Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
J. Gradus, D. Farkas, E. Svensson, V. Ehrenstein, T. Lash, A. Milstein, N. Adler, H. Sørensen (2015)
Associations between stress disorders and cardiovascular disease events in the Danish populationBMJ Open, 5
H. Emami, Parmanand Singh, Megan MacNabb, Esad Vucic, Zachary Lavender, J. Rudd, Z. Fayad, J. Lehrer-Graiwer, M. Korsgren, Amparo Figueroa, J. Fredrickson, B. Rubin, U. Hoffmann, Q. Truong, J. Min, A. Baruch, K. Nasir, M. Nahrendorf, A. Tawakol (2015)
Splenic metabolic activity predicts risk of future cardiovascular events: demonstration of a cardiosplenic axis in humans.JACC. Cardiovascular imaging, 8 2
Ihori Kobayashi, J. Lavela, T. Mellman (2014)
Nocturnal autonomic balance and sleep in PTSD and resilience.Journal of traumatic stress, 27 6
S. Burgess, Dylan Small, S. Thompson (2015)
A review of instrumental variable estimators for Mendelian randomizationStatistical Methods in Medical Research, 26
C. Nievergelt, A. Maihofer, T. Klengel, Elizabeth Atkinson, Chia-Yen Chen, Karmel Choi, J. Coleman, S. Dalvie, L. Duncan, J. Gelernter, D. Levey, M. Logue, R. Polimanti, Allison Provost, A. Ratanatharathorn, M. Stein, Katy Torres, A. Aiello, L. Almli, A. Amstadter, S. Andersen, O. Andreassen, P. Arbisi, A. Ashley-Koch, S. Austin, E. Avdibegović, D. Babic, Marie Bækvad-Hansen, D. Baker, J. Beckham, L. Bierut, J. Bisson, M. Boks, Elizabeth Bolger, A. Børglum, B. Bradley, M. Brashear, G. Breen, R. Bryant, A. Bustamante, J. Bybjerg-Grauholm, J. Calabrese, J. Caldas-de-Almeida, A. Dale, M. Daly, N. Daskalakis, J. Deckert, D. Delahanty, Michelle Dennis, S. Disner, K. Domschke, A. Dzubur-Kulenovic, C. Erbes, Alexandra Evans, L. Farrer, N. Feeny, J. Flory, D. Forbes, C. Franz, S. Galea, M. Garrett, B. Gelaye, E. Geuze, C. Gillespie, A. Uka, S. Gordon, G. Guffanti, R. Hammamieh, Supriya Harnal, M. Hauser, A. Heath, S. Hemmings, D. Hougaard, M. Jakovljevič, M. Jett, Eric Johnson, I. Jones, T. Jovanović, X. Qin, A. Junglen, Karen-Inge Karstoft, M. Kaufman, R. Kessler, Alaptagin Khan, N. Kimbrel, A. King, N. Koen, H. Kranzler, W. Kremen, B. Lawford, L. Lebois, Catrin Lewis, S. Linnstaedt, A. Lori, B. Lugonja, J. Luykx, M. Lyons, J. Maples-Keller, C. Marmar, Alicia Martin, N. Martin, D. Maurer, M. Mavissakalian, A. McFarlane, R. McGlinchey, K. McLaughlin, S. Mclean, S. Mcleay, D. Mehta, W. Milberg, Mark Miller, R. Morey, C. Morris, O. Mors, P. Mortensen, B. Neale, E. Nelson, M. Nordentoft, S. Norman, M. O'Donnell, H. Orcutt, M. Panizzon, E. Peters, A. Peterson, Matthew Peverill, R. Pietrzak, M. Polusny, J. Rice, S. Ripke, V. Risbrough, A. Roberts, A. Rothbaum, B. Rothbaum, P. Roy-Byrne, K. Ruggiero, A. Rung, B. Rutten, N. Saccone, S. Sanchez, D. Schijven, S. Seedat, A. Seligowski, J. Seng, Christina Sheerin, D. Silove, Alicia Smith, J. Smoller, S. Sponheim, Dan Stein, Jennifer Stevens, J. Sumner, Martin Teicher, W. Thompson, E. Trapido, M. Uddin, R. Ursano, L. Heuvel, M. Hooff, E. Vermetten, C. Vinkers, J. Voisey, Yunpeng Wang, Zhewu Wang, T. Werge, M. Williams, D. Williamson, S. Winternitz, C. Wolf, E. Wolf, J. Wolff, R. Yehuda, R. Young, K. Young, Hongyu Zhao, L. Zoellner, I. Liberzon, K. Ressler, M. Haas, K. Koenen (2019)
International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk lociNature Communications, 10
Song (2019)
l1255BMJ, 365
Libby (2016)
1091J Am Coll Cardiol, 67
Molly Remch, Z. Laskaris, J. Flory, Consuelo Mora-McLaughlin, A. Morabia (2018)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Cohort Study of Men and Women Involved in Cleaning the Debris of the World Trade Center ComplexCirculation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 11
G. Smith, S. Ebrahim (2003)
'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?International journal of epidemiology, 32 1
Dale (2017)
2373Circulation, 135
C. Dale, G. Fatemifar, T. Palmer, Jon White, D. Prieto-Merino, D. Zabaneh, J. Engmann, T. Shah, A. Wong, H. Warren, S. McLachlan, S. Trompet, M. Moldovan, R. Morris, R. Sofat, M. Kumari, E. Hyppönen, B. Jefferis, Tom Gaunt, Y. Ben-Shlomo, Ang Zhou, A. Gentry-Maharaj, A. Ryan, R. Mutsert, R. Noordam, M. Caulfield, J. Jukema, B. Worrall, P. Munroe, U. Menon, C. Power, D. Kuh, D. Lawlor, S. Humphries, D. Mook-Kanamori, N. Sattar, M. Kivimaki, J. Price, G. Smith, F. Dudbridge, A. Hingorani, M. Holmes, J. Casas (2017)
Causal Associations of Adiposity and Body Fat Distribution With Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke Subtypes, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Mendelian Randomization AnalysisCirculation, 135
J. Sumner, L. Kubzansky, M. Elkind, A. Roberts, J. Agnew-Blais, Qixuan Chen, M. Cerdá, K. Rexrode, J. Rich-Edwards, D. Spiegelman, S. Suglia, E. Rimm, K. Koenen (2015)
Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Predict Onset of Cardiovascular Events in WomenCirculation, 132
N. Ahmadi, F. Hajsadeghi, Hormoz Mirshkarlo, M. Budoff, R. Yehuda, R. Ebrahimi (2011)
Post-traumatic stress disorder, coronary atherosclerosis, and mortality.The American journal of cardiology, 108 1
P. Visscher, N. Wray, Qian Zhang, P. Sklar, M. McCarthy, M. Brown, Jian Yang (2017)
10 Years of GWAS Discovery: Biology, Function, and Translation.American journal of human genetics, 101 1
Sumner (2015)
251Circulation, 132
Margaret Alexander, Andrew Ramstead, Kaylyn Bauer, Soh-Hyun Lee, M. Runtsch, Jared Wallace, T. Huffaker, D. Larsen, T. Tolmachova, M. Seabra, J. Round, D. Ward, Ryan O’Connell (2017)
Rab27-Dependent Exosome Production Inhibits Chronic Inflammation and Enables Acute Responses to Inflammatory StimuliThe Journal of Immunology, 199
Y. Zhang, Guanghao Qi, Ju-Hyun Park, N. Chatterjee (2018)
Estimation of complex effect-size distributions using summary-level statistics from genome-wide association studies across 32 complex traitsNature Genetics, 50
Bartoli (2015)
e1253J Clin Psychiatry, 76
H. Jordan, Sara Miller-Archie, J. Cone, A. Morabia, S. Stellman (2011)
Heart disease among adults exposed to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center disaster: results from the World Trade Center Health Registry.Preventive medicine, 53 6
Kibler (2009)
125Behav Med, 34
Deslauriers (2018)
895Biol Psychiatry, 83
I. Passos, M. Vasconcelos-Moreno, L. Costa, M. Kunz, E. Brietzke, J. Quevedo, G. Salum, P. Magalhães, F. Kapczinski, M. Kauer-Sant'Anna (2015)
Inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.The lancet. Psychiatry, 2 11
Stein (2021)
174Nat Genet, 53
Dirkzwager (2007)
435Psychosom Med, 69
Chen (2015)
302Br J Psychiatry, 206
J. Sumner, L. Kubzansky, A. Roberts, P. Gilsanz, Qixuan Chen, A. Winning, J. Forman, E. Rimm, K. Koenen (2016)
Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and risk of hypertension over 22 years in a large cohort of younger and middle-aged womenPsychological Medicine, 46
J. Kibler, K. Joshi, Mindy Ma (2009)
Hypertension in Relation to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in the US National Comorbidity SurveyBehavioral Medicine, 34
Passos (2015)
1002Lancet Psychiatry, 2
R. Känel, B. Kraemer, H. Saner, J. Schmid, Chiara Abbas, S. Begré (2010)
Posttraumatic stress disorder and dyslipidemia: Previous research and novel findings from patients with PTSD caused by myocardial infarctionThe World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 11
H. Glaesmer, E. Brähler, H. Gündel, S. Riedel-Heller (2011)
The Association of Traumatic Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Physical Morbidity in Old Age: A German Population-Based StudyPsychosomatic Medicine, 73
J. Boscarino (2008)
A Prospective Study of PTSD and Early-Age Heart Disease Mortality Among Vietnam Veterans: Implications for Surveillance and PreventionPsychosomatic Medicine, 70
Suliman (2016)
271Harv Rev Psychiatry, 24
Sumner (2020)
885Biol Psychiatry, 87
Yuan-Shuo Wang, Shan Zhu, Wen Wei, Y. Tu, Chuang Chen, Junlong Song, Juanjuan Li, Changhua Wang, Zhiliang Xu, Shengrong Sun (2020)
Interleukin-6 knockout reverses macrophage differentiation imbalance and alleviates cardiac dysfunction in aging miceAging (Albany NY), 12
P. Libby, M. Nahrendorf, F. Swirski (2016)
Leukocytes Link Local and Systemic Inflammation in Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease: An Expanded "Cardiovascular Continuum".Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 67 9
Hodes (2014)
16136Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 111
Emdin (2016)
511Am J Cardiol, 118
K. Koenen, J. Sumner, P. Gilsanz, M. Glymour, A. Ratanatharathorn, E. Rimm, A. Roberts, A. Winning, L. Kubzansky (2016)
Post-traumatic stress disorder and cardiometabolic disease: improving causal inference to inform practicePsychological Medicine, 47
Levine (2021)
e763Circulation, 143
Liberzon (2016)
14Neuron, 92
T. Tillmann, J. Vaucher, A. Okbay, H. Pikhart, A. Peasey, R. Kubínová, A. Pająk, A. Tamošiūnas, S. Malyutina, F. Hartwig, K. Fischer, G. Veronesi, T. Palmer, J. Bowden, G. Smith, M. Bobák, M. Holmes (2017)
Education and coronary heart disease: mendelian randomisation studyThe BMJ, 358
Sumner (2016)
3105Psychol Med, 46
Xue (2019)
909Am J Hypertens, 32
Eraly (2014)
423JAMA Psychiatry, 71
Emami (2015)
121JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 8
M. Wilson, I. Liberzon, M. Lindsey, Yana Lokshina, V. Risbrough, R. Sah, S. Wood, J. Williamson, F. Spinale (2019)
Common pathways and communication between the brain and heart: connecting post-traumatic stress disorder and heart failureStress, 22
Vincenzo Lionetti, S. Bollini, R. Coppini, A. Gerbino, A. Ghigo, G. Iaccarino, R. Madonna, F. Mangiacapra, M. Miragoli, F. Moccia, L. Munaron, P. Pagliaro, A. Parenti, T. Pasqua, C. Penna, F. Quaini, C. Rocca, M. Samaja, L. Sartiani, T. Soda, C. Tocchetti, T. Angelone (2021)
Understanding the heart-brain axis response in COVID-19 patients: A suggestive perspective for therapeutic developmentPharmacological Research, 168
Lima (2019)
26Brain Behav Immun, 75
Zhang (2018)
1318Nat Genet, 50
Binici (2011)
3196Stroke, 42
Jeffrey Scherrer, J. Salas, B. Cohen, P. Schnurr, F. Schneider, K. Chard, Peter Tuerk, M. Friedman, S. Norman, Carissa Berk-Clark, P. Lustman (2019)
Comorbid Conditions Explain the Association Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Incident Cardiovascular DiseaseJournal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, 8
Thomas Kraynak, A. Marsland, P. Gianaros (2018)
Neural Mechanisms Linking Emotion with Cardiovascular DiseaseCurrent Cardiology Reports, 20
D. Vancampfort, S. Rosenbaum, P. Ward, Z. Steel, O. Lederman, A. Lamwaka, Justin Richards, B. Stubbs (2016)
Type 2 Diabetes Among People With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPsychosomatic Medicine, 78
E. Severance, F. Dickerson, R. Viscidi, I. Bossis, C. Stallings, A. Origoni, Anne Sullens, R. Yolken (2009)
Coronavirus Immunoreactivity in Individuals With a Recent Onset of Psychotic SymptomsSchizophrenia Bulletin, 37
Wang (2020)
20184Aging (Albany NY), 12
Smith (2003)
1Int J Epidemiol, 32
P. Harst, N. Verweij (2017)
Identification of 64 Novel Genetic Loci Provides an Expanded View on the Genetic Architecture of Coronary Artery DiseaseCirculation Research, 122
T. Heidt, H. Sager, G. Courties, P. Dutta, Y. Iwamoto, A. Zaltsman, C. Muhlen, C. Bode, G. Fricchione, J. Denninger, Charles Lin, Claudio Vinegoni, P. Libby, F. Swirski, R. Weissleder, M. Nahrendorf (2014)
Chronic variable stress activates hematopoietic stem cellsNature medicine, 20
Turner (2013)
861Biol Psychiatry, 74
Boscarino (2008)
668Psychosom Med, 70
Chevelle Brudey, Jeanie Park, J. Wiaderkiewicz, Ihori Kobayashi, T. Mellman, P. Marvar (2015)
Autonomic and inflammatory consequences of posttraumatic stress disorder and the link to cardiovascular disease.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 309 4
Akosile (2018)
524Australas Psychiatry, 26
P. Gilsanz, A. Winning, K. Koenen, A. Roberts, J. Sumner, Q. Chen, M. Glymour, E. Rimm, L. Kubzansky (2017)
Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom duration and remission in relation to cardiovascular disease risk among a large cohort of womenPsychological Medicine, 47
Glaesmer (2011)
401Psychosom Med, 73
D. Edmondson, I. Kronish, J. Shaffer, L. Falzon, M. Burg (2013)
Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk for coronary heart disease: a meta-analytic review.American heart journal, 166 5
S. Eraly, C. Nievergelt, A. Maihofer, D. Barkauskas, Nilima Biswas, A. Agorastos, D. O'Connor, D. Baker (2014)
Assessment of plasma C-reactive protein as a biomarker of posttraumatic stress disorder risk.JAMA psychiatry, 71 4
Scherrer (2018)
1189JAMA Psychiatry, 75
Polimanti (2019)
Association of economic status and educational attainment with posttraumatic stress disorder: a mendelian randomization study.JAMA Netw Open, 2
Heidt (2014)
754Nat Med, 20
C. Emdin, A. Odutayo, Christopher Wong, J. Tran, A. Hsiao, Benjamin Hunn (2016)
Meta-Analysis of Anxiety as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease.The American journal of cardiology, 118 4
Wole Akosile, D. Colquhoun, R. Young, B. Lawford, J. Voisey (2018)
The association between post-traumatic stress disorder and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysisAustralasian Psychiatry, 26
A. Tawakol, Amorina Ishai, R. Takx, Amparo Figueroa, Abdelrahman Ali, Y. Kaiser, Q. Truong, Chloe Solomon, C. Calcagno, V. Mani, Cheuk Tang, W. Mulder, J. Murrough, U. Hoffmann, M. Nahrendorf, L. Shin, Z. Fayad, R. Pitman (2017)
Relation between resting amygdalar activity and cardiovascular events: a longitudinal and cohort studyThe Lancet, 389
Dutta (2012)
325Nature, 487
van den Berk-Clark (2018)
407Health Psychol, 37
M. Stein, B. Rothbaum (2018)
175 Years of Progress in PTSD Therapeutics: Learning From the Past.The American journal of psychiatry, 175 6
B. Xue, Yang Yu, Shun-Guang Wei, T. Beltz, F. Guo, R. Felder, A. Johnson (2019)
Stress-induced sensitization of angiotensin II hypertension is reversed by blockade of angiotensin-converting enzyme or tumor necrosis factor-α.American journal of hypertension
Brudey (2015)
R315Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 309
Carissa Berk-Clark, Scott Secrest, Jesse Walls, Ellen Hallberg, P. Lustman, F. Schneider, Jeffrey Scherrer (2018)
Association Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Lack of Exercise, Poor Diet, Obesity, and Co-Occuring Smoking: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisHealth Psychology, 37
P. Dutta, G. Courties, Ying Wei, F. Leuschner, Rostic Gorbatov, Clinton Robbins, Y. Iwamoto, B. Thompson, Alicia Carlson, T. Heidt, M. Majmudar, F. Lasitschka, Martin Etzrodt, P. Waterman, Michael Waring, A. Chicoine, A. Laan, H. Niessen, J. Piek, B. Rubin, J. Butany, J. Stone, H. Katus, S. Murphy, D. Morrow, M. Sabatine, Claudio Vinegoni, M. Moskowitz, M. Pittet, P. Libby, Charles Lin, F. Swirski, R. Weissleder, M. Nahrendorf (2012)
Myocardial infarction accelerates atherosclerosisNature, 487
S. Roy, R. Foraker, R. Girton, A. Mansfield (2015)
Posttraumatic stress disorder and incident heart failure among a community-based sample of US veterans.American journal of public health, 105 4
Mu-Hong Chen, Tai-Long Pan, Cheng-Ta Li, Wei-Chen Lin, Ying‐Shue Chen, Ying‐Chiao Lee, S. Tsai, Ju‐Wei Hsu, Kai‐Lin Huang, Chia‐Fen Tsai, Wen-Han Chang, Tzeng-Ji Chen, T. Su, Ya-Mei Bai (2015)
Risk of stroke among patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: nationwide longitudinal studyBritish Journal of Psychiatry, 206
Kraynak (2018)
128Curr Cardiol Rep, 20
Minassian (2015)
979JAMA Psychiatry, 72
R. Ebrahimi, K. Lynch, J. Beckham, Paul Dennis, Benjamin Viernes, C. Tseng, A. Shroyer, J. Sumner (2021)
Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in Women Veterans.JAMA cardiology
Wilson (2019)
530Stress, 22
J. Sumner, K. Nishimi, K. Koenen, A. Roberts, L. Kubzansky (2019)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Inflammation: Untangling Issues of BidirectionalityBiological Psychiatry, 87
I. Liberzon, J. Abelson (2016)
Context Processing and the Neurobiology of Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderNeuron, 92
Kotecha (2012)
395Heart, 98
Gianaros (2014)
738Biol Psychiatry, 75
Jeffrey Scherrer, J. Salas, P. Lustman, Carissa Berk-Clark, P. Schnurr, Peter Tuerk, B. Cohen, M. Friedman, S. Norman, F. Schneider, K. Chard (2018)
The Role of Obesity in the Association Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Incident DiabetesJAMA Psychiatry, 75
Roy (2015)
757Am J Public Health, 105
Kobayashi (2014)
712J Trauma Stress, 27
Gilsanz (2017)
1370Psychol Med, 47
Jeung-Ki Yoo, Jeung-Ki Yoo, M. Badrov, M. Badrov, Mu Huang, Mu Huang, R. Bain, R. Dorn, Elizabeth Anderson, Jessica Wiblin, A. Surís, J. Shoemaker, Qi Fu, Qi Fu (2020)
Abnormal sympathetic neural recruitment patterns and hemodynamic responses to cold pressor test in women with post-traumatic stress disorder.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology
Edmondson (2013)
806Am Heart J, 166
Flory (2015)
141Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 17
J. Turner, T. Neylan, N. Schiller, Yongmei Li, B. Cohen (2013)
Objective Evidence of Myocardial Ischemia in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress DisorderBiological Psychiatry, 74
F. Bartoli, C. Crocamo, A. Alamia, F. Amidani, E. Paggi, E. Pini, M. Clerici, G. Carrà (2015)
Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 76 10
J. Flory, R. Yehuda (2015)
Comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: alternative explanations and treatment considerationsDialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17
Huan Song, F. Fang, F. Arnberg, D. Mataix-Cols, L. Cruz, C. Almqvist, K. Fall, P. Lichtenstein, G. Thorgeirsson, U. Valdimarsdóttir (2019)
Stress related disorders and risk of cardiovascular disease: population based, sibling controlled cohort studyThe BMJ, 365
M. Stein, D. Levey, Zhongshan Cheng, F. Wendt, K. Harrington, G. Pathak, Kelly Cho, Rachel Quaden, K. Radhakrishnan, M. Girgenti, Y. Ho, Daniel Posner, M. Aslan, R. Duman, Hongyu Zhao, Murray Aslan, M. Stein, D. Levey, Hongyu Zhao, R. Polimanti, J. Concato, J. Gelernter, Murray Quad, Y. Ho, D. Posner, R. Polimanti, J. Gelernter (2021)
Genome-wide association analyses of posttraumatic stress disorder and its symptom subdomains in the Million Veteran ProgramNature genetics, 53
Buckley (2001)
585Psychosom Med, 63
S. Maddox, J. Hartmann, R. Ross, K. Ressler (2019)
Deconstructing the Gestalt: Mechanisms of Fear, Threat, and Trauma Memory EncodingNeuron, 102
Severance (2011)
101Schizophr Bull, 37
S. Suliman, Lise Anthonissen, J. Carr, S. Plessis, R. Emsley, S. Hemmings, C. Lochner, N. McGregor, L. Heuvel, S. Seedat (2016)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Overweight, and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisHarvard Review of Psychiatry, 24
Koenen (2017)
209Psychol Med, 47
R. Polimanti, A. Ratanatharathorn, A. Maihofer, Karmel Choi, M. Stein, R. Morey, M. Logue, C. Nievergelt, Dan Stein, K. Koenen, J. Gelernter (2019)
Association of Economic Status and Educational Attainment With Posttraumatic Stress DisorderJAMA Network Open, 2
A. Dirkzwager, P. Velden, L. Grievink, C. Yzermans (2007)
Disaster-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Physical HealthPsychosomatic Medicine, 69
Bruno Lima, M. Hammadah, Kobina Wilmot, B. Pearce, Amit Shah, O. Levantsevych, Belal Kaseer, Malik Obideen, M. Gafeer, Jeong Kim, S. Sullivan, T. Lewis, Lei Weng, L. Elon, Lian Li, J. Bremner, Paolo Raggi, Paolo Raggi, A. Quyyumi, V. Vaccarino (2019)
Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with enhanced interleukin-6 response to mental stress in subjects with a recent myocardial infarctionBrain, Behavior, and Immunity, 75
Vaccarino (2013)
970J Am Coll Cardiol, 62
G. Levine, B. Cohen, Y. Commodore‐Mensah, J. Fleury, J. Huffman, Umair Khalid, D. Labarthe, H. Lavretsky, E. Michos, E. Spatz, L. Kubzansky (2021)
Psychological Health, Well-Being, and the Mind-Heart-Body Connection: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.Circulation
Jordan (2011)
370Prev Med, 53
C. Ulmer, M. Hall, Paul Dennis, J. Beckham, A. Germain (2018)
Posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis is associated with reduced parasympathetic activity during sleep in US veterans and military service members of the Iraq and Afghanistan warsSLEEP, 41
Alexander (2017)
3559J Immunol, 199
Kyoko Watanabe, Sven Stringer, O. Frei, M. Mirkov, C. Leeuw, T. Polderman, S. Sluis, O. Andreassen, B. Neale, D. Posthuma (2019)
A global overview of pleiotropy and genetic architecture in complex traitsNature Genetics, 51
D. Kotecha, G. New, M. Flather, D. Eccleston, J. Pepper, H. Krum (2011)
Five-minute heart rate variability can predict obstructive angiographic coronary diseaseHeart, 98
A. Kulenović, A. Kučukalić, D. Malec (2008)
Changes in plasma lipid concentrations and risk of coronary artery disease in army veterans suffering from chronic posttraumatic stress disorder.Croatian medical journal, 49 4
Vancampfort (2016)
465Psychosom Med, 78
Yu (2019)
899Biol Psychiatry, 86
Von Känel (2010)
141World J Biol Psychiatry, 11
GE Hodes, ML Pfau, M Leboeuf (2014)
Individual differences in the peripheral immune system promote resilience versus susceptibility to social stressProc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 111
A. Minassian, A. Maihofer, D. Baker, C. Nievergelt, M. Geyer, V. Risbrough (2015)
Association of Predeployment Heart Rate Variability With Risk of Postdeployment Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Active-Duty Marines.JAMA psychiatry, 72 10
H. Jordan, S. Stellman, A. Morabia, Sara Miller-Archie, H. Alper, Z. Laskaris, R. Brackbill, J. Cone (2013)
Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalizations in Relation to Exposure to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center Disaster and Posttraumatic Stress DisorderJournal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, 2
P. Gianaros, A. Marsland, D. Kuan, Brittney Schirda, J. Jennings, L. Sheu, A. Hariri, J. Gross, S. Manuck (2014)
An Inflammatory Pathway Links Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk to Neural Activity Evoked by the Cognitive Regulation of EmotionBiological Psychiatry, 75
Stein (2018)
508Am J Psychiatry, 175
J. Deslauriers, M. Tóth, A. Der-Avakian, V. Risbrough (2017)
Current Status of Animal Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Behavioral and Biological Phenotypes, and Future Challenges in Improving TranslationBiological Psychiatry, 83
T. Buckley, D. Kaloupek (2001)
A Meta-Analytic Examination of Basal Cardiovascular Activity in Posttraumatic Stress DisorderPsychosomatic Medicine, 63
Zeynep Binici, M. Mouridsen, L. Køber, A. Sajadieh (2011)
Decreased Nighttime Heart Rate Variability Is Associated With Increased Stroke RiskStroke, 42
van der Harst (2018)
433Circ Res, 122
Nievergelt (2019)
4558Nat Commun, 10
V. Vaccarino, J. Goldberg, C. Rooks, Amit Shah, E. Veledar, Tracy Faber, J. Votaw, W. Christopher, Forsberg, J. Bremner (2013)
Post-traumatic stress disorder and incidence of coronary heart disease: a twin study.Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 62 11
Bowers (2015)
E15Biol Psychiatry, 78
Watanabe (2019)
1339Nat Genet, 51
Dzubur Kulenovic (2008)
506Croat Med J, 49
Zhe Yu, Adam Swiercz, C. Moshfegh, Lauren Hopkins, J. Wiaderkiewicz, R. Speth, Jeanie Park, P. Marvar (2019)
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor–Expressing Neurons in the Central Amygdala Influence Fear-Related BehaviorBiological Psychiatry, 86
Tawakol (2017)
834Lancet, 389
Maddox (2019)
60Neuron, 102
Visscher (2017)
5Am J Hum Genet, 101
M. Bowers, K. Ressler (2015)
An Overview of Translationally Informed Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Animal Models of Pavlovian Fear Conditioning to Human Clinical TrialsBiological Psychiatry, 78
Ahmadi (2011)
29Am J Cardiol, 108
G. Hodes, M. Pfau, M. Leboeuf, S. Golden, Daniel Christoffel, Dana Bregman, Nicole Rebusi, M. Heshmati, H. Aleyasin, Brandon Warren, B. Labonté, S. Horn, K. Lapidus, V. Stelzhammer, Erik Wong, S. Bahn, V. Krishnan, Carlos Bolaños-Guzmán, J. Murrough, M. Merad, S. Russo (2014)
Individual differences in the peripheral immune system promote resilience versus susceptibility to social stressProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111
Tillmann (2017)
j3542BMJ, 358
Burgess (2017)
2333Stat Methods Med Res, 26
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by a persistent maladaptive reaction after exposure to severe psychological trauma. Traumatic events that may precipitate PTSD include violent personal assaults, natural and human-made disasters, and exposure to military combat or warfare. There is a growing body of evidence for associations of PTSD with major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as hypertension and diabetes, as well as with major CVD outcomes, such as myocardial infarction and heart failure. However, it is unclear whether these associations are causal or confounded. Furthermore, the biological and behavioral mechanisms underlying these associations are poorly understood. Here, the available evidence on the association of PTSD with CVD from population, basic, and genomic research as well as from clinical and translational research are reviewed, seeking to identify major research gaps, barriers, and opportunities in knowledge acquisition and technology as well as research tools to support and accelerate critical research for near-term and longer-term translational research directions. Large-scale, well-designed prospective studies, capturing diverse and high-risk populations, are warranted that include uniform phenotyping of PTSD as well as broad assessment of biological and behavioral risk factors and CVD outcomes. Available evidence from functional brain imaging studies demonstrates that PTSD pathophysiology includes changes in specific anatomical brain regions and circuits, and studies of immune system function in individuals with PTSD suggest its association with enhanced immune inflammatory activity. However, establishment of animal models and human tissue biobanks is also warranted to elucidate the potential causal connection of PTSD-induced brain changes and/or inflammation with CVD pathophysiology. Emerging large-scale genome-wide association studies of PTSD will provide an opportunity to conduct mendelian randomization studies that test hypotheses regarding the presence, magnitude, and direction of causal associations between PTSD and CVD outcomes. By identifying research gaps in epidemiology and genomics, animal, and human translational research, opportunities to better justify and design future interventional trials are highlighted that may test whether treatment of PTSD or underlying neurobiological or immune dysregulation may improve or prevent CVD risk or outcomes.
JAMA Cardiology – American Medical Association
Published: Oct 14, 2021
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.