–relevant policies, including mitigation of climate change and adaptation actions and health disparities; • Instigating behavior change and advocacy for sustainability in health care; and • Improving climate-health communication skills. Table 1. Climate-Health Educational Offerings and Evaluations Response, No. (%) Institutions Survey question surveyed, No. Yes No Recruitment 160 84 (53) 76 (48) Does your school offer climate-health education? 84 53 (63) 31 (37) Does your school offer planetary health modules, courses, 51 17 (33) 34 (67) or programs? Has your school received evaluations from students on their 49 27 (55) 22 (45) experience of and/or satisfaction with the climate-health teachings? Climate-health refers to possible association Does your school assess students’ climate-health knowledge? 50 33 (66) 17 (34) between climate change and health. Table 2. Types of Climate-Health Educational Offerings Survey question Response, No. (%) What climate-health education does your school offer? 54 Climate-health session as part of nonrequired course 21 (39) Climate-health session as part of required core course 41 (76) Climate-health stand-alone elective course 24 (44) Climate-health stand-alone required course 1 (2) Climate-health refers to possible association Climate-health master’s or certificate program 1 (2) between climate change and health. Climate-health doctoral program 4 (7) Respondents were asked to select all responses Climate-health postdoctoral positions 4 (7) that apply. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 4/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools The third main research question aimed to determine whether institutions are discussing adding climate-health content and what their experience with adding the curricula has been, including if they received a positive response to adding climate-health curricula and/or challenges. Of 82 respondents, 61 individuals (74%) reported that the addition of climate-health offerings is under discussion and 21 individuals (26%) responded that nothing is being considered (Table 3). Almost all institutions have received a positive response to adding climate-health curricula. Of 58 respondents, 39 individuals (67%) have received a positive response from students, 35 (60%) from faculty, 23 (40%) from administration. Fifteen respondents (26%) selected other, which included positive responses from funders, professional organizations in the community, climate change nonprofit organizations, and departments of health as well as that it is too early to know or is unknown. Members were asked if they have encountered any challenges in trying to institute climate- health curricula. Forty-two of 59 respondents (71%) encountered some challenges trying to institute the curriculum. Of 59 respondents, 24 individuals (41%) experienced a lack of available staff time to work on development of curricula, 20 individuals (34%) reported a lack of funding and/or time to support development, 18 individuals (31%) reported competing institutional priorities and/or politics, 17 individuals (29%) reported that there is no available space in the core curriculum, 14 individuals (24%) reported a lack of teaching materials and staff expertise, 5 individuals (8%) described a lack of interest or demand from students, and 4 individuals (7%) reported administrative or other skepticism about climate-health science. Seventeen respondents (29%) reported that they had no challenges and 8 individuals (14%) selected other; these responses included the following: • Issues were encountered early in the implementation, but they have successfully moved beyond them; • Virtually impossible at master of public health level owing to full course load of students; • Need updated teaching materials; and • A few students stating that the faculty member was trying to push a “liberal agenda.” The fourth main research question aimed to discover the opportunities to advance climate- health education. Specifically, members were asked what they have found helpful and whether they have any partnerships on climate-health. When asked what they have found helpful in instituting or developing climate-health curricula, 47 of 59 respondents (80%) reported interest from students, 46 respondents (78%) described interest from faculty, 26 respondents (44%) reported interest from administration, 10 respondents (17%) indicated support from donors, 4 respondents (7%) reported support from institutional board Table 3. Challenges, Responses, and Future Plans for Climate-Health Education Respondents, Response, Question No. No. (%) Are any climate- 82 Session as Session as part Climate- Climate- Climate-health Climate- Climate- Nothing NA health offerings part of of required core health stand- health stand- master’s or health health being under discussion nonrequired course, 32 (39) alone elective alone required certificate doctoral postdoctoral considered, to add? course, 32 course, 22 course, 6 (7) program, 9 (11) degrees, 3 (4) positions, 4 21 (26) (39) (27) (5) Have you 58 Yes, from Yes, from Yes, from No, have not Other, 15 (26) NA NA NA NA received a students, 39 faculty, 35 (60) administration, received a positive (67) 23 (40) positive response to response, 1 adding climate- (2) health curriculum? Have you 59 Yes, lack of Yes, Yes, lack of Yes, lack of Yes, no available Yes, lack of Yes, No Other, 8 encountered any interest or administration funding/time available staff space in the core teaching competing challenges, (14) challenges in demand from or other to support its time to work curriculum, 17 materials and institutional 17 (29) trying to students, 5 skepticism development, on its (29) staff priorities/ institute (8) about climate- 20 (34) development, expertise, 14 politics, 18 climate-health health science, 24 (41) (24) (31) curriculum? 4 (7) Abbreviation: NA, not applicable. Respondents were asked to select all responses that apply. Climate-health refers to possible association between climate change and health. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 5/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools members, and 8 respondents (14%) selected other (Table 4). Other responses included support from community organizations, political support, being a member of groups and alliances, national and international collaboration, support from the dean, and broader university interest. When we assessed the characteristics of survey respondents and nonrespondents, some evidence of bias was found, indicating that respondents were more likely to already offer climate- health curricula. Specifically, in the sample of 15 responding institutions, 9 institutions (60%) had indicated in the survey that they offer climate-health curricula. When searching these same institutions’ webpages and/or online course catalogs, 12 of 15 institutions (80%) appeared to either offer (n = 8) or probably offer (n = 4) climate-health curricula. Thus, there was a 20 percentage-point difference between information online and survey responses. From the sample of 15 nonresponding institutions, 10 institutions (67%) appeared to offer (n = 5) or probably offer (n = 5) climate-health curricula. These findings identify a slight difference in rates of offering climate-health curricula between respondents and nonrespondents to our survey. Discussion This survey provides a view of the state of climate-health education at health professions schools and programs internationally. The survey results suggest that several institutions included in the survey have successfully integrated climate-health content into their curricula. Typically, of institutions in this survey, climate-health education is offered as part of a required core course (76%), as part of a nonrequired course (39%), or as a climate-health stand-alone elective course (44%). The breadth of educational offerings, number of credits offered, years since inception, and whether members conduct evaluations and assess learning reveal considerable variation among institutions. Many schools have offered climate-health curricula for several years, and most schools assess students’ climate-health knowledge (Table 5). Members were asked if they are discussing adding curricula, and results showed that most are discussing a session, whether part of a nonrequired course (39%) or required core course (39%), followed by a climate-health stand-alone elective course (27%). About a quarter of respondents are not considering further content (26%). The findings suggest that although most institutions are discussing adding curricula, they are considering adding content as sessions or elective courses instead of more substantial offerings or required courses. Most respondents have encountered challenges in trying to institute climate-health curricula, and the 2 most cited issues are lack of available staff time (41%) and funding/time to support its development (34%), followed by competing institutional priorities/politics (31%). This finding suggests that challenges relate to available resources and institutional support, rather than demand for or interest in the content; 29% of respondents reported that they encountered the challenge of no available space in the core curriculum, and 24% reported lack of teaching materials and staff expertise. These data suggest that time and resource constraints as well as support for the content present challenges for instituting the curricula. There may be connections among the various challenges encountered by individual institutions. For example, the broader political context within a Table 4. Opportunities in Climate-Health Education Respondents, Response, Question No. No. (%) What have you found helpful in 59 Interest from Interest from Interest from Support from board Support from Other, 8 (14) instituting or developing students, 47 (80) faculty, 46 (78) administration, 26 member, 4 (7) donor, 10 climate-health curriculum? (44) (17) Does your school currently 48 Yes, with another Yes, with another Yes, with a Yes, with a funder, 8 No, 17 (35) NA have any partnerships on academic institution academic nonacademic (17) climate change and human on training, 13 (27) institution on institution, 19 (40) health? research, 16 (33) Abbreviation: NA, not applicable. Respondents were asked to select all responses that apply. a c Climate-health refers to possible association between climate change and health. For example, business, government, nongovernmental organization. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 6/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools country might influence the priorities of an institution and present challenges for developing curricula. In addition, lack of funding could lead to an inability to hire faculty/staff with expertise in climate-health topics and insufficient time to work on the development of content, teaching materials, or training of staff. Most respondents have received a positive response to adding climate-health curricula, and the positive response was principally from students, followed by faculty; only 40% of the respondents have received a positive response from administration. In addition, most respondents reported that interest of students, followed by interest of faculty, was helpful in instituting or developing climate- health curricula, and 44% responded that interest from administration was helpful. These findings suggest that students and faculty are important groups to work with and engage when planning to institute or develop curricula, and that interest from administration also appears to be important. Most respondents have a partnership on climate-health, and most of the partnerships are with another academic institution on research or with a nonacademic institution. On the basis of these findings, providing resources to help institutions incorporate climate- health education into curricula, including information on how to integrate the curriculum in a way that synthesizes climate-health into existing course material, might help to accelerate the number of health professions schools and programs that offer this education. In addition, support for the curricula, in terms of both time and resources, and building off of the response and interest of students and faculty might help to institute curricula at individual institutions. Climate-health resources from various groups around the world are available, both on the topic generally and specifically related to curricular development. Certain groups focus on climate- health, while others cover environmental health or planetary health topics more broadly. In addition, some resources are discipline specific, such as those developed for medical professionals, while others are tailored for all health professionals or relevant across all disciplines. The GCCHE provides a set of core climate-health competencies for all health professions students and a knowledge bank of resources and recommendations to help institutions integrate content into curricula. Curricular resources are also offered by organizations and groups, such as the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the United States, which develops lesson plans, slides, and case studies on climate-health for clinical health care and public health students; the Alliance of Nurses for Healthy Environments, which offers curricular resources to help integrate environmental health topics into nursing curricula ; the NurSus project, which provides educational materials on sustainability topics for nurses in several languages ; and the World Organization of Family Doctors Working Party on the Environment, which develops curricula and shares educational materials on environmental health for family physicians. Schools and institutions are setting precedents by 19-22 23 24 25 creating climate-health centers, certificates, curricular infusion projects, and fellowships. Table 5. Climate-Health Teaching Methods and Assessment Survey question Response, No. (%) If your school offers a stand-alone course on climate-health, 28 what teaching methods are used? Laboratories 1 (4) Lectures 24 (86) In-class exercises 20 (71) Online tutorials or MOOCs 8 (29) Internships outside the classroom 2 (7) How is climate-health knowledge assessed? 34 Quizzes 19 (56) Examinations 22 (65) Abbreviation: MOOCs, massive open online courses. Papers 19 (56) Climate-health refers to possible association Capstone 5 (15) between climate change and health. Thesis 7 (21) Respondents were asked to select all responses Dissertation 8 (24) that apply. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 7/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools Health professions associations are taking a stance on climate change, and some have developed 26,27 policies and motions on climate-health education, and students are organizing and taking the 28-30 lead. Several articles have described why climate change education may be important in health 8,24 professions curricula and how to integrate content without imposing a large time commitment. Ready-to-use and practical resources are also available to help educate and organize health 31-33 professionals, and many organizations communicate information on climate-health in easily 34,35 understood and relevant ways. All of these efforts suggest the growing importance of understanding, preparing for, and helping to prevent changes in human health that may be associated with climate change. Limitations This study has limitations. The first is a response rate of 53%. The second is that participation was voluntary and from an overall self-selected group that does not include all health professions schools, which prevents assurance that the sample is truly representative of the overall state of climate- health education at all health professions schools internationally. A third possible limitation is the nonresponse bias identified above. Although this sample was small and did not show strong bias, potential for some bias in the overall sample is acknowledged. Conclusions Climate change may be affecting health in a variety of ways with increasing consequences. Health professionals, including those in public health, nursing, and medical services, should be educated on how to prevent, mitigate, and respond to factors associated with climate change that may be associated with health in a negative way. We believe that the results of this survey may provide a baseline assessment of the current state of climate-health education internationally among health professions schools and programs. The survey suggests that a range of educational offerings exist on climate-health, including sessions, courses, programs, and postdoctoral positions. Some schools have offered climate-health education for several years, some are just now adding content, and others do not include any content on the subject. Although many schools are discussing adding climate-health educational offerings, considerable gaps in offerings remain at several institutions as well as challenges that extend beyond the institutional level, such as political and funding priorities that might lead to lack of staff time and materials to support the training. Opportunities also exist to facilitate the integration of curricula, such as working with students, faculty, and members of administrations who are interested in this topic. We suggest that health professions schools include this content in their curricula and that awareness as well as financial support, resources, and expertise increase to help in its uptake. To facilitate this integration, institutions can look to online resources, groups, and networks to provide guidance and information to develop curricula. ARTICLE INFORMATION Accepted for Publication: March 26, 2020. Published: May 28, 2020. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License.©2020SheaBetal. JAMA Network Open. Corresponding Author: Brittany Shea, MA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, Allen Rosenfield Building, Department Ste 1104, New York, NY 10032 (bes2161@cumc.columbia.edu). Author Affiliations: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 8/10 JAMA Network Open | Medical Education Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools University, New York, New York (Shea, Knowlton, Shaman); The Natural Resources Defense Council, New York, New York (Knowlton). Author Contributions: Ms Shea and Dr Shaman had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Concept and design: All authors. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Shea, Shaman. Drafting of the manuscript: Shea. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Statistical analysis: Shea, Shaman. Obtained funding: Shaman. Administrative, technical, or material support: Knowlton. Supervision: Shaman. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Shaman and Columbia University disclosed partial ownership of SK Analytics. Dr Shaman also disclosed providing paid consultant services for Merck and Business Network International. Funding/Support: The Rockefeller Foundation and ClimateWorks Foundation provided financial support for the Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education (GCCHE) during the course of the study. Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funding organizations had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Additional Contributions: We thank member institutions for providing information about their climate-health educational offerings to the GCCHE, the GCCHE Coordinating Committee for helping to draft the survey, and the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health Dean’s office. REFERENCES 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Climate effects on health. Accessed March 18, 2020. https://www. cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/default.htm 2. Shaman J, Knowlton K. The need for climate and health education. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(suppl 2): S66-S67. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304045 3. Parker CL, Wellbery CE, Mueller M. The changing climate: managing health impacts. 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World Health Organization. Climate change. Accessed February 26, 2020. https://www.who.int/health-topics/ climate-change#tab=tab_1 SUPPLEMENT. eAppendix. Survey Instrument JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 (Reprinted) May 28, 2020 10/10 Supplementary Online Content Shea B, Knowlton K, Shaman J. Assessment of climate-health curricula at international health professions schools. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(5):e206609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6609 eAppendix. Survey Instrument This supplementary material has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. eAppendix. eSurveyInstrument Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally The Global Consortium on Climate & Health Education (GCCHE) aims to develop a global community among health professions schools interested in establishing or expanding climate- health education. The GCCHE is being led by the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, home to the US’ first academic Climate and Health Program, with financial support from the Rockefeller Foundation. In order to establish a baseline for charting future progress, we are conducting this survey on the current state of climate-health curricula internationally among Consortium members. As a GCCHE member, we would like to ask you to please complete the survey. If you have any questions or additional comments, please email the GCCHE Project Director, Brittany Shea (bes2161@cumc.columbia.edu). We appreciate your willingness to share this information, the results of which will be aggregated before anonymous results are reported more widely. *Thank you again for your participation in our baseline survey, and for your membership in the GCCHE* * 1. Name 2. Title * 3. Email address * 4. Name of your school * 5. Does your school offer climate-health education? Yes No (If “No,” you will automatically skip to a question about whether you plan to offer some form of climate-health education) © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 6. What climate-health education does your school offer? (Please select all that apply) Climate-health session as part of non-required course Climate-health session as part of required core course Climate-health standalone elective course (If selected, please answer Questions 7 and 8) Climate-health standalone required course (If selected, please answer Questions 7 and 8) Climate-health masters or certificate program (If selected, please answer Questions 9 and 10) Climate-health doctoral program Climate-health post-doctoral positions Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 7. If your school offers a standalone course on climate-health, what is its title, and how many credits are received upon completion? Title: Credits: © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. 8. If your school offers a standalone course on climate-health, what teaching methods are used? (Please select all that apply) Labs Lectures In-class exercises Online tutorials or MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) Internships outside the classroom Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 9. If your school offers a masters or certificate program in climate-health, what is its title, and how many credits are needed for its completion? Title: Credits: 10. If your school offers a masters or certificate program in climate-health, what teaching methods are used? (Please select all that apply) Labs Lectures In-class exercises Online tutorials or MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) Internships outside the classroom © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 11. What are the main goals of your overall climate-health curriculum? 12. How long have the climate-health education teachings been in place? 13. Has your school received evaluations from students on their experience of and/or satisfaction with the climate-health teachings? Yes (If you are willing to share the results of the evaluations, please email Brittany Shea at bes2161@cumc.columbia.edu) No Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 14. Does your school assess students’ climate-health knowledge? Yes No 15. If "Yes," how is climate-health knowledge assessed? (Please select all that apply) Quizzes Exams Papers Capstone Thesis Dissertation © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 16. If available, please provide the URL to your climate-health curriculum website: 17. Does your school offer Planetary Health modules, courses, or programs? Yes No © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally * 18. Are your Planetary Health and climate-health modules or programs linked or integrated? Yes No Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 19. Does your school currently have any partnerships on climate change and human health? (Please select all that apply) Yes, with another academic institution on training Yes, with another academic institution on research Yes, with a non-academic institution (business, government, NGO, etc.) Yes, with a funder No © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. * 20. Are any climate-health offerings under discussion to add? (Please select all that apply) Session as part of non-required course Session as part of required core course Climate-health standalone elective course Climate-health standalone required course Climate-health masters or certificate program Climate-health doctoral degrees Climate-health post-doctoral positions Nothing being considered Global Consortium on Climate and Health Education: Survey on Climate-Health Educational Efforts Internationally 21. Have you received a positive response to adding climate-health curriculum? (Please select all that apply) Yes, from students Yes, from faculty Yes, from administration No, have not received a positive response Other (please specify) © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open. 22. Have you encountered any challenges in trying to institute climate-health curriculum? (Please select all that apply) Yes, lack of interest or demand from students Yes, administration or other skepticism about climate-health science Yes, lack of funding/time to support its development Yes, lack of available staff time to work on its development Yes, no available space in the core curriculum Yes, lack of teaching materials and staff expertise Yes, competing institutional priorities/politics No challenges Other (please specify) 23. What have you found helpful in instituting or developing climate-health curriculum? (Please select all that apply) Interest from students Interest from faculty Interest from administration Support from Board members Support from donor Other (please specify) © 2020 Shea B et al. JAMA Network Open.

Journal

JAMA Network Open – American Medical Association

Published: May 28, 2020

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